Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in asymptomatic diabetic patients: A critical review

Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 336-347

  Moralidis, E ^a   Didangelos, T ^a   Arsos, G ^a   Athyros, V ^a   Mikhailidis, D P ^b  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

^b ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Coronary heart disease; Diabetes mellitus; Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy; Silent ischaemia

Indexed keywords

COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC PATIENT; EXERCISE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HEALTH SURVEY; HEART DEATH; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART MUSCLE PERFUSION; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCINTIGRAPHY; SCREENING; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; ECONOMICS; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; EXERCISE TEST; HEART; METHODOLOGY; MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING; RISK FACTOR; SCINTISCANNING;

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; EXERCISE TEST; HEART; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77954166204     PISSN: 15207552     EISSN: 15207560     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1098     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. International Diabetes Federation. Available at www.idf.org [Last accessed 31 August 2009].
2. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2008 Update. A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2008; 117: e25-e146.
3. American Diabetes Association. National Diabetes Fact Sheet 2007; Available at: http://www.diabetes.org/diabetesstatistics. jsp. [Last accessed 31 August 2009].
4. American Diabetes Association. Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2007. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 596-615.
5. Wackers FJT, Zaret BL. Detection of myocardial ischemia in patients with diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2002; 105: 5-7. (Pubitemid 34049133)
6. Hammoud T, Tanguay J-F, Bourassa MG. Management of coronary artery disease: therapeutic options in patients with diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 355-365.
7. Goraya TY, Leibson CL, Palumbo PJ, et al. Coronary atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus: a population-based autopsy study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 946-953.
8. Di Carli MF, Hachamovitch R. Should we screen for occult coronary artery disease among asymptomatic patients with diabetes?. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 50-53. (Pubitemid 40052024)
9. Rajagopalan N, Miller TD, Hodge DO, et al. Identifying highrisk asymptomatic diabetic patients who are candidates for screening stress single-photon emission computed tomography imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 43-49.
10. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, et al. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 229-334. (Pubitemid 28350165)
11. Cohn PF, Fox KM, Daly C. Silent myocardial ischaemia. Circulation 2003; 108: 1263-1277.
12. Miettinen H, Lehto S, Salomaa V, et al. Impact of diabetes on mortality after the first myocardial infarction: the FINMONICA myocardial infarction register study group. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 69-75.
13. McGuire DK, Emanuelsson H, Granger CB, et al. Influence of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcomes across the spectrum of acute coronary syndromes. Findings from the GUSTO-IIb study. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 1750-1758.
14. The BARI Investigators. Seven-year outcome in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) by treatment and diabetic status. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 1122-1129.
15. Kuller LH, Velentgas P, Barzilay J, et al. Diabetes mellitus: subclinical cardiovascular disease and risk of incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 823-829. (Pubitemid 30151699)
16. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: S4-S42.
17. Puel J, Valensi P, Vanzetto G, et al. Identification of myocardial ischemia in the diabetic patient. Joint ALFEDIAM and SFC recommendations. Diabetes Metab 2004; 30: 3S3-3S18.
18. Gæde P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 580-591. (Pubitemid 351214285)
19. Buse JB, Ginsberg HN, Bakris GL, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in people with diabetes mellitus. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. Circulation 2007; 115: 114-126.
20. Rydén L, Standl E, Bartnik M, et al. Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 88-136.
21. Graham I, Altar D, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Pevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14(Suppl 2): S1-S113. (Pubitemid 47339826)
22. Beller GA. Noninvasive screening for coronary atherosclerosis and silent ischemia in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients. Is it appropriate and cost-effective?. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 1918-1923.
23. Nesto RW, Kowalchuk GJ. The ischemic cascade: temporal sequence of hemodynamic, electrocardiographic and symptomatic expressions of ischemia. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 23C-30C.
24. Paillole C, Ruiz J, Juliard JM, et al. Detection of coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1995; 38: 726-731.
