Sodium sensing in the interstitium and relationship to hypertension

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 385-392

  Titze, Jens ^a   MacHnik, Agnes ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

lymphangiogenesis; microcirculation; mononuclear phagocyte system; tonicity enhancer binding protein; vascular endothelial growth factor

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; POTASSIUM; SODIUM; VASCULOTROPIN C; VASCULOTROPIN D; VASCULOTROPIN A;

BLOOD PRESSURE; ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; HEADACHE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INTERSTITIUM; LYMPHANGIOGENESIS; MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE; NONHUMAN; OSMOREGULATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SODIUM BALANCE; SODIUM RETENTION; ANIMAL; BLOOD VOLUME; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD VOLUME; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; PHAGOCYTOSIS; SODIUM; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A; WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE;

EID: 77954074298     PISSN: 10624821     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MNH.0b013e32833aeb3b     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Walser M. Phenomenological analysis of electrolyte homeostasis. In: Seldin DW, Giebisch G, editors. The kidney: physiology and pathophysiology, 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press Ltd; 1992. pp. 31-44.
2. Strauß MB, Lamdin E, Smith WP, et al. Surfeit and deficit of sodium: a kinetic concept of sodium excretion. Arch Intern Med 1958; 102:527-536.
3. Rose BD. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1994:; pp. 235-260.
4. Pitts RF. Volume and composition of the body fluids. Chicago, Illinois: Year Book; 1974:; pp. 11-34.
5. Starling EH. On the absorption of fluids from the connective tissue spaces. J Physiol 1896; 19:312-326.
6. Smith HW. From fish to philosopher. The story of our internal environment. Boston: Little Brown; 1953.
7. Guyton AC, Coleman TG, Cowley AW, et al. A systems analysis approach to understanding long-range arterial blood pressure control and hypertension. Circ Res 1974; 35:159-176.
8. Kahle KT, Ring AM, Lifton RP. Molecular physiology of the WNK kinases. Annu Rev Physiol 2008; 70:329-355.
9. Lifton RP, Gharavi AG, Geller DS. Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension. Cell 2001; 104:545-556.
10. Heer M, Baisch F, Kropp J, et al. High dietary sodium chloride consumption may not induce body fluid retention in humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2000; 278:F585-F595.
11. Palacios C, Wigertz K, Martin BR, et al. Sodium retention in black and white female adolescents in response to salt intake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:1858-1863.
12. Titze J, Maillet A, Lang R, et al. Long-term sodium balance in humans in a terrestrial space station simulation study. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 40:508-516.
13. Rakova N, Juttner K, Dahlmann A, et al. Long-term Na+ balance in humans: steady states without a set point? Hypertension 2009; 54:E37-E137.
14. Ashley BC, Whyte HM. Metabolic studies in starvation. Australas Ann Med 1961; 10:92-113.
15. Elsbach P, Schwartz IL. Salt and water metabolism during weight reduction. Metabolism 1961; 10:595-609.
16. Garnett ES, Ford J, Golding PL, et al. The mobilization of osmotically inactive sodium during total starvation in man. Clin Sci 1968; 35:93-103.
17. Noakes TD, Sharwood K, Speedy D, et al. Three independent biological mechanisms cause exercise-associated hyponatremia: evidence from 2,135 weighed competitive athletic performances. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102:18550-18555.
18. Haljamae H. Sampling of nanoliter volumes of mammalian subcutaneous tissue fluid and ultra-micro flame photometric analyses of the K and Na concentrations. Acta Physiol Scand 1970; 78:1-10.
19. Haljamae H. Anatomy of the interstitial tissue. Lymphology 1978; 11:128-132.
20. Haljamae H, Linde A, Amundson B. Comparative analyses of capsular fluid and interstitial fluid. Am J Physiol 1974; 227:1199-1205.
21. Szabo G, Magyar Z. Electrolyte concentrations in subcutaneous tissue fluid and lymph. Lymphology 1982; 15:174-177. (Pubitemid 13167896)
22. Go WY, Liu X, Roti MA, et al. NFAT5/TonEBP mutant mice define osmotic stress as a critical feature of the lymphoid microenvironment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101:10673-10678.
23. Nguyen MK, Kurtz I. Quantitative interrelationship between Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium, osmolality of body fluid compartments, and plasma water sodium concentration. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100:1293-1300.
24. Machnik A, Dahlmann A, Kopp C, et al. Mononuclear phagocyte system depletion blocks interstitial tonicity-responsive enhance binding protein/vascular endothelial growth factor C expression and induces salt-sensitive hypertension in rats. Hypertension 2010; 55:755-761.
