Disgust and sexual problems - Theoretical conceptualization and case illustrations

International Journal of Cognitive Therapy

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 23-39

  de Jong, Peter J ^a   van Lankveld, Jacques ^b   Elgersma, Hermien J ^c   Borg, Charmaine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77953933870     PISSN: 19371209     EISSN: 19371217     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2010.3.1.23     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.
2. Barlow, D. H. (1986). The causes of sexual dysfunction: The role of anxiety and cognitive interference. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 140-148.
3. Basson, R. (2002). Are our definitions of women's desire, arousal and sexual pain disorders too broad and our definition of orgasmic disorder too narrow? Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 28, 289-300.
4. Basson, R., Leiblum, S., Brotto, L., Derogatis, L., Foucroy, J., Fugl-Meyer, K., et al. (2003). Definitions of women's sexual dysfunction reconsidered: Advocating expansion and revision. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 34, 221-229.
5. Binik, Y. M., Reissing, E. D., Pukall, C., Flory, N., Payne, K. A., & Khalifé, S. M. D. (2002). The female sexual pain disorders: Genital pain or sexual dysfunction? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 425-429.
6. Bisson, J., & Andrew, M. (2007). Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, 18(3), CD003388.
7. Bögels, S., Mulkens, S., & de Jong, P. J. (1997). Attention training and fear of blushing. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 4, 251-258.
8. Borg, C., de Jong, P.J., & Weijmar-Schultz, W. (in press). Vaginismus and dyspareunia: Automatic vs. deliberate disgust responsivity. Journal of Sexual Medicine.
9. Carnes, P. J. (1998). The case for sexual anorexia: An interim report on 144 patients with sex ual disorders. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 5, 293-309.
10. Charash, M., & McKay, D. (2002). Attention bias for disgust. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16, 529-541
11. Crespo, M. E. O. C., & Fernández-Velasco, R. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of a case of vaginism and phobia about pelvic examination. Psychology in Spain, 8, 106-121.
12. Curtis, V., Aunger, R., & Rabie, T. (2004). Quantitative evidence that disgust evolved to protect from risk of disease. Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Letters, 271(Suppl. 4), S131-S133.
13. Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals (pp. 195-217). New York: New York University Press.
14. Davey, G. C. L., Bickerstaffe, S., & MacDonald, B. A. (2006). Experienced disgust causes a negative interpretation bias: A causal role for disgust in anxious psychopathology. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1375-1384.
15. de Jong, P. J., & Peters, M. L. (2007). Contamination vs. harm-relevant outcome expectancies and covariation bias in spider phobia. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 1271-1284.
16. de Jong, P. J., & Peters, M. L. (2009). Sex and the sexual dysfunctions: The role of disgust and contamination sensitivity. In B. Olatunji & D. McKay (Eds.), Disgust and its disorders: Theory, assessment, and treatment (pp. 253-270). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
17. de Jong, P. J., van Lankveld, J., & Elgersma, H. J. (2010). Refractory cases in the treatment of sexual problems associated with low sexual arousal. In D. McKay, J. Abramowitz, & S. Taylor (Eds.), Cognitive-behavioral therapy for refractory cases: Turning failure into success (pp. 255-275). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
18. de Jong, P. J., van Overveld, M., Weijmar-Schultz, W., Peters, M. L., & Buwalda, F.M. (2009). Disgust and contamination sensitivity in vaginismus and dyspareunia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 244-252.
19. de Jong, P. J., Vorage, I., & van den Hout, M. A. (2000). Counterconditioning in the treatment of spider phobia: Effects on disgust, fear, and valence. Behavior Research and Therapy, 38, 1055-1069.
20. Dorfan, N. M., & Woody, S. R. (2006). Does threatening imagery sensitize distress during contaminant exposure? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 395-413.
21. Grob, J. D. M., & Stapel, D. A. (2008). Making a difference: Different emotion regulation strategies affect emotion channels differently. Manuscript submitted for publication.
22. Grob, J. D. M., Stapel, D. A., & Neumann, R. (2008). Emotions under pressure: Facial suppression of disgust causes rebound and leakage effects. Manuscript submitted for publication.
23. Haidt, J., McCauley, C., & Rozin, P. (1994). Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 701-713.
24. Harvey, A., Watkins, E., Mansell, W., & Shafran, R. (2004). Cognitive behavioral processes across psychological disorders. A transdiagnositic approach to research and treatment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
25. Heiman, J. R. (2002). Psychological treatments for female sexual dysfunction: Are they effective and do we need them? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 445-450.
26. Heiman, J. R., LoPiccolo, J., & Palladini, D. (1988). Becoming orgasmic: A sexual and personal growth program for women. Upper Sadle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Press.
27. Hoffman, S. G. (2008). Cognitive processes during fear acquisition and extinction in animals and humans: Implications for exposure therapy of anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 199-210.
28. Jacobson, E. (1938). Progressive relaxation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
29. Janssen, E., & Everaerd, W. (1993). Determinants of male sexual arousal. Annual Review of Sex Research, 4, 211-245.
30. Kaneko, K. (2001). Penetration disorder: Dyspareunia exists on the extension of vaginismus. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 27, 153-155.
31. Koukounas, E., & McCabe, M. (1997). Sexual and emotional variables influencing sexual response to erotica. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35, 221-231.