25. Lee DP, Fearon WF, Froelicher VF. Clinical utility of the exercise ECG in patients with diabetes and chest pain. Chest 2001; 119: 1576-1581. (Pubitemid 32691136)
26. Bacci S, Villella M, Villella A, et al. Screening for silent myocardial ischaemia in type 2 diabetic patients with additional atherogenic risk factors: applicability and accuracy of the exercise stress test. Eur J Endocrinol 2002; 147: 649-654.
27. Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). Circulation 2002; 106: 1883-1892.
28. Felsher J, Meissner MD, Hakki A-H, et al. Exercise thallium imaging in patients with diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 313-317.
29. Vanzetto G, Benhamou PY, Halimi S, et al. Prediction of cardiovascular events in clinically selected high-risk NIDDM patients. Prognostic value of exercise stress test and thallium- 201 single-photon emission computed tomography. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 19-26.
30. Faglia E, Favales F, Calia P, et al. Cardiac events in 735 type 2 diabetic patients who underwent screening for unknown asymptomatic coronary heart disease: 5-year follow-up report from the Milan Study on Atherosclerosis and Diabetes (MiSAD). Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 2032-2036.
31. Vanzetto G, Boizel R, Halimi S, et al. Effects of a myocardial ischaemia-guided therapeutic program on survival and incidence of coronary events in asymptomatic patients with diabetes: the ARCADIA study. Diabetes Metab 2007; 33: 459-465.
32. Moralidis E, Anagnostopoulos C. Cardiac radionuclide imaging in clinical decision making. Hell J Nucl Med 2005; 8: 95-102. (Pubitemid 41236584)
33. Leppo JA. Comparison of pharmacologic stress agents. J Nucl Cardiol 1996; 3: S22-S26.
34. Kjaer A, Cortsen A, Rahbek B, et al. Attenuation and scatter correction in myocardial SPECT: improves diagnostic accuracy in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002; 29: 1438-1442. (Pubitemid 35232044)
35. Nicholls SJ, Tuzcu EM, Crowe T, et al. Relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerotic disease burden measured by intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 1967-1975.
36. Di Carli MF, Janisse J, Grunberger G, Ager J. Role of chronic hyperglycemia in the pathogenesis of coronary microvascular dysfunction in diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1387-1393. (Pubitemid 36439001)
37. American Diabetes Association. Consensus Development Conference on the Diagnosis of Coronary Heart Disease in People with Diabetes: 10-11 February 1998, Miami, Florida. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1551-1559.
38. Verna E, Ceriani L, Giovanella L, et al. "False-positive" myocardial perfusion scintigraphy findings in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries: insights from intravascular sonography studies. J Nucl Med 2000; 41: 1935-1940.
39. Nitenberg A, Ledoux S, Valensi P, et al. Impairment of coronary microvascular dilation in response to cold pressor-induced sympathetic stimulation in type 2 diabetic patients with abnormal stress thallium imaging. Diabetes 2001; 50: 1180-1185. (Pubitemid 32374551)
40. Roger VL, Pellikka PA, Bell MR, et al. Sex and test verification bias. Impact on the diagnostic value of exercise echocardiography. Circulation 1997; 95: 405-410.
41. Miller TD, Hodge DO, Christian TF, et al. Effects of adjustment for referral bias on the sensitivity and specificity of single photon emission computed tomography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Am J Med 2002; 112: 290-297.
42. Hamilton GW, Trobaugh GB, Ritchie JL, et al. Myocardial imaging with 201-thallium: an analysis of clinical usefulness based on Bayes' theorem. Semin Nucl Med 1978; 8: 358-364.
43. Diamond GA, Forrester JS. Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 1350-1358. (Pubitemid 9198112)
44. Zellweger MJ, Hachamovitch R, Kang X, et al. Prognostic relevance of symptoms versus objective evidence of coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 543-550. (Pubitemid 38478546)
45. Anand DV, Lim E, Hopkins D, et al. Risk stratification in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes: prospective evaluation of the combined use of coronary artery calcium imaging and selective myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 713-721.