25. Machnik A, Neuhofer W, Jantsch J, et al. Macrophages regulate salt-dependent volume and blood pressure by a vascular endothelial growth factor-C-dependent buffering mechanism. Nat Med 2009; 15:545-552.
26. Schafflhuber M, Volpi N, Dahlmann A, et al. Mobilization of osmotically inactive Na+ by growth and by dietary salt restriction in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 292:F1490-F1500.
27. Titze J, Bauer K, Schafflhuber M, et al. Internal sodium balance in DOCA-salt rats: a body composition study. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 289:F793-F802.
28. Titze J, Krause H, Hecht H, et al. Reduced osmotically inactive Na storage capacity and hypertension in the Dahl model. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002; 283:F134-F141.
29. Titze J, Lang R, Ilies C, et al. Osmotically inactive skin Na\+ storage in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003; 285:F1108-F1117.
30. Titze J, Luft FC, Bauer K, et al. Extrarenal Na\+ balance, volume, and blood pressure homeostasis in intact and ovariectomized deoxycorticosterone- acetate salt rats. Hypertension 2006; 47:1101-1107.
31. Titze J, Shakibaei M, Schafflhuber M, et al. Glycosaminoglycan polymerization may enable osmotically inactive Na\+ storage in the skin. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H203-H208.
32. Ziomber A, Machnik A, Dahlmann A, et al. Sodium-, potassium-, chloride-, and bicarbonate-related effects on blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis in deoxycorticosterone acetate-treated rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F1752-F1763.
33. Ivanova LN, Archibasova VK, Shterental I. Sodium-depositing function of the skin in white rats. Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova 1978; 64:358-363.
34. Titze J. Water-free Na\+ retention: interaction with hypertension and tissue hydration. Blood Purif 2008; 26:95-99.
35. Titze J. Water-free sodium accumulation. Semin Dial 2009; 22:253-255.
36. Titze J. Salt-and waterbalance: new salt reservoirs. Nephrologe 2009; 4:488-496.
37. Farber SJ. Mucopolysaccharides and sodium metabolism. Circulation 1960; 21:941-947.
38. Farber SJ, Schubert M, Schuster N. The binding of cations by chondroitin sulfate. J Clin Invest 1957; 36:1715-1722.
39. Cannon WB. Organization of physiological homeostasis. Physiol Rev 1929; 9:399-431.
40. Cannon WB. The constancy of the salt content of the blood. The wisdom of the body. New York: W W Norton; 1932:; pp. 91-97.
41. Farber SJ, Soberman RJ. Total body water and total exchangeable sodium in edematous states due to cardiac, renal or hepatic disease. J Clin Invest 1956; 35:779-791.
42. Porter GA. Body water and electrolyte composition in cardiac failure. Circulation 1965; 32:169-171.
43. Hall AC. Volume-sensitive taurine transport in bovine articular chondrocytes. J Physiol 1995; 484 (Pt 3):755-766.
44. Hall AC. Differential effects of hydrostatic pressure on cation transport pathways of isolated articular chondrocytes. J Cell Physiol 1999; 178: 197-204.
45. Hall AC, Bush PG. The role of a swelling-activated taurine transport pathway in the regulation of articular chondrocyte volume. Pflugers Arch 2001; 442:771-781.
46. Hall AC, Bush PG, Davidson ME, et al. Equine articular cartilage chondro-cytes: opening the black box. Equine Vet J 2003; 35:425-428.
47. Hall AC, Horwitz ER, Wilkins RJ. The cellular physiology of articular cartilage. Exp Physiol 1996; 81:535-545.
48. Hall AC, Starks I, Shoults CL, et al. Pathways for K\+ transport across the bovine articular chondrocyte membrane and their sensitivity to cell volume. Am J Physiol 1996; 270:C1300-C1310.
49. Hall AC, Urban JP, Gehl KA. The effects of hydrostatic pressure on matrix synthesis in articular cartilage. J Orthop Res 1991; 9:1-10.
50. Mobasheri A. Correlation between [Na\+], [glycosaminoglycan] and Na\+/K\+ pump density in the extracellular matrix of bovine articular cartilage. Physiol Res 1998 47 47-52.
51. Mobasheri A, Errington RJ, Golding S, et al. Characterization of the Na\+, K(\+)-ATPase in isolated bovine articular chondrocytes; molecular evidence for multiple alpha and beta isoforms. Cell Biol Int 1997; 21:201-212.
