Surgical management of descending thoracic aortic disease: Open and endovascular approaches: A scientific statement from the American heart association

Circulation

Volumn 121, Issue 25, 2010, Pages 2780-2804

  Coady, Michael A ^a   Ikonomidis, John S ^a   Cheung, Albert T ^a   Matsumoto, Alan H ^a   Dake, Michael D ^a   Chaikof, Elliot L ^a   Cambria, Richard P ^a   Mora Mangano, Christina T ^a   Sundt, Thoralf M ^a   Sellke, Frank W ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

AHA Scientific Statements; anesthesiology; aneurysm; aorta; cardiac surgery; dissection; endovascular treatment; vascular surgical procedures

Indexed keywords

ANEURYSM SURGERY; AORTA ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AORTA DISEASE; AORTA DISSECTING ANEURYSM; AORTA GRAFT; AORTA INJURY; AORTA RUPTURE; ASCENDING AORTA; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE; DESCENDING AORTA SURGERY; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENDOLEAK; ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY; HEMATOMA; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MARFAN SYNDROME; MEDICAL SOCIETY; PARAPLEGIA; PENETRATING ATHEROSCLEROTIC ULCER; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; STENT; STENT THROMBOSIS; STROKE; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURGICAL RISK; SURVIVAL TIME; THORACIC AORTA ANEURYSM; THORACIC AORTA SURGERY;

AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION; AORTA, THORACIC; AORTIC DISEASES; HUMANS; STENTS; UNITED STATES; VASCULAR SURGICAL PROCEDURES;

EID: 77954244036     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181e4d033     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Davies RR, Goldstein LJ, Coady MA, Tittle SL, Rizzo JA, Kopf GS, Elefteriades JA. Yearly rupture or dissection rates for thoracic aortic aneurysms: simple prediction based on size. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73: 17-27.
2. Coady MA, Rizzo JA, Elefteriades JA. Pathologic variants of thoracic aortic dissections: penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers and intramural hematomas. Cardiol Clin. 1999;17:637-657.
3. Kouchoukos NT, Dougenis D. Surgery of the thoracic aorta. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1876-1888.
4. Crawford ES, Hess KR, Cohen ES, Coselli JS, Safi HJ. Ruptured aneurysm of the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta: analysis according to size and treatment. Ann Surg. 1991;213:417-426.
5. Estrera AL, Rubenstein FS, Miller CC 3rd, Huynh TT, Letsou GV, Safi HJ. Descending thoracic aortic aneurysm: surgical approach and treatment using the adjuncts cerebrospinal fluid drainage and distal aortic perfusion. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72:481-486.
6. Coselli JS, LeMaire SA, Conklin LD, Adams GJ. Left heart bypass during descending thoracic aortic aneurysm repair does not reduce the incidence of paraplegia. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;77:1298-1303.
7. Bavaria JE, Appoo JJ, Makaroun MS, Verter J, Yu Z-F, Mitchell RS; Gore TAG Investigators. Endovascular stent grafting versus open surgical repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms in low-risk patients: a multicenter comparative trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133:369-377.
8. Coady MA, Rizzo JA, Goldstein LJ, Elefteriades JA. Natural history, pathogenesis, and etiology of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. Cardiol Clin. 1999;17:615-635.
9. Foucher P, Baudouin N, Merati M, Pitard A, Bonniaud P, Reybet-Degat O, Jeannin L. Relative survival analysis of 252 patients with COPD receiving long-term oxygen therapy. Chest. 1998;113:1580-1587.
10. Svensson LG, Kouchoukos NT, Miller DC, Bavaria JE, Coselli JS, Curi MA, Eggebrecht H, Elefteriades JA, Erbel R, Gleason TG, Lytle BW, Mitchell RS, Nienaber CA, Roselli EE, Safi HJ, Shemin RJ, Sicard GA, Sundt TM 3rd, Szeto WY, Wheatley GH 3rd; Society of Thoracic Surgeons Endovascular Surgery Task Force. Expert consensus document on the treatment of descending thoracic aortic disease using endovascular stent-grafts. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85(suppl):S1-S41.
11. Demers P, Miller DC, Mitchell RS, Kee ST, Sze D, Razavi MK, Dake MD. Midterm results of endovascular repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms with first-generation stent grafts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;127:664-673.
12. Stone DH, Brewster DC, Kwolek CJ, LaMuraglia GM, Conrad MF, Chung TK, Cambria RP. Stent-graft versus open-surgical repair of the thoracic aorta: mid-term results. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44:1188-1197.
13. Coady MA, Rizzo JA, Hammond GL, Mandapati D, Darr U, Kopf GS, Elefteriades JA. What is the appropriate size criterion for resection of thoracic aortic aneurysms? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;113: 476-491.
14. Ince H, Rehders TC, Petzsch M, Kische S, Nienaber CA. Stent-grafts in patients with Marfan syndrome. J Endovasc Ther. 2005;12:82-88.
15. Nordon IM, Hinchliffe RJ, Holt PJ, Morgan R, Jahangiri M, Loftus IM, Thompson MM. Endovascular management of chronic aortic dissection in patients with Marfan syndrome. J Vasc Surg. 2009;50:987-991.
16. Buth J, Harris PL, Hobo R, van Eps R, Cuypers P, Duijm L, Tielbeek X. Neurologic complications associated with endovascular repair of thoracic aortic pathology: incidence and risk factors: a study from the European Collaborators on Stent/Graft Techniques for Aortic Aneurysm Repair (EUROSTAR) registry. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46:1103-1110.
17. Dake MD, Miller DC, Mitchell RS, Semba CP, Moore KA, Sakai T. The "first generation" of endovascular stent-grafts for patients with aneu-rysms of the descending thoracic aorta. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;116:689-703.
18. Gutsche JT, Cheung AT, McGarvey ML, Moser WG, Szeto W, Carpenter JP, Fairman RM, Pochettino A, Bavaria JE. Risk factors for perioperative stroke after thoracic endovascular aortic repair. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84:1195-1200. (Pubitemid 47417888)
19. Griepp RB, Ergin MA, Galla JD, Lansman SL, McCullough JN, Nguyen KH, Klein JJ, Spielvogel D. Natural history of descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aneurysms. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:1927-1930.
20. Mitchell RS. Stent grafts for the thoracic aorta: a new paradigm? Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:S1818-S1820.
21. Matsen SL, Black JH 3rd. Endovascular repair of thoracic aortic pathology. In: Yuh DD, Vricella LA, Baumgartner W, eds. Johns Hopkins Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2007:753-770.
22. Minatoya K, Ogino H, Matsuda H, Sasaki H, Yahihara T, Kitamura S. Replacement of the descending aorta: recent outcomes of open surgery performed with partial cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;136:431-435.
23. Patel HJ, Shillingford MS, Mihalik S, Proctor MC, Deeb GM. Resection of the descending thoracic aorta: outcomes after use of hypothermic circulatory arrest. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82:90-95.
24. Johnston KW, Rutherford RB, Tilson MD, Shah DM, Hollier L, Stanley JC. Suggested standards for reporting on arterial aneurysms: Subcommittee on Reporting Standards for Arterial Aneurysms, Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards, Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg. 1991;13:452-458.
25. Scherer PW. Flow in axisymmetrical glass model aneurysms. J Biomech. 1973;6:695-700.
26. Joyce JW, Fairbairn JF 2nd, Kincaid OW, Juergen JL. Aneurysms of the thoracic aorta: a clinical study with special reference to prognosis. Circulation. 1964;29:176-181.
27. DeBakey ME, McCollum CH, Crawford ES, Morris GC Jr, Howell J, Noon GP, Lawrie G. Dissection and dissecting aneurysm of the aorta: twenty-year follow-up of five hundred twenty-seven patients treated surgically. Surgery. 1982;92:1118-1134.
28. Johansson G, Markström U, Swedenborg J. Ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysms: a study of incidence and mortality rates. J Vasc Surg. 1995;21:985-988.
29. Wolinsky H, Glagov S. A lamellar unit of aortic medial structure and function in mammals. Circ Res. 1967;20:99-111.
30. Rizzo JA, Coady MA, Elefteriades JA. Procedures for estimating growth rates in thoracic aortic aneurysms. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998; 51:747-754.
31. Coady MA, Elefteriades JA. The natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysms: etiology, pathogenesis, and evidence-based decision making for surgical intervention. In: Elefteriades J, Goldhaber SZ, eds. Acute Aortic Disease. London, United Kingdom: Informa Healthcare; 2007.
32. Anagnostopoulos CE. Acute Aortic Dissections. Baltimore, Md: University Park Press; 1975.
33. Elefteriades JA, Hartleroad J, Gusberg RJ, Salazar AM, Black HR, Kopf GS, Baldwin JC, Hammond GL. Long-term experience with descending aortic dissection: the complication-specific approach. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;53:11-20.
34. Davies RR, Gallo A, Coady MA, Tellides G, Botta DM, Burke B, Coe MP, Kopf GS, Elefteriades JA. Novel measurement of relative aortic size predicts rupture of thoracic aortic aneurysms. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:169-177.
35. Dake MD, Miller DC, Semba CP, Mitchell RS, Walker PJ, Liddell RP. Transluminal placement of endovascular stent-grafts for the treatment of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med. 1994;331: 1729-1734.
36. Cambria RP, Brewster DC, Lauterbach SR, Kaufman JL, Geller S, Fan CM, Greenfield A, Hilgenberg A, Clouse WD. Evolving experience with thoracic aortic stent graft repair. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35: 1129-1136.
37. Czerny M, Cejna M, Hutschala D, Fleck T, Holzenbein T, Schoder M, Lammer J, Zimpfer D, Ehrlich M, Wolner E, Grabenwoger M. Stent-graft placement in atherosclerotic descending thoracic aortic an-eurysms: midterm results. J Endovasc Ther. 2004;11:26-32.
38. Midorikawa H, Ogawa T, Satou K, Hoshino S, Takase S, Yokoyama H. Long-term results of endoluminal grafting for descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;53:295-301.
39. Marcheix B, Dambrin C, Bolduc JP, Arnaud C, Cron C, Hollington L, Mugniot A, Soula P, Bennaceur M, Chabbert V, Massabuau P, Otal P, Cérène A, Rousseau H. Midterm results of endovascular treatment of atherosclerotic aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;132:1030-1036.
40. Czerny M, Grimm M, Zimpfer D, Rodler S, Gottardi R, Hutschala D, Lammer J, Wolner E, Schoder M. Results after endovascular stent graft placement in atherosclerotic aneurysms involving the descending aorta. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:450-455. (Pubitemid 46135439)
41. Makaroun MS, Dillavou ED, Wheatley GH, Cambria RP; Gore TAG Investigators. Five-year results of endovascular treatment with the Gore TAG device compared with open repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47:912-918.
42. Larson EW, Edwards WD. Risk factors for aortic dissection: a necropsy study of 161 cases. Am J Cardiol. 1984;53:849-855.
43. Murray CA, Edwards JE. Spontaneous laceration of ascending aorta. Circulation. 1973;47:848-858.
44. Schnitker MA, Bayer CA. Dissecting aneurysm of aorta in young individuals, particularly in associated with pregnancy: with report of a case. Ann Intern Med. 1944;20:486-511.
45. Crawford ES, Svensson LG, Coselli JS, Safi HJ, Hess KR. Aortic dissection and dissecting aortic aneurysms. Ann Surg. 1988;208: 254-273.
46. Hirst AE, Gore I. The etiology and pathology of aortic dissection. In: Doroghazi RM, Slater EE, eds. Aortic Dissection. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1983.
47. Gore I, Seiwert VJ. Dissecting aneurysm of the aorta: pathological aspects: an analysis of eighty-five fatal cases. Arch Pathol. 1952;53: 121-141.
48. Wolinsky H. Response of the rat aortic media to hypertension: morphological and chemical studies. Circ Res. 1970;26:507-522.
49. Shennan T. Dissecting aneurysms. In: Medical Research Council, Special Report Series, No.193. London, United Kingdom: His Majesty's Stationery Office; 1934.
50. Hirst AE Jr, Johns VJ Jr, Kime SW Jr. Dissecting aneurysm of the aorta: a review of 505 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 1958;37:217-279.
51. Nakashima Y, Kurozumi T, Sueishi K, Tanaka K. Dissecting aneurysm: a clinicopathologic and histopathologic study of 111 autopsied cases. Hum Pathol. 1990;21:291-296.
52. Akin I, Kische S, Ince H, Nienaber CA. Indication, timing and results of endovascular treatment of type B dissection. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009;37:289-296.
53. Glower DD, Fann JI, Speier RH, Morrison L, White WD, Smith LR, Rankin JS, Miller DC, Wolfe WG. Comparison of medical and surgical therapy for uncomplicated descending aortic dissection. Circulation. 1990;82(suppl):IV-39- IV-46.
54. Coady MA, Rizzo JA, Elefteriades JA. Developing surgical intervention criteria for thoracic aortic aneurysms. Cardiol Clin. 1999; 17:827-839.
55. Syed MA, Fiad TM. Transient paraplegia as a presenting feature of aortic dissection in a young man. Emerg Med J. 2002;19:174-175.
56. Tsai TT, Fattori R, Trimarchi S, Isselbacher E, Myrmel T, Evengelista A, Hutchinson S, Sechtem U, Cooper JV, Smith DE, Pape L, Froehlich J, Raghupathy A, Januzzi JL, Eagle KA, Nienaber CA; International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection. Long-term survival in patients presenting with type B acute aortic dissection: insights from the Inter national Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection. Circulation. 2006;114: 2226-2231. (Pubitemid 44789497)
57. Hagan PG, Nienaber CA, Isselbacher EM, Bruckman D, Karavite DJ, Russman PL, Evangelista A, Fattori R, Suzuki T, Oh JK, Moore AG, Malouf JF, Pape LA, Gaca C, Sechtem U, Lenferink S, Deutsch HJ, Diedrichs H, Marcos y Robles J, Llovet A, Gilon D, Das SK, Armstrong WF, Deeb GM, Eagle KA. The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD): new insights into an old disease. JAMA. 2000;283: 897-903.
58. Nienaber CA, Zannetti S, Barbieri B, Kische S, Schareck W, Rehders TC; INSTEAD Investigators. Investigation of STEnt grafts in patients with type B aortic dissection: design of the INSTEAD trial: a prospective, multicenter, European randomized trial. Am Heart J. 2005; 149:592-599.
59. Lansman S, Hagl C, Fink D, Galla JD, Spielvogel D, Ergin MA, Griep RB. Acute type B aortic dissection: surgical therapy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:S1833-S1835.
60. Nienaber CA, Kische S, Zeller T, Rehders TC, Schneider H, Lorenzen B, Bünger C, Ince H. Provisional extension to induce complete attachment after stent-graft placement in type B aortic dissection: the PETTICOAT concept. J Endovasc Ther. 2006;13:738-746.
61. Trimarchi S, Nienaber CA, Rampoldi V, Myrmel T, Suzuki T, Bossone E, Tolva V, Deeb MG, Upchurch GR Jr, Cooper JV, Fang J, Isselbacher EM, Sundt TM 3rd, Eagle KA; IRAD Investigators. Role and results of surgery in acute type B aortic dissection: insights from the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD). Circulation. 2006; 114(suppl):I-357-I-364. (Pubitemid 44297176)
62. Suzuki T, Mehta RH, Ince H, Nagai R, Sakomura Y, Weber F, Sum-iyoshi T, Bossone E, Trimarchi S, Cooper JV, Smith DE, Isselbacher EM, Eagle KA, Nienaber CA; International Registry of Aortic Dissection. Clinical profiles and outcomes of acute type B aortic dissection in the current era: lessons from the International Registry of Aortic Dissection (IRAD). Circulation. 2003;108(suppl I):II-312-II-317.
63. Fattori R, Tsai TT, Myrmel T, Evangelista A, Cooper JV, Trimarchi S, Li J, Lovato L, Kische S, Eagle KA, Isselbacher EM, Nienaber CA. Complicated acute type B dissection: is surgery still the best option? A report from the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;1:395-402.
64. Parker JD, Golledge J. Outcome of endovascular treatment of acute type B aortic dissection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;86:1707-1712.
65. Dake MD, Kato N, Mitchell RS, Semba CP, Razavi MK, Shimono T, Hirano T, Takeda K, Yada I, Miller DC. Endovascular stent-graft placement for the treatment of acute aortic dissection. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1546-1552. (Pubitemid 29228183)
66. Bortone AS, Schena S, D'Agostino D, Dialetto G, Paradiso V, Mannatrizio G, Fiore T, Cotrufo M, de Luca Tupputi Schinosa L. Immediate versus delayed endovascular treatment of post-traumatic aortic pseudoaneurysms and type B dissections: retrospective analysis and premises to the upcoming European trial. Circulation. 2002;106(suppl I):I-234-I-240.
67. Beregi JP, Haulon S, Otal P, Thony F, Bartoli JM, Crochet D, Lacombe P, Bonneville JF, Besse F, Douek P, Heautot JF, Rousseau H; Societé Fraçaise d'Imagerie Cardio-Vasculaire (SFICV) Research Group on Aortic Dissection. Endovascular treatment of acute complications associated with aortic dissection: midterm results from a multicenter study. J Endovasc Ther. 2003;10:486-493.
68. Leurs LJ, Bell R, Degrieck Y, Thomas S, Hobo R, Lundbom J; EUROSTAR; UK Thoracic Endograft Registry Collaborators. Endo-vascular treatment of thoracic aortic diseases: combined experience from the EUROSTAR and United Kingdom Thoracic Endograft registries. J Vasc Surg. 2004;40:670-679.
69. Eggebrecht H, Nienaber CA, Neuhäuser M, Baumgart D, Kische S, Schmermund A, Herold U, Rehders TC, Jakob HG, Erbel R. Endo-vascular stent-graft placement in aortic dissection: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:489-498.
70. Chen S, Yei F, Zhou L, Zhang J, Shan S, Tian N, Kwan TW. Endovascular stent-grafts treatment in acute aortic dissection (type B): clinical outcomes during early, late or chronic phases. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2006;68: 319-325.
71. Szeto WY, McGarvey M, Pochettino A, Moser GW, Hoboken A, Cornelius K, Woo EY, Carpenter JP, Fairman RM, Bavaria JE. Results of a new surgical paradigm: endovascular repair for acute complicated type B aortic dissection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;86:87-93.
72. Nienaber CA, Fattori R, Lund G, Dieckmann C, Wolf W, von Kodo-litsch Y, Nicolas V, Pierangeli A. Nonsurgical reconstruction of thoracic aortic dissection by stent-graft placement. N Engl J Med. 1999;340: 1539-1545.
73. Kato N, Hirano T, Shimono T, Ishida M, Takano K, Nishide Y, Kawaguchi T, Yada I, Takeda K. Treatment of chronic aortic dissection by transluminal endovascular stent-graft placement: preliminary results. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001;12:835-840.
74. Eggebrecht H, Herold U, Kuhnt O, Schmermund A, Bartel T, Martini S, Lind A, Naber CK, Kienbaum P, Kühl H, Peters J, Jakob H, Erbel R, Baumgart D. Endovascular stent-graft treatment of aortic dissection: determinants of post-interventional outcome. Eur Heart J. 2005;26: 489-497. (Pubitemid 40314765)
75. Kato M, Bai H, Sato K, Kawamoto S, Kaneko M, Ueda T, Kishi D, Ohnishi K. Determining surgical indications for acute type B dissection based on enlargement of aortic diameter during the chronic phase. Circulation. 1995;92(suppl):II-107-II-112.
76. Tang DG, Dake MD. TEVAR for acute uncomplicated dissection: immediate repair versus medical therapy. Semin Vasc Surg. 2009;22: 145-151.
77. Muluk SC, Kaufman JA, Torchiana DF, Gertler JP, Cambria RP. Diagnosis and treatment of thoracic aortic intramural hematoma. J Vasc Surg. 1996;24:1022-1029.
78. Baikoussis NG, Apostolakis EE, Siminelakis SN, Papadopoulos GS, Goudevenos J. Intramural haematoma of the thoracic aorta: who's to be alerted the cardiologist or the cardiac surgeon? J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;4:54.
79. Nienaber CA, von Kodolitsch Y, Petersen B, Loose R, Helmchen U, Haverich A, Spielmann RP. Intramural hemorrhage of the thoracic aorta: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Circulation. 1995;92: 1465-1472.
80. Yamada T, Takamiya M, Naito H, Kozuka T, Nakajima N. Diagnosis of aortic dissection without intimal rupture by X-ray computed tomography [in Japanese]. Nippon Acta Radiol. 1985;45:699-710.
81. Alfonso F, Goicolea J, Aragoncillo P, Hernandez R, Macaya C. Diagnosis of aortic intramural hematoma by intravascular ultrasound imaging. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:735-738.
82. Schappert T, Sadony V, Schoen F, von Birgelen C, Zerkowski H-R, Erbel R. Diagnosis and therapeutic consequences of intramural aortic hematoma. J Card Surg. 1994;9:508-512.
83. Grimm M, Loewe C, Gottardi R, Funovics M, Zimpfer D, Rodler S, Dorfmeister M, Schoder M, Lammer J, Aharinejad S, Czerny M. Novel insights into the mechanisms and treatment of intramural hematoma affecting the entire thoracic aorta. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;86:453-456.
84. Monnin-Bares V, Thony F, Rodiere M, Bach V, Hacini R, Blin D, Ferretti G. Endovascular stent-graft management of aortic intramural hematomas. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009;20:713-721.
85. Stanson AW, Kazmier FJ, Hollier LH, Edwards WD, Pairolero PC, Sheedy PF, Joyce JW, Johnson MC. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers of the thoracic aorta: natural history and clinicopathologic correlations. Ann Vasc Surg. 1986;1:15-23.
86. Cooke JP, Kazmier FJ, Orszulak TA. The penetrating aortic ulcer: pathologic manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Mayo Clin Proc. 1988;63:718-725.
87. Roberts WC. Aortic dissection: anatomy, consequences, and causes. Am Heart J. 1981;101:195-214.
88. Svensson LG, Crawford ES. Occlusive disease of the aorta. In: Cardiovascular and Vascular Disease of the Aorta. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 1997:chap 9.
89. Movsowitz HD, Lampert C, Jacobs LE, Kotler MN. Penetrating atherosclerotic aortic ulcers. Am Heart J. 1994;128:1210-1217.
90. Hussain S, Glover JL, Bree R, Bendick PJ. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers of the thoracic aorta. J Vasc Surg. 1989;9:710-717.
91. Cho RK, Stanson AW, Potter DD, Cherry KJ, Schaff HV, Sundt TM 3rd. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer of the descending thoracic aorta and arch. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;127:1393-1399.
92. Brinster DR. Endovascular repair of the descending thoracic aorta for penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer disease. J Card Surg. 2009;24: 203-208.
93. Murgo S, Dussaussois L, Golzarian J, Cavenaile JC, Abada HT, Ferreira J, Struyven J. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer of the descending thoracic aorta: treatment by endovascular stent-graft. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1998;21:454-458.
94. Schoder M, Grabenwöger M, Hölzenbein T, Domanovits H, Fleischmann D, Wolf F, Cejna M, Lammer J. Endovascular stent-graft repair of complicated penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers of the descending thoracic aorta. J Vasc Surg. 2002;36:720-726.
95. Eggebrecht H, Baumgart D, Schmermund A, von Birgelen C, Herold U, Wiesemes R, Barkhausen J, Jakob H, Erbel R. Endovascular stent-graft repair for penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer of the descending aorta. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:1150-1153. (Pubitemid 36514943)
96. Demers P, Miller DC, Mitchell RS, Kee ST, Chagonjian L, Dake MD. Stent-graft repair of penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers in the descending thoracic aorta: mid-term results. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004; 77:81-86.
97. Brinster DR, Wheatley GH 3rd, Williams J, Ramaiah VG, Diethrich EB, Rodriguez-Lopez JA. Are penetrating aortic ulcers best treated using an endovascular approach? Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82:1688-1691.
98. Pauls S, Orend K-H, Sunder-Plassmann L, Kick J, Schelzig H. Endo-vascular repair of symptomatic penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer of the thoracic aorta. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;34:66-73.
99. Botta L, Buttazzi K, Russo V, Parlapiano M, Gostoli V, DiBartolomeo R, Fattori R. Endovascular repair for penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers of the descending thoracic aorta: early and mid-term results. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:987-992.
100. Cooley DA. Aortic aneurysm operations: past, present, and future. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:1959-1962.
101. Borst HG, Jurmann M, Bühner B, Laas J. Risk of replacement of descending aorta with a standardized left heart bypass technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;107:126-132.
102. Svensson LG, Crawford ES, Hess KR, Coselli JS, Safi HJ. Variables predictive of outcome in 832 patients undergoing repairs of the descending thoracic aorta. Chest. 1993;104:1248-1253.
103. Reed AB, Thompson JK, Crafton CJ, Delvecchio C, Giglia JS. Timing of endovascular repair of blunt traumatic thoracic aortic transections. J Vasc Surg. 2006;43:684-688.
104. Khalil A, Helmy T, Porembka D. Aortic pathology: aortic trauma, debris, dissection, and aneurysm [published correction appears in Crit Care Med. 2007;35:2476]. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(suppl): S392-S400.
105. Smith RS, Chang FC. Traumatic rupture of the aorta: still a lethal injury. Am J Surg. 1986;152:660-663.
106. Nzewi O, Slight RD, Zamvar V. Management of blunt thoracic aortic injury. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;31:18-27.
107. Lundervall J. The mechanism of traumatic rupture of the aorta. Acta Patol Microbiol Scand. 1964;62:34-46.
108. Parmley LF, Mattingly TW, Manion WC, Jahnke EJ Jr. Nonpenetrating traumatic injury of the aorta. Circulation. 1958;17:1086-1101.
109. Camp PC, Shackford SR; Western Trauma Association Multicenter Study Group. Outcome after blunt traumatic thoracic aortic laceration: identification of a high-risk cohort. J Trauma. 1997;43:413-422.
110. von Oppell UO, Dunne TT, DeGroot MK, Zilla P. Traumatic aortic rupture: twenty-year metaanalysis of mortality and risk of paraplegia. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;58:585-593.
111. Hunt JP, Baker CC, Lentz CW, Rutledge RR, Oller DW, Flowe KM, Nayduch DA, Smith C, Clancy TV, Thomason MH, Meredith JW. Thoracic aorta injuries: management and outcome of 144 patients. J Trauma. 1996;40:547-555. (Pubitemid 126425005)
112. Sam A 2nd, Kibbe M, Matsumura J, Eskandari MK. Blunt traumatic aortic transection: endoluminal repair with commercially available aortic cuffs. J Vasc Surg. 2003;38:1132-1135.
113. Wellons ED, Milner R, Solis M, Levitt A, Rosenthal D. Stent-graft repair of traumatic thoracic aortic disruptions. J Vasc Surg. 2004;40: 1095-1100.
114. Mohan IV, Hitos K, White GH, Harris JP, Stephen MS, May J, Swinnen J, Fletcher JP. Improved outcomes with endovascular stent grafts for thoracic aortic transections. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;36: 152-157.
115. Neschis DG, Moainie S, Flinn WR, Scalea TM, Bartlett ST, Griffith BP. Endograft repair of traumatic aortic injury: a technique in evolution: a single institution's experience. Ann Surg. 2009;250:377-382.