46. Abenavoli T, Rubler S, Fisher VJ, et al. Exercise testing with myocardial scintigraphy in asymptomatic diabetic males. Circulation 1981; 63: 54-64. (Pubitemid 11213333)
47. Nesto RW, Watson FS, Kowalchuk GJ, et al. Silent myocardial ischemia and infarction in diabetics with peripheral vascular disease: Assessment by dipyridamole thallium-201 scintigraphy. Am Heart J 1990; 120: 1073-1077.
48. De Lorenzo A, Lima RS, Siqueira-Filho AG, Pantoja MR. Prevalence and prognostic value of perfusion defects detected by stress technetium-99m sestamibi myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography in asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus and no known coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 827-832.
49. Miller TD, Rajagopalan N, Hodge DO, et al. Yield of stress single-photon emission computed tomography in asymptomatic patients with diabetes. Am Heart J 2004; 147: 890-896. (Pubitemid 38881004)
50. Sorajja P, Chareonthaitawee P, Rajagopalan N, et al. Improved survival in asymptomatic diabetic patients with high-risk Spect imaging treated with coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation 2005; 112(suppl I): I-311-I-316. (Pubitemid 41266692)
51. DeLuca AJ, Kaplan S, Aronow WS, et al. Comparison of prevalence of unrecognized myocardial infarction and of silent myocardial ischemia detected by a treadmill exercise sestamibi stress test in patients with versus without diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98: 1045-1046. (Pubitemid 44486143)
52. Rubler S, Gerber D, Reitano G, et al. Predictive value of clinical and exercise variables for detection of coronary artery disease in men with diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 1310-1313. (Pubitemid 17093811)
53. Koistinen MJ, Huikuri HV, Pirttiaho H, et al. Evaluation of exercise electrocardiography and thallium tomographic imaging in detecting asymptomatic coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. Br Heart J 1990; 63: 7-11. (Pubitemid 20033648)
54. Langer A, Freeman MR, Josse RG, et al. Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: 1073-1078.
55. Paillole C, Passa P, Paycah F, et al. Noninvasive identification of severe coronary artery disease in patients with long-standing diabetes mellitus. Eur J Med 1992; 1: 464-468.
56. Valensi P, Sachs RN, Lormeau B, et al. Silent myocardial ischaemia and left ventricle hypertrophy in diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab 1997; 23: 409-416.
57. Janand-Delenne B, Savin B, Habib G, et al. Silent myocardial ischemia in patients with diabetes: who to screen. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1396-1400. (Pubitemid 29418229)
58. Gaddi O, Tortorella G, Picano E, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of vasodilator stress echocardiography in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients with positive exercise thallium scintigraphy: a pilot study. Diabet Med 1999; 16: 762-766.
59. Inoguchi T, Yamashita T, Umeda F, et al. High incidence of silent myocardial ischemia in elderly patients with non insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2000; 47: 37-44.
60. Castells I, Salinas I, Rius F, et al. Inducible myocardial ischaemia in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2000; 49: 127-133.
61. Penfornis A, Zimmermann C, Boumal D, et al. Use of dobutamine stress echocardiography in detecting silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic diabetic patients: a comparison with thallium scintigraphy and exercise testing. Diabet Med 2001; 18: 900-905.
62. Valensi P, Sachs RN, Harfouche B, et al. Predictive value of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients with or without silent myocardial ischemia. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 339-343. (Pubitemid 32119135)
63. Torremocha F, Hadjadj S, Carrié F, et al. Prediction of major coronary events by coronary risk profile and silent myocardial ischaemia: prospective follow-up study of primary prevention in 72 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab 2001; 27: 49-57. (Pubitemid 32201165)
64. Cosson E, Guimfack M, Paries J, et al. Are silent coronary stenoses predictable in diabetic patients and predictive of cardiovascular events?. Diabetes Metab 2003; 29: 470-476. (Pubitemid 37474258)
65. Gokcel A, Aydin M, Yalcin F, et al. Silent coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 2003; 40: 176-180. (Pubitemid 37548150)
66. Araz M, Celen Z, Akdemir I, Okan V. Frequency of silent myocardial ischemia in type 2 diabetic patients and the relation with poor glycemic control. Acta Diabetol 2004; 41: 38-43. (Pubitemid 38849825)
67. Sultan A, Piot C, Mariano-Goulart D, et al. Risk Factors for silent myocardial ischemia in high-risk type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1745-1747. (Pubitemid 38857455)
68. Cosson E, Paycha F, Paries J, et al. Detecting silent coronary stenoses and stratifying cardiac risk in patients with diabetes: ECG stress test or exercise myocardial scintigraphy? Diabet Med 2004; 21: 342-348.