52. Mobasheri A, Hall AC, Urban JP, et al. Immunologic and autoradiographic localisation of the Na\+, K(\+)-ATPase in articular cartilage: upregulation in response to changes in extracellular Na\+ concentration. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1997; 29:649-657.
53. Mobasheri A, Mobasheri R, Francis MJ, et al. Ion transport in chondrocytes: membrane transporters involved in intracellular ion homeostasis and the regulation of cell volume, free [Ca2\+] and pH. Histol Histopathol 1998; 13:893-910.
54. Beck FX, Schmolke M, Guder WG, et al. Osmolytes in renal medulla during rapid changes in papillary tonicity. Am J Physiol 1992; 262:F849-F856.
55. Neuhofer W, Beck FX. Cell survival in the hostile environment of the renal medulla. Annu Rev Physiol 2005; 67:531-555.
56. Farber SJ, Walat RJ, Benjamin R, et al. Effect of increased osmolality on glycosaminoglycan metabolism of rabbit renal papilla. Am J Physiol 1971; 220:880-885.
57. Goransson V, Hansell P, Moss S, et al. Renomedullary interstitial cells in culture; the osmolality and oxygen tension influence the extracellular amounts of hyaluronan and cellular expression of CD44. Matrix Biol 2001; 20:129-136.
58. Goransson V, Johnsson C, Jacobson A, et al. Renal hyaluronan accumulation and hyaluronan synthase expression after ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the rat. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19:823-830.
59. Goransson V, Johnsson C, Nylander O, et al. Renomedullary and intestinal hyaluronan content during body water excess: a study in rats and gerbils. J Physiol 2002; 542:315-322.
60. Hansell P, Goransson V, Odlind C, et al. Hyaluronan content in the kidney in different states of body hydration. Kidney Int 2000; 58:2061-2068.
61. Hansell P, Maric C, Alcorn D, et al. Renomedullary interstitial cells regulate hyaluronan turnover depending on growth media osmolality suggesting a role in renal water handling. Acta Physiol Scand 1999; 165:115-116.
62. Rugheimer L, Carlsson C, Johnsson C, et al. Renal hyaluronan content during experimental uncontrolled diabetes in rats. J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 59:115-128.
63. Rugheimer L, Johnsson C, Maric C, et al. Hormonal regulation of renomedullary hyaluronan. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2008; 193:191-198.
64. Bartolo RC, Donald JA. The effect of water deprivation on the tonicity responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) and TonEBP-regulated genes in the kidney of the Spinifex hopping mouse, Notomys alexis. J Exp Biol 2008; 211:852-859.
65. Burg MB, Ferraris JD, Dmitrieva NI. Cellular response to hyperosmotic stresses. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:1441-1474.
66. Han KH, Woo SK, Kim WY, et al. Maturation of TonEBP expression in developing rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004; 287:F878-F885.
67. Jeon US, Kim JA, Sheen MR, et al. How tonicity regulates genes: story of TonEBP transcriptional activator. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2006; 187:241-247.
68. Kim YM, Kim WY, Lee HW, et al. Urea and NaCl regulate UT-A1 urea transporter in opposing directions via TonEBP pathway during osmotic diuresis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F67-F77.
69. Kultz D. Hypertonicity and TonEBP promote development of the renal concentrating system. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004; 287:F876-F877.
70. WooSK, Kwon HM. Adaptation of kidney medulla to hypertonicity: role of the transcription factor TonEBP. Int Rev Cytol 2002; 215:189-202.
71. Woo SK, Lee SD, Kwon HM. TonEBP transcriptional activator in the cellular response to increased osmolality. Pflugers Arch 2002; 444:579-585.
72. Woo SK, Lee SD, Na KY, et al. TonEBP/NFAT5 stimulates transcription of HSP70 in response to hypertonicity. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:5753-5760.
73. Tammela T, Alitalo K. Lymphangiogenesis: molecular mechanisms and future promise. Cell 2010; 140:460-476.
74. Achen MG, Jeltsch M, Kukk E, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) is a ligand for the tyrosine kinases VEGF receptor 2 (Flk1) and VEGF receptor 3 (Flt4). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95:548-553.
75. McDonald NQ, Hendrickson WA. A structural superfamily of growth factors containing a cystine knot motif. Cell 1993; 73:421-424.
76. Dvorak HF, Brown LF, Detmar M, et al. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogen-esis. Am J Pathol 1995; 146:1029-1039.
