Quantitative analysis and visualization of nonplanar fault surfaces using terrestrial laser scanning (LIDAR)-The Arkitsa fault, central Greece, as a case study

Geosphere

Volumn 5, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 465-482

  Jones, R R ^a   Kokkalas, S ^b   McCaffrey, K J W ^a  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PATRAS   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FAULT PLANE; FAULT SLIP; GAUSSIAN METHOD; GEOMETRY; GPS; LIDAR; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; STRESS FIELD; STRIKE-SLIP FAULT; THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING; VISUALIZATION;

GREECE;

EID: 77953989491     PISSN: 1553-040     EISSN: 1553040X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/GES00216.1     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Ahlgren S., Holmlund J., Griffiths P., Smallshire R. 2002, Fracture model analysis is simple: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Explorer, September, 2002.
2. Ambraseys N., Jackson J. 1990, Seismicity and associated strain of central Greece between 1890 and 1988: Geophysical Journal International, v. 101, p. 663-708, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb05577.x.
3. Armijo R., Meyer B., King G., Rigo A., Papanastasiou D. 1996, Quaternary evolution of the Corinth rift and its implications for the late Cenozoic evolution of the Aegean: Geophysical Journal International, v. 126, p. 11-53, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb05264.x.
4. Bellian J.A., Kerans C., Jennette D.C. 2005, Digital outcrop models: Applications of terrestrial scanning lidar technology in stratigraphic modelling: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 75, p. 166-176, doi: 10.2110/jsr.2005.013.
5. Bergbauer S., Pollard D.D. 2003a, How to calculate normal curvatures of sampled geological surfaces: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 25, p. 277-289, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00019-6.
6. Bergbauer S., Pollard D.D. 2003b, How to calculate normal curvatures of sampled geological surfaces: Erratum: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 25, p. 2167, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(03)00100-7.
7. Brown S.R., Scholz C.H. 1985, Broad bandwidth study of the topography of natural rock surfaces: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, p. 2575-2582.
8. Childs C., Watterson J., Walsh J.J. 1995, Fault overlap zones within developing normal fault systems: Geological Society of London Journal, v. 152, p. 535-549, doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.152.3.0535.
9. Clarke P.J.13 others, 1998, Crustal strain in central Greece from repeated GPS measurements in the interval 1989-1997: Geophysical Journal International, v. 135, p. 195-214, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00633.x.
10. Dewey J.F., Hempton M.R., Kidd W.S.F., Saroglu F., Sengor A.M.C. 1986, Shortening of continental lithosphere: The neotectonics of Eastern Anatolia-A young collision zone, in Coward M.P., Ries A.C.eds., Collision tectonics: Geological Society of London Special Publication 19, p. 3-36.
11. Donath F.A. 1962, Analysis of basin-range structure, south-central Oregon: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 73, p. 1-16, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1962)73[1:AOBSSO]2.0.CO;2.
12. Doutsos T., Kokkalas S. 2001, Stress and deformation in the Aegean region: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 23, p. 455-472, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00119-X.
13. Doutsos T., Poulimenos G. 1992, Geometry and kinematics of active faults and their seismotectonic significance in the western Corinth-Patras rift (Greece): Journal of Structural Geology, v. 14, p. 689-699, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(92)90126-H.
14. Fernández O. 2005, Obtaining a best fitting plane through 3D georeferenced data: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 27, p. 855-858, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2004.12.004.
15. Ferrill D.A., Stamatakos J.A., Sims D. 1999, Normal fault corrugation: Implications for growth and seismicity of active normal faults: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 21, p. 1027-1038, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00017-6.
