A 16 × 16 pixel distance sensor with in-pixel circuitry that tolerates 150 klx of ambient light

IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits

Volumn 45, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 1345-1353

  Zach, Gerald ^a   Davidovic, Milos ^a   Zimmermann, Horst ^a  

^a VIENNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Austria)

Author keywords

3D camera; ADC; correlation principle; integrated optoelectronics; mixed analog digital integrated circuits; optical distance measurement; system on chip; time of flight

Indexed keywords

3D CAMERA; A/D CONVERTER; AMBIENT LIGHT; DEPTH INFORMATION; DEPTH SENSORS; DIGITAL DOMAIN; DISTANCE SENSORS; ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS; FPGA BOARDS; FRAME RATE; FRAMES PER SECONDS; LINEARITY ERRORS; MIXED ANALOG-DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS; MODULATED LIGHT; NEAR INFRARED; OPTICAL DISTANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM; OPTICAL POWER; OUTPUT VALUES; PIXEL CIRCUIT; RELATIVE DISTANCES; SENSOR MODEL; SENSOR SYSTEMS; STANDARD DEVIATION; TIME OF FLIGHT;

ANALOG CIRCUITS; ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION; CAMERAS; DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS; DISTANCE MEASUREMENT; INTEGRATED CIRCUITS; LIGHT SOURCES; OPTICAL CORRELATION; SENSORS; STOCHASTIC MODELS; THREE DIMENSIONAL;

PIXELS;

EID: 77954170463     PISSN: 00189200     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2010.2048075     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (27)

1. Project Natal. Nov. 2009 [Online]. Available: www.xbox.com/en-US/ live/projectnatal/
2. G. Yahav, G. J. Iddan, and D. Mandelboum, "3D imaging camera for gaming application," in Proc. Int. Conf. Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Jan. 2007, pp. 1-2.
3. ZCam. Nov. 2009 [Online]. Available: www.3dvsystems.com
4. T. Ringbeck, T. Möller, and B. Hagenbeuker, "Multidimensional measurement by using 3D PMD sensors," Advances in Radio Science, vol.5, pp. 135-146, 2007.
5. Datasheet PMD [Vision] Series. Dec. 2008 [Online]. Available: www. pmdtec.com
6. T. Oggier, R. Kaufmann, M. Lehmann, B. Büttgen, S. Neukom, M. Richter, M. Schweizer, P. Metzler, F. Lustenberger, and N. Blanc, "Novel pixel architecture with inherent background suppression for 3D time-of-flight imaging," in Proc. SPIE, Jan. 2005, vol.5665, pp. 1-8.
7. Datasheet SR4000. Mar. 13, 2009 [Online]. Available: www.mesaimaging. ch
8. D. Stoppa, L. Viarani, A. Simoni, L. Gonzo, M. Malfatti, and G. Pedretti, "A 16x16-pixel range-finding CMOS image sensor," in Proc. 30th IEEE European Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ESSCIRC), 2004, pp. 419-422.
9. Y. Oike, M. Ikeda, and K. Asada, "A 375x365 high-speed 3-D rangefinding image sensor using row-parallel search architecture and multisampling technique," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits., vol.40, no.2, pp. 444-453, Feb. 2005.
10. Y. Oike, M. Ikeda, and K. Asada, "A 120x110 position sensor with the capability of sensitive and selective light detection in wide dynamic range for robust range finding," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.39, no.1, pp. 246-251, Jan. 2004.
11. O. Elkhalili, O. M. Schrey, P. Mengel, M. Petermann, W. Brockherde, and B. Hosticka, "A 4x64 pixel CMOS image sensor for 3-D measurement applications," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.39, no.7, pp. 1208-1212, Jul. 2004.
12. S. Kawahito, I. A. Halin, T. Ushinaga, T. Sawada, M. Homma, and Y. Maeda, "A CMOS time-of-flight range image sensor with gates-onfield- oxide structure," IEEE Sensors J., vol.7, no.12, pp. 1578-1586, Dec. 2007.
13. R. Lange, "3D time-of-flight distance measurement with custom solidstate image sensors in CMOS/CCD-technology," Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Siegen, Siegen, Germany, 2000.
14. A. Nemecek, K. Oberhauser, and H. Zimmermann, "Distance measurement sensor with PIN-photodiode and bridge circuit," IEEE Sensors J., vol.6, no.2, pp. 391-397, 2006.
15. C. Niclass, C. Favi, T. Kluter, M. Gersbach, and E. Charbon, "A 128x128 single-photon image sensor with column-level 10-bit time-to-digital converter array," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.43, no.12, pp. 2977-2989, Dec. 2008.
16. J. Radmer, P. M. Fusté, H. Schmidt, and J. Krüger, "Incident light related distance error study and calibration of the PMD-range imaging camera," in Proc. IEEE Computer Soc. Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2008, pp. 1-6.
17. T. Kahlmann and H. Ingensand, "Calibration of the fast range imaging camera swissranger," in Proc. SPIE Electro-Optical Remote Sensing II, Oct. 2006, vol.6396, pp. 639605-1-639605-11.
18. G. Zach, A. Nemecek, and H. Zimmermann, "Smart distance measurement line sensor with background light suppression and on-chip phase generation," in Proc. SPIE, Aug. 2008, vol.7055, pp. 70550P-1-70550P-10.
19. S. Decker, R. D. McGrath, K. Brehmer, and C. G. Sodini, "A 256x256 CMOS imaging array with wide dynamic range pixels and columnparallel digital output," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.33, no.12, pp. 2081-2091, Dec. 1998.
20. G. Zach, M. Davidovic, and H. Zimmermann, "Extraneous-light resistant multipixel range sensor based on a low-power correlating pixel-circuit," in Proc. 35th IEEE European Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ESSCIRC), 2009, pp. 236-239.
21. G. Zach and H. Zimmermann, "A 2x32 range-finding sensor array with pixel-inherent suppression of ambient light up to 120 klx," in IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) Dig. Tech. Papers, Feb. 2009, pp. 352-353.
22. C. Bamji, H. Yalcin, X. Liu, and E. T. Eroglu, "Method and system to differentially enhance sensor dynamic range," U.S. Patent 6,919,549, Jul. 19, 2005.
23. R. Van de Plassche, CMOS Integrated Analog-to-Digital and Digital- to-Analog Converters, 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic, 2003.
24. A. Baschirotto, "SAR ADCs," presented at the ISSCC 2009, Tutorial, San Francisco, CA, 2009.
25. W. Kester, "ADC input noise: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Is no noise good noise?," Analog Dialogue, vol.40, no.2, Feb. 2006 [Online]. Available: http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/ archives/40-02/adc- noise.html
26. A. V. Jelalian, Laser Radar Systems. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1992.
27. P. Seitz, "Quantum-noise limited distance resolution of optical range imaging techniques," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol.55, no.8, pp. 2368-2377, Sep. 2008.