Postural sway modifications induced by backpack carriage in primary school children: A case study in Italy

Ergonomics

Volumn 53, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 872-881

  Pau, Massimiliano ^a   Pau, Marco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAGLIARI   (Italy)

Author keywords

Backpack; Centre of pressure; Children; Postural sway; Posturography

Indexed keywords

BACKPACK WEIGHT; CENTRE OF PRESSURE; LATERAL DIRECTIONS; LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS; MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT; PATH LENGTH; POSTURAL SWAY; POSTUROGRAPHY; PRIMARY SCHOOLS;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; BODY EQUILIBRIUM; BODY POSTURE; CHILD; FEMALE; HUMAN; ITALY; MALE; PILOT STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHOOL; SENSORY DYSFUNCTION; STATISTICS; WEIGHT BEARING;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; BIOMECHANICS; CHILD; FEMALE; HUMANS; ITALY; MALE; PILOT PROJECTS; POSTURAL BALANCE; POSTURE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHOOLS; SENSATION DISORDERS; STATISTICS AS TOPIC; WEIGHT-BEARING;

EID: 77954110134     PISSN: 00140139     EISSN: 13665847     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2010.489965     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Brackley, H.M. and Stevenson, J.M., 2004. Are children's backpack weight limits enough? A critical review of the relevant literature. Spine, 19, 2184-2190.
2. Brackley, H.M., Stevenson, J.M., and Selinger, J.C., 2009. Effect of backpack load placement on posture and spinal curvature in prepubescent children. Work, 32, 351-360.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008. CDC Childhood injury report: Patterns of unintentional injuries among 0-19 year olds in the United States, 2000-2006, 88,112 [online]. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/safechild/images/CDC-ChildhoodInjury.pdf [Accessed 1 June 2010].
4. Chow, D.H.K., et al., 2006. The effect of backpack weight on the standing posture and balance of schoolgirls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and normal controls. Gait and Posture, 24 (2), 173-181.
5. Consiglio Superiore Di Sanita, 1994. Parere del Consiglio Superiore di Sanità, Sessione XLII, Sezione III, Assemblea Generale, Seduta del 14 dicembre 1994 [online]. Available from: http://www.agetoscana.it/at/pdf/zainetti/Parere_Cons_Sup_Sanita_1994.pdf (in Italian) [Accessed 1 June 2010].
6. Consiglio Superiore Di Sanita, 1999. Parere del Consiglio Superiore di Sanità, Sessione XLIII, Assemblea Generale, Seduta del 16 dicembre 1999 [online]. Available from: http://www.agetoscana.it/at/pdf/zainetti/Parere_Cons_Sup_Sanita_1999.pdf (in Italian) [Accessed 1 June 2010].
7. Demura, S., Kitabayashi, T., and Uchiyama, M., 2006. Body sway characteristics during upright static posture in young children. Sport Sciences for Health, 1, 158-161.
8. Devroey, C., et al., 2007. Evaluation of the effect of backpack load and position during standing and walking using biomechanical, physiological and subjective measures. Ergonomics, 50 (5), 728-742.
9. Feingold, A.J. and Jacobs, K., 2002. The effect of education on backpack wearing and posture in a middle school population. Work, 18, 287-294.
10. Forjuoh, S.N., Lane, B.L., and Schuchmann, J.A., 2003. Percentage of body weight carried by students in their school backpacks. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82, 261-266.
11. Forjuoh, S.N., Schuchmann, J.A., and Lane, B.L., 2004. Correlates of heavy backpack use by elementary school children. Public Health, 118, 532-535.
12. Goodgold, S., et al., 2002. Backpack use in children. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 14, 122-131.
13. Giusti, P.H., de Almeida, H.L. Jr, and Tomasi, E., 2008. Weight excess of school materials and its risk factors in South Brazil. A cross sectional study. European. Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 44, 33-38.
14. Grimmer, K. and Williams, M., 2000. Gender-age environmental associates of adolescent low back pain. Applied Ergonomics, 31, 343-360.