32. Kuffel, S. W., & Heiman, J. R. (2006). Effects of depressive symptoms and experimentally adopted schemas on sexual arousal and affect in sexually healthy women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 163-177.
33. Laan, E., & Everaerd, W. (1995). Determinants of female sexual arousal: Psychophysiological theory and data. Annual Review of Sex Research, 6, 32-76.
34. Laan, E., van Driel, E., & van Lunsen, R. H. W. (2003). Seksuele reakties van vrouwenmet een seksuele opwindingsstoornis op visuele seksuele stimuli. Tijdschrift voor Seksuologie, 27, 1-13.
35. Laumann, E. O., Paik, A., & Rosen, R. C. (1999). Sexual dysfunctions in the United States: prevalence and predictors. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 537-544.
36. Masters, W.H., & Johnson, V.E. (1970). Human sexual inadequacy. Boston: Little, Brown.
37. McAnulty R. D., & Burnette, M. M. (2004). Exploring human sexuality, making healthy decisions. Boston: Pearson Inc.
38. Meston, C. M., & Bradford, A. (2007). Sexual dysfunctions in women. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 233-256.
39. Nobre, P. J., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2006). Dysfunctional sexual beliefs as vulnerability factors for sexual dysfunction. Journal of Sex Research, 43, 68-75.
40. Olatunji, B. O., Lohr, J. M., Sawchuk, C. N., & Tolin, D. F. (2007). Multimodal assessment of disgust in contamination-related obsessivecompulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 263-276.
41. Ost, L.-G. (1989). One-session treatment for specific phobias. Behavior Research and Therapy, 27, 1-7.
42. Payne, K. A., Binik, Y. M., Amsel, R., & Khalifé, S. (2005). When sex hurts, anxiety and fear orient attention toward pain. European Journal of Pain, 9, 427-436.
43. Reissing, E. D., Yitzchak, B. M., Khalifé, S. M. D., Cohen, D. M. D., & Amsel, R. M. A. (2004). Vaginal spasm, pain and behavior: An empirical investigation of the diagnosis of vaginismus. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33, 1, 5-17.
44. Roozendaal, B., & de Quervain, D. J. F. (2005). Glucocorticoid therapy and memory function: Lessons learned from basis research. Neurology, 64, 184-185.
45. Rozin, P., & Fallon, A. E. (1987). A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review, 94, 23-41.
46. Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. R. (1999). Disgust: The body and soul emotion. In T. Dalgleish & M. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 429-445). Chichester: Wiley.
47. Rozin, P., Haidt, J., McCauley, C., Dunlop, L., & Ashmore, M. (1999). Individual differences in disgust sensitivity: Comparisons and evaluations of paper-and-pencil versus behavioral measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 33, 330-351.
48. Rozin, P., Nemeroff, C., Horowitz, M., Gordon, B., & Voet, W. (1995). The borders of the self: Contamination sensitivity and potency of the body apertures and other body parts. Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 318-340.
49. Seidler, G. H., & Wagner, F. E. (2006). Comparing the efficacy of EMDR and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of PTSD: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1515-1522.
50. Simons, J. S., & Carey, M. P. (2001). Prevalence of sexual dysfunctions: Results from a decade of research. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30, 177-219.
51. Soravia, L. M., Heinrichs, M., Aerni, A., Maroni, C., Schelling, G., Ehlert, U., Roozendaal, B., & de Quervain, D. J. F. (2006). Glucocorticoids reduce phobic fear in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA (PNAS), 103, 5585-5590.
52. Stark, R., Schienle, A., Girod, C., Walter, B., Kirsch, P., Blecker, C., et al. (2005). Erotic and disgust-inducing pictures: Differences in the hemodynamic responses of the brain. Biological Psychology, 70, 19-29.
53. ter Kuile, M. M., Bultq, I., Weijenborg, P. T. M., Beekman, A., Melles, R., & Onghena, P. (2009). Therapist-aided exposure for women with lifelong vaginismus: A replicated single-case design. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 149-159.
54. van der Velde, J., Laan, E., & Everaerd, W. (2001). Vaginismus, a component of a general defensive reaction. An investigation of pelvic floor muscle activity during exposure to emotioninducing film excerpts in women with and without vaginismus. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, 12, 328-331.
55. van Lankveld. J. J., ter Kuile, M. M., de Groot, H. E., Melles, R., Nefs, J., & Zandbergen, M. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for women with lifelong vaginismus: A randomized waiting-list controlled trial of efficacy. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 74, 168-178.
56. van Lankveld, J. J., & van den Hout, M. A. (2004). Increasing neutral distraction inhibits genital but not subjective sexual arousal of sexually functional and dysfunctional men. Behavior Research and Therapy, 33, 549-559.
57. Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Linton, S. J. (2000). Fearavoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: A state of the art. Pain, 85, 317-332.
58. Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Seelen, H., Peters, M., de Jong, P. J., Aretz, E., & Beisiegel, E., et al. (1999). Fear of movement/(re)injury and muscular reactivity in chronic low back pain patients: An experimental investigation. Pain, 82, 297-304.
59. Vulink, N. C. C., Denys, D., Bus, L., & Westenberg, H. G. M. (2006). Sexual pleasure in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder? Journal of Affective Disorders, 91, 19-25.
60. Wheatley, T., & Haidt, J. (2005). Hypnotic disgust makes moral judgments more severe. Psychological Science, 16, 780-784.
61. Woody, S. R., McLean, C., & Klassen, T. (2005). Disgust as a motivator of avoidance of spiders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 461-475.
62. Yartz, A. R., & Hawk, L. W., Jr. (2002). Addressing the specificity of affective startle modulation: Fear versus disgust. Biological Psychology, 59, 55-68.