69. Wackers FJT, Heller GV, Young LH, et al. Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic diabetic subjects. The DIAD study. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1954-1961.
70. Le Feuvre CL, Barthélémy O, Dubois-Laforgue D, et al. Stress myocardial scintigraphy and dobutamine echocardiography in the detection of coronary disease in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2005; 31: 135-142. (Pubitemid 40577197)
71. Prior JO, Monbaron D, Koehli M, et al. Prevalence of symptomatic and silent stress-induced perfusion defects in diabetic patients with suspected coronary artery disease referred for myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005; 32: 60-69.
72. Senior PA, Welsh RC, McDonald CG, et al. Coronary artery disease is common in nonuremic, asymptomatic type 1 diabetic islet transplant candidates. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 866-872. (Pubitemid 40434487)
73. Valensi P, Paries J, Brulport-Cerisier V, et al. Predictive value of silent myocardial ischemia for cardiac events in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2722-2727.
74. Sultan A, Piot C, Mariano-Goulart D, et al. Myocardial perfusion imaging and cardiac events in a cohort of asymptomatic patients with diabetes living in southern France. Diabet. Med 2006; 23: 410-418.
75. Barthelemy O, Jacqueminet S, Rouzet F, et al. Intensive cardiovascular risk factors therapy and prevalence of silent myocardial ischaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2008; 101: 539-546.
76. Poulsen MK, Henriksen JE, Dahl J, et al. Myocardial ischemia, carotid, and peripheral arterial disease and their interrelationship in type 2 diabetes patients. J Nucl Cardiol 2009; 16: 878-87.
77. Choi E-K, Chun EJ, Choi S-I, et al. Assessment of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with single photon emission computed tomography and coronary computed tomography angiography. Am J Cardiol 2009; 104: 890-896.
78. Iqbal A, Gibbons RJ, McGoon MD, et al. Noninvasive assessment of cardiac risk in insulin-dependent diabetic patients being evaluated for pancreatic transplantation using thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Clin Transplant 1991; 5: 13-9.
79. Gazzaruso C, Garzaniti A, Giordanetti S, et al. Assessment of asymptomatic coronary artery disease in apparently uncomplicated type 2 diabetic patients: a role for lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein(a) polymorphism. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1418-1424. (Pubitemid 41071155)
80. Kang X, Berman DS, Lewin H, et al. Comparative ability of myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography to detect coronary artery disease in patients with andwithout diabetes mellitus. Am Heart J 1999; 137: 949-957. (Pubitemid 29226307)
81. Pancholy SB, Schalet B, Kuhlmeier V, et al. Prognostic significance of silent ischemia. J Nucl Cardiol 1994; 1: 434-440.
82. Young LH, Wackers FJT, Chyun DA, et al. Cardiac outcomes after screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. The DIAD study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009; 301: 1547-1555.
83. Falk E, Shah PK, Fuster V. Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation 1995; 92: 657-671.
84. Wackers FJT. Diabetes and coronary artery disease: the role of stress myocardial perfusion imaging. Clev Clin J Med 2005; 72: 21-33.
85. Faglia E, Manuela M, Antonella Q, et al. Risk reduction of cardiac events by screening of unknown asymptomatic coronary artery disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus at high cardiovascular risk: an open label randomized pilot study. Am Heart J 2005; 149: e1-e6. (Pubitemid 40348535)
86. Vanzetto G, Boizel R, Halimi S, et al. Effects of a myocardial ischaemia-guided therapeutic program on survival and incidence of coronary events in asymptomatic patients with diabetes: the ARCADIA study. Diabetes Metab 2007; 33: 459-465.
87. Wackers JFT, Chyun DA, Young LH, et al. Resolution of asymptomatic myocardial ischemia in patients with type 2 diabetes in the detection of ischemia in asymptomatic diabetics (DIAD) study. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2892-2898.
88. The BARI 2D Study Group. A randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 2503-2515.
89. Hennessy TG, Codd MB, Kane G, et al. Evaluation of patients with diabetes mellitus for coronary artery disease using dobutamine stress echocardiography. Coron Artery Dis 1997; 8: 171-174. (Pubitemid 27281081)
90. Elhendy A, Van Domburg RT, Poldermans D, et al. Safety and feasibility of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in diabetic patients unable to perform an exercise stress test. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1797-1802. (Pubitemid 28478273)
91. Elhendy A, Tsutsui JM, O'Leary EL, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes by dobutamine stress real-time myocardial contrast perfusion imaging. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1662-1667. (Pubitemid 41340906)
92. Kamalesh M, Feigenbaum H, Sawada S. Assessing prognosis in patients with diabetes mellitus - the Achilles' heel of cardiac stress imaging tests?. Am J Cardiol 2007; 99: 1016-1019. (Pubitemid 46483297)
93. Whalley GA, Gamble GD, Walsh HJ, et al. Effect of tissue harmonic imaging and contrast upon between observer and test-retest reproducibility of left ventricular ejection fraction measurement in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2004; 6: 85-93.
94. Rumberger JA, Simons DB, Fitzpatrick LA, et al. Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area. A histopathologic correlative study. Circulation 1995; 92: 2157-62.
95. Vashist A, Bonow RO. Screening for coronary atherosclerosis with coronary calcium scoring: the "shape" of things to come?. J Nucl Cardiol 2008; 15: 162-169.
96. Greenland P, Bonow RO, Brundage BH, et al. ACCF/AHA 2007 clinical expert consensus document on coronary artery calcium scoring by computed tomography in global cardiovascular risk assessment and in evaluation of patients with chest pain: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Clinical Expert Consensus Task Force (ACCF/AHA Writing Committee to Update the 2000 Expert Consensus Document on Electron Beam Computed Tomography). J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 378-402.
97. Oudkerk M, Stillman AE, Halliburton SS, et al. Coronary artery calcium screening: current status and recommendations from the European Society of Cardiac Radiology and North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2008; 24: 645-671.
98. Raggi P, Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Callister TQ. Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium screening in subjectswith andwithout diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1663-1669.
99. Qu W, Le TT, Azen SP, et al. Value of coronary artery calcium scanning by computed tomography for predicting coronary heart disease in diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 905-910.
100. Wong ND, Rozanski A, Gransar H, et al. Metabolic syndrome and diabetes are associated with an increased likelihood of inducible myocardial ischemia among patients with subclinical atherosclerosis. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1445-1450.
101. Scholte AJHA, Bax JJ, Wackers FJT. Screening of asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for silent coronary artery disease: combined use of stress myocardial perfusion imaging and coronary calcium scoring. J Nucl Cardiol 2006; 13: 11-18.
102. Ramakrishna G, Miller TD, Breen JF, et al. Relationship and prognostic value of coronary artery calcification by electron beam computed tomography to stress induced ischemia by single photon emission computed tomography. Am Heart J 2007; 153: 807-814. (Pubitemid 46602149)
103. Schuijf JD, Bax JJ, Jukema JW, et al. Noninvasive angiography and assessment of left ventricular function usin multislice computed tomography in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2905-2910.
104. Schuijf JD, Mollet NR, Cademartiri F, et al. Do risk factors influence the diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive coronary angiography with multislice computed tomography?. J Nucl Cardiol 2006; 13: 635-641. (Pubitemid 44283786)
105. Schuijf JD, Wijns W, Jukema JW, et al. Relationship between non-invasive coronary angiography with multi-slice computed tomography and myocardial perfusion imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 2508-2514.
106. Scholte AJHA, Schuijf JD, Kharagjitsingh AV, et al. Different manifestations of coronary artery disease by stress SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging, coronary calcium scoring, and multislice CT coronary angiography in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nucl Cardiol 2008; 15: 503-509.
107. Bax JJ, Inzucchi SE, Bonow RO, et al. Cardiac imaging for risk stratification in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30(5): 1295-1304.
108. Djaberi R, Beishuizen ED, Pereira AM, et al. Non-invasive cardiac imaging techniques and vascular tools for the assessment of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 1581-1593.
109. Underwood SR, Godman B, Salyani S, et al. Economics of myocardial perfusion imaging in Europe - The EMPIRE study. Eur Heart J 1999; 20: 157-166.
110. Lee DS, Jang MJ, Cheon GJ, et al. Comparison of the cost effectiveness of stress myocardial perfusion SPECT and stress echocardiography in suspected coronary artery disease considering the prognostic value of false-negative tests. J Nucl Cardiol 2002; 9: 515-522.
111. Shaw L. Cost-effectiveness of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy SPECT versus other modalities. Br J Cardiol 2005; 12(suppl 2): S8-S10.
112. Hayashino Y, Nagata-Kobayashi S, Morimoto T, et al. Costeffectiveness of screening for coronary artery disease in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes and additional atherogenic risk factors. J Gen Intern Med 2004; 19: 1181-1191.
113. Diamond GA, Kaul S, Shah PK. Screen testing: cardiovascular prevention in asymptomatic diabetic patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 1915-1917.
114. Shaw LJ, Blumenthal RS, Raggi P. Screening asymptomatic low-risk individuals for coronary heart disease: issues and controversies. J Nucl Cardiol 2004; 11: 382-387.
115. Cooper S, Caldwell JH. Coronary artery disease in people with diabetes: diagnostic and risk factor evaluation. Clin Diabetes 1999; 17: 58-70.
116. Giri S, Shaw LJ, Murthy DR, et al. Impact of diabetes on the risk stratification using stress single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with symptoms suggestive of coronary disease. Circulation 2002; 105: 32-40.
117. Klocke FJ, Baird MG, Lorell BH, et al. ACC/AHA/ASNC guidelines for the clinical use of cardiac radionuclide imaging - executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASNC Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Clinical Use of Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging). J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 1318-1333.
118. Bax JJ, Bonow RO, Tschöpe D, et al. The potential of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for risk stratification of asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 754-760.
119. Redberg RF, Greenland P, Fuster V, et al. Prevention conference VI: diabetes and cardiovascular disease, Writing Group III: risk assessment in persons with diabetes. Circulation 2002; 105: e144-e152.
120. US Preventative Services Task Force. Screening for coronary heart disease: recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 569-572.
121. Lee CD, Folsom AR, Pankow JS, Brancati FL. Cardiovascular events in diabetic and nondiabetic adults with or without history of myocardial infarction. Circulation 2004; 109: 855-860.
122. Bulugahapitiya U, Siyambalapitiya S, Sithole J, Idris I. Is diabetes a coronary risk equivalent? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2009; 26: 142-148.
123. Dale AC, Nilsen TI, Vatten L, et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of fatal ischaemic heart disease by gender: 18 years follow-up of 74 914 individuals in the HUNT 1 Study. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 2924-2929.
124. Dagenais GR, St-Pierre A, Gilbert P, et al. Comparison of prognosis for men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and men with cardiovascular disease. CMAJ 2009; 180: 40-47.
125. Rakhit DJ, Downey M, Jeffries L, et al. Screening for coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes: a Bayesian strategy of clinical risk evaluation and exercise echocardiography. Am Heart J 2005; 150: 1074-1080.
126. Maser RE, Vinik AI, Mitchell BD, Freeman R. The association between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and mortality in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1895-1901.
127. Wang L, Jerosch-Herold M, Jacobs JR, Dr, et al Coronary risk factors and myocardial perfusion in asymptomatic adults. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 565-572. (Pubitemid 43170845)
128. Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Hendel RC, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk stratification with stress single-photon emission computed tomography technetium-99m tetrofosmin imaging in patients with the metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 1538-1544.