15. Grimmer, K., et al., 2002. Adolescent standing postural response to backpack loads: a randomised controlled experimental study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 3, 1-10.
16. Hazel-Lindstrom, D., 2009. The backpack problem is evident but the solution is less obvious. Work, 32, 329-338.
17. Heller, M.F., Challis, J.H., and Sharkey, N.A., 2009. Changes in postural sway as a consequence of wearing a military backpack. Gait and Posture, 30 (1), 115-117.
18. Hong, Y. and Cheung, C., 2003. Gait and posture responses to backpack load during level walking in children. Gait and Posture, 17, 28-33.
19. Lafond, D., Corriveau, H., and Prince, F., 2004. Postural control mechanism during quiet standing in patients with diabetic sensory neuropathy. Diabetes Care, 27 (1), 173-178.
20. Mackie, H.W. and Legg, S.J., 2008. Postural and subjective response to realistic schoolbag carriage. Ergonomics, 51 (2), 217-231.
21. Malhotra, M. and Sen Gupta, J., 1965. Carrying of school bags by children. Ergonomics, 8, 55-61.
22. Navuluri, S., 2007. In what grade should backpack safety education begin in schools? Journal of School Health, 77 (5), 223-224.
23. Negrini, S., Carabalona, R., and Sibilla, P., 1999. Backpack as a daily load for schoolchildren. The Lancet, 354, 1974.
24. Negrini, S. and Negrini, A., 2007. Postural effects of symmetrical and asymmetrical loads on the spines of schoolchildren. Scoliosis, 2, 1-7.
25. Negrini, S., et al., 2004. The backpack load in schoolchildren: clinical and social importance, and efficacy of a community-based educational intervention. Europa Medicophysica, 40 (3), 185-190.
26. Odenrick, P. and Sandstedt, P., 1984. Development of postural sway in the normal child. Human Neurobiology, 3, 241-244.
27. Pascoe, D.D., et al., 1997. Influence of carrying book bags in gait cycle and posture of youths. Ergonomics, 40 (6), 631-641.
28. Pline, K.M., Madigan, M.L., and Nussbaum, M.A., 2006. Influence of fatigue time and level on increases in postural sway. Ergonomics, 49 (15), 1639-1648.
29. Qu, X. and Nussbaum, M.A., 2009. Effects of external loads on balance control during upright stance: Experimental results and model-based predictions. Gait and Posture, 29 (1), 23-30.
30. Riach, C.L. and Hayes, K.C., 1987. Maturation of postural sway in young children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 29, 650-658.
31. Schiffman, J.M., et al., 2006. Effects of carried weight on random motion and traditional measures of postural sway. Applied Ergonomics, 37, 607-614.
32. Sheir-Neiss, G.I., et al., 2003. The association of backpack use and back pain in adolescents. Spine, 28 (9), 922-930.
33. Sheldon, J.H., 1963. The effect of age on the control of sway. Gerontology Clinical, 5, 129-138.
34. Siambanes, D., et al., 2004. Influence of school backpacks on adolescent back pain. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 24 (2), 211-217.
35. Singh, T. and Koh, M., 2009. Effects of backpack load position on spatiotemporal parameters and trunk forward lean. Gait and Posture, 29, 49-53.
36. Skaggs, D.L., et al., 2006. Back pain and backpacks in school children. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 26 (3), 358-363.
37. Steindl, R., et al., 2006. Effect of age and sex on maturation of sensory system and balance control. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 48, 477-482.
38. Trevelyan, F.C. and Legg, S.J., 2006. Back pain in school children. Where to go from here? Applied Ergonomics, 37, 45-54.
39. Usui, N., Maekawa, K., and Hirasawa, Y., 1995. Development of the upright postural sway of children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 37, 985-996.
40. Whittfield, J., Legg, S.J., and Hedderley, D.I., 2005. Schoolbag weight and musculoskeletal symptoms in New Zealand secondary schools. Applied Ergonomics, 36, 193-198.
41. Winter, D.A., 1995. Human balance and posture control during standing and walking. Gait and Posture, 3, 193-214.
42. Wolff, D.R., et al., 1998. Postural balance measurements for children and adolescents. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 16 (2), 271-275.