77. Ferrara N, Houck K, Jakeman L, et al. Molecular and biological properties of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of proteins. Endocr Rev 1992; 13:18-32.
78. Thomas KA. Vascular endothelial growth factor, a potent and selective angiogenic agent. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:603-606.
79. Grimmond S, Lagercrantz J, DrinkwaterC, et al. Cloning and characterization of a novel human gene related to vascular endothelial growth factor. Genome Res 1996; 6:124-131.
80. Olofsson B, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor B, a novel growth factor for endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:2576-2581.
81. Chilov D, Kukk E, Taira S, et al. Genomic organization of human and mouse genes for vascular endothelial growth factor C. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 25176-25183.
82. Maglione D, Guerriero V, Viglietto G, et al. Isolation of a human placenta cDNA coding for a protein related to the vascular permeability factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:9267-9271.
83. Joukov V, Kaipainen A, Jeltsch M, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF-B and VEGF-C. J Cell Physiol 1997; 173:211-215.
84. Lee J, Gray A, Yuan J, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor-related protein: a ligand and specific activator of the tyrosine kinase receptor Flt4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:1988-1992.
85. Orlandini M, Marconcini L, Ferruzzi R, et al. Identification of a c-fos-induced gene that is related to the platelet-derived growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:11675-11680.
86. Yamada Y, Nezu J, Shimane M, et al. Molecular cloning of a novel vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-D. Genomics 1997; 42:483-488.
87. Joukov V, Sorsa T, Kumar V, et al. Proteolytic processing regulates receptor specificity and activity of VEGF-C. EMBO J 1997; 16:3898-3911.
88. Lahdenranta J, Hagendoorn J, Padera TP, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase mediates lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2801-2808.
89. Kaipainen A, Korhonen J, Mustonen T, et al. Expression of the fms-like tyrosine kinase 4 gene becomes restricted to lymphatic endothelium during development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92:3566-3570.
90. Pajusola K, Aprelikova O, Pelicci G, et al. Signalling properties of FLT4, a proteolytically processed receptor tyrosine kinase related to two VEGF receptors. Oncogene 1994; 9:3545-3555.
91. Karkkainen MJ, Ferrell RE, Lawrence EC, et al. Missense mutations interfere with VEGFR-3 signalling in primary lymphoedema. Nat Genet 2000; 25: 153-159.
92. Karkkainen MJ, Haiko P, Sainio K, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor C is required for sprouting of the first lymphatic vessels from embryonic veins. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:74-80.
93. Jeltsch M, Kaipainen A, Joukov V, et al. Hyperplasia of lymphatic vessels in VEGF-C transgenic mice. Science 1997; 276:1423-1425.
94. Maruyama K, Ii M, Cursiefen C, et al. Inflammation-induced lymphangiogen-esis in the cornea arises from CD11b-positive macrophages. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:2363-2372.
95. Salven P, Mustjoki S, Alitalo R, et al. VEGFR-3 and CD133 identify a population of CD34\+ lymphatic/vascular endothelial precursor cells. Blood 2003; 101:168-172.
96. Schoppmann SF, Horvat R, Birner P. Lymphatic vessels and ymphangio-genesisinfemalecancer:mechanisms, clinicalimpactandpossibleimplications for antilymphangiogenic therapies [review]. Oncol Rep 2002; 9:455-460.
97. Cursiefen C, Chen L, Borges LP, et al. VEGF-A stimulates lymphangiogen-esis and hemangiogenesis in inflammatory neovascularization via macro-phage recruitment. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:1040-1050.
98. Kerjaschki D, Regele HM, Moosberger I, et al. Lymphatic neoangiogenesis in human kidney transplants is associated with immunologically active lympho-cytic infiltrates. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15:603-612.
99. Baluk P, Tammela T, Ator E, et al. Pathogenesis of persistent lymphatic vessel hyperplasia in chronic airway inflammation. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:247-257.
100. Guyton AC, Coleman TG. Quantitative analysis of the pathophysiology of hypertension. Circ Res 1969; 24:1-19.
101. Guyton AC, Cowley AW Jr, Coleman TG, et al. Hypertension: a disease of abnormal circulatory control. Chest 1974; 65:328-338.
102. Leonard AM, Chafe LL, Montani JP, et al. Increased salt-sensitivity in endothelial nitric oxide synthase-knockout mice. Am J Hypertens 2006; 19:1264-1269.
103. Tolins JP, Shultz PJ. Endogenous nitric oxide synthesis determines sensitivity to the pressor effect of salt. Kidney Int 1994; 46:230-236.