Long-haul analog links tutorial

2010 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication, Collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, OFC/NFOEC 2010

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages

  Urick, Vincent J ^a  

^a NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALOG LINKS; ARRAY CALIBRATION; ARRAY GAIN; LONG HAUL; NOVEL MODULATION; OPTICAL MODULATION DEPTHS; PHOTODIODE ARRAYS; POWER HANDLING; RF POWER APPLICATIONS; STRINGENT REQUIREMENT;

ENGINEERS; FIBERS; OPTICAL FIBERS; PHOTODIODES;

OPTICAL COMMUNICATION;

EID: 77953929927     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (135)

1. A. J. Seeds, "Microwave photonics," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 877-887, Mar. 2002.
2. C. H. Cox III, E. I. Ackerman, G. E. Betts, and J. L. Prince, "Limits on the performance of RF-over-fiber links and their impact on device design," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 906-920, Feb. 2006.
3. A. J. Seeds and K. J. Williams, "Microwave photonics," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 4628-4641, Dec. 2006.
4. J. Capmany and D. Novak, "Microwave photonics combines two worlds," Nature Photonics, vol. 1, pp. 319-330, June 2007.
5. S. D. White, "Implementation of a photonic automatic gain control system for correcting gain variations in the Green Bank Telescope fiber optic system," Rev. Sci. Instr., vol. 71, no. 8, pp. 3196-3199, Aug. 2000.
6. F. J. Lockman, E. M. Murphy, S. Petty-Powell, and V. J. Urick, "A very sensitive 21 centimeter survey for galactic high-velocity HI," Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, vol. 140, pp. 331-365, June 2002.
7. S. A. Pappert, C. K. Sun, R. J. Orazi, and T. E. Weiner, "Microwave fiber optic links for shipboard antenna applications," 2000 Proc. Phased Array Systems and Technol., pp. 345-348, 2000.
8. J. E. Roman, L. T. Nichols, K. J. Williams, R. D. Esman, G. C. Tavik, M. Livingston, and M. G. Parent, "Fiber-optic remoting for ultrahigh dynamic range radar," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 2317-2323, Dec. 1998.
9. M. E. Godinez, C. S. McDermitt, A. S. Hastings, M. G. Parent, and F. Bucholtz, "RF characterization of zero-biased photodiodes," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 26, no. 24, pp. 3829-3834, Dec. 2008.
10. C. S. Mcdermitt, W. M. Dorsey, M. E. Godinez, F. Bucholtz, and M. G. Parent, "Performance of a 16-channel, photonic, phased array antenna calibration system," Electron. Lett., vol. 45, no. 24, Nov. 2009.
11. E. E. Funk, V. J. