The role of motivation in the unconscious: How our motives control the activation of our thoughts and shape our actions

Social Motivation: Conscious and Unconscious Processes

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 113-130

  Spencer, Steven J ^a   Fein, Steven ^b   Strahan, Erin J ^a   Zanna, Mark P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^b WILLIAMS COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77954180028     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511735066.009     Document Type: Chapter

References (22)

1. Bargh, J. A. (1990). Auto-motives: Preconscious determinants of thought and behavior. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 93–130). New York: Guilford Press.
2. Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54, 462–479.
3. Bruner, J. S. (1957). On perceptual readiness. Psychological Review, 64, 340–358.
4. Bruner, J. S., Postman, L., & McGinnies, E. (1947). Personal values as determinants of perceptual selection. American Psychologist, 2, 285–286.
5. Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S. L. (2000). Reducing contemporary prejudice: Combating explicit and implicit bias at the individual and intergroup level. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination. The Claremont symposium on applied social psychology (pp. 137–163). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49, 709–724.
7. Erber, R., Wegner, D. M., & Therriault, N. (1996). On being cool and collected: Mood regulation in anticipation of social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 757–766.
8. Fein, S., & Spencer, S. J. (1997). Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through negative evaluations of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 31–44.
9. Fein, S., & Spencer, S. J. (2004). Norms, threat, and prejudice: How local norms shape self-image processes in prejudicial evaluations. Unpublished manuscript, Williams College.
10. Gilbert, D. T., & Hixon, J. G. (1991). The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 509–517.
11. Gollwitzer, P. M., & Moskowitz, G. B. (1996). Goal effects on action and cognition. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 361–399), New York: Guilford Press.
12. Higgins, E. T. (1996). Knowledge activation: Accessibility applicability, and salience. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 133–168). New York: Guilford Press.
13. Kihlstrom, J. F. (1987). The cognitive unconscious. Science, 237, 1445–1452.
14. Kunda, Z., & Spencer, S. J. (2003). When do stereotypes come to mind and when do they color judgment? A goal-based theoretical framework for understanding stereotype activation and application. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 522–544.
15. Monteith, M. J., Sherman, J., & Devine, P. G. (1998). Suppression as a stereotype control strategy. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 63–82.
16. Moskowitz, G. B., Gollwitzer, P. M., Wasel, W., & Schaal, B. (1999). Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 167–184.
17. Shah, J. Y., Kruglansk, A. W., & Friedman, R. (2002). Goals systems theory: Integrating the cognitive and motivational aspects of self-regulation. In S. J. Spencer, S. Fein, J. M. Olson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Motivated social perception: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 9, pp. 247–276) Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Sinclair, L., & Kunda, Z. (1999). Reactions to a Black professional: Motivated inhibition and activation of conflicting stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 885–904.
19. Spencer, S. J., Fein, S., Davies, P. G., & Hoshino-Browne, E. (2004). How the threat of being racist leads to the automatic inhibition of stereotypes. Unpublished manuscript, University ofWaterloo.
20. Spencer, S. J., Fein, S., Wolfe, C., Fong, C., & Dunn, M. (1998). Stereotype activation under cognitive load: The moderating role of self-image threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1139–1152.
21. Strahan, E., Spencer, S. J., & Zanna, M. P. (2002). Subliminal priming and persuasion: Striking while the iron is hot. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 556–568.
22. Westen, D. (1998). The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud: Toward a psychodynamically informed psychological science. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 333–371.