16. Fisher N.I., Lewis T., Embleton B.J.J. 1987, Statistical analysis of spherical data: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 344 p.
17. Foley J.D., van Dam A., Feiner S.K., Hughes J.F. 1997, Computer graphics: Principles and practice (second edition): Boston, Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley, 1175 p.
18. Ganas A., Roberts G., Memou P. 1998, Segment boundaries, the 1894 ruptures and strain patterns along the Atalanti fault, central Greece: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 26, p. 461-486, doi: 10.1016/S0264-3707(97)00066-5.
19. Healy D., Jones R.R., Holdsworth R.E. 2006, New insights into the development of brittle shear fractures from a 3-D numerical model of microcrack interaction: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 249, p. 14-28, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.06.041.
20. Hollenstein C., Muller M.D., Geiger A., Kahle H.-G. 2008, Crustal motion and deformation in Greece from a decade of GPS measurements, 1993-2003: Tectonophysics, v. 449, p. 17-40, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.12.006.
21. Holm D.K., Fleck R.J., Lux D.R. 1994, The Death Valley turtlebacks reinterpreted as Miocene-Pliocene folds of a major detachment surface: Journal of Geology, v. 102, p. 718-727.
22. Jackson J., McKenzie D. 1999, A hectare of fresh striations on the Arkitsa fault, central Greece: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 21, p. 1-6, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(98)00091-1.
23. Jones R.R., McCaffrey K.J.W., Wilson R.W., Holdsworth R.E. 2004, Digital field data acquisition: Towards increased quantification of uncertainty during geological mapping, in Curtis A., Wood R.eds., Geological prior information: Geological Society of London Special Publication 239, p. 43-56.
24. Jones R.R., Wawrzyniec T.F., Holliman N.S., McCaffrey K.J.W., Imber J., Holdsworth R.E. 2008, Describing the dimensionality of geospatial data in the Earth sciences-Recommendations for nomenclature: Geosphere, v. 4, p. 354-359, doi: 10.1130/GES00158.1.
25. Kokkalas S., Xypolias P., Koukouvelas I., Doutsos T. 2006, Postcollisional contractional and extensional deformation in the Aegean region, in Dilek Y., Pavlides S.eds., Postcollisional tectonics and magmatism in the Mediterranean region and Asia: Geological Society of America Special Paper 409, p. 97-123, doi: 10.1130/2006.2409(06).
26. Kokkalas S., Jones R.R., McVaffrey K.J.W., Clegg P. 2007, Quantitative fault analysis at Arkitsa, central Greece, using terrestrial laser-scanning (LiDAR): Geological Society of Greece Bulletin, v. 40, p. 1959-1972.
27. Krabbendam M., Dewey J.F. 1998, Exhumation of UHP rocks by transtension in the Western Gneiss Region, Scandinavian Caledonides, in Holdsworth R.E., et al.eds., Continental transpressional and trans-tensional tectonics: Geological Society of London Special Publication 135, p. 159-181.
28. Lichti D., Jamtsho S. 2006, Angular resolution of terrestrial laser scanners: Photogrammetric Record, v. 21, no. 114, p. 141-160, doi: 10.1111/j.1477-9730.2006.00367.x.
29. Lisle R.J. 1992, Constant bed-length folding: Three-dimensional geometrical implications: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 14, p. 245-252, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(92)90061-Z.
30. Lisle R.J. 1994, Detection of zones of abnormal strains in structures using Gaussian curvature analysis: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 78, p. 1811-1819.
31. Maerten L. 2000, Variation in slip on intersecting normal faults: Implications for paleostress inversion: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 270, p. 197-206.
32. Maniatis G., Hampel A. 2008, Along-strike variations of the slip direction on normal faults: Insights from three-dimensional finite-element models: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 30, p. 21-28, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2007.10.002.
33. Mardia K.V., Jupp P.E. 2000, Directional statistics: Chichester, Wiley, 429 p.
34. McCaffrey K.J.W., Jones R.R., Holdsworth R.E., Wilson R.W., Clegg P., Imber J., Holliman N., Trinks I. 2005, Unlocking the spatial dimension: digital technologies and the future of geoscience fieldwork: Geological Society of London Journal, v. 162, p. 927-938, doi: 10.1144/0016-764905-017.
35. Mynatt I., Bergbauer S., Pollard D.D. 2007, Using differential geometry to describe 3-D folds: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 29, p. 1256-1266, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2007.02.006.
36. Papanikolaou D.J., Royden L.H. 2007, Disruption of the Hellenic arc: Late Miocene extensional detachment faults and steep Pliocene-Quaternary normal faults-Or what happened at Corinth?: Tectonics, v. 26, TC5003, doi: 10.1029/2006TC002007.
37. Pearce M.A., Jones R.R., Smith S.A.F., McCaffrey K.J.W., Clegg P. 2006, Numerical analysis of fold curvature using data acquired by high-precision GPS: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 28, p. 1640-1646, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2006.05.010.
38. Power W.L., Tullis T.E., Brown S.R., Boitnott G.N., Scholz C.H. 1987, Roughness of natural fault surfaces: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 14, p. 29-32, doi: 10.1029/GL014i001p00029.
39. Pringle J.K., Howell J.A., Hodgetts D., Westerman A.R., Hodgson D.M. 2006, Virtual outcrop models of petroleum reservoir analogues: A review of the current state-of-the-art: First Break, v. 24, p. 33-42.
40. Ramsay J.G. 1967, Folding and fracturing of rocks: New York, McGraw-Hill, 568 p.
41. Renard F., Voisin C., Marsan D., Schmittbuhl J. 2006, High resolution 3D laser scanner measurements of a strike-slip fault quantify its morphological anisotropy at all scales: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 33, L04305, doi: 10.1029/2005GL025038.
42. Resor P.G., Meer V.E. 2006, Characterizing geometry, kinematics, and fracturing of a wavy fault surface, Arkitsa, Greece: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 87, abs. T21C-0440.
43. Roberts G.P. 1996, Variation in fault-slip directions along active and segmented normal fault systems: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 18, p. 835-845, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(96)80016-2.
44. Roberts A. 2001, Curvature attributes and their application to 3D interpreted horizons: First Break, v. 19, p. 85-100, doi: 10.1046/j.0263-5046.2001.00142.x.
45. Roberts G.P., Ganas A. 2000, Fault-slip directions in central and southern Greece measured from striated and corrugated fault planes: Comparison with focal mechanism and geodetic data: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 23,443-23,462, doi: 10.1029/1999JB900440.
46. Roberts S., Jackson J. 1991, Active normal faults in central Greece: An overview, in Holdsworth R.E., Turner J.P.compilers, Extensional tectonics: Faulting and related processes: Key Issues in Earth Sciences, Volume 2: London, Geological Society of London, p. 151-168.
47. Sagy A., Brodsky E.E., Axen G.J. 2007, Evolution of fault-surface roughness with slip: Geology, v. 35, p. 283-286, doi: 10.1130/G23235A.1.
48. Stiros S.C., Arnold M., Pirazzoli P.A., Laborel J., Laborel F., Papageorgiou S. 1992, Historical coseismic uplift on Euboea Island, Greece: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 108, p. 109-117, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(92)90063-2.
49. Wawrzyniec T.F., Jones R.R., McCaffrey K.J.W., Imber J., Holliman N.S., Holdsworth R.E. 2007, Introduction: Unlocking 3D Earth systems-Harnessing new digital technologies to revolutionize multi-scale geological models: Geosphere, v. 3, p. 406-407, doi: 10.1130/GES00156.1.
50. White P.D., Jones R.R. 2008, A cost-efficient solution to true color terrestrial laser scanning: Geosphere, v. 4, p. 564-575, doi: 10.1130/GES00155.1.
51. Woodcock N.H. 1977, Specification of fabric shapes using an eigenvalue method: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 88, p. 1231-1236, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<1231:SOFSUA>2.0.CO;2.
52. Woodcock N.H., Naylor M.A. 1983. Randomness testing in three-dimensional orientation data. Journal of Structural Geology, v. 5, 539-548, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(83)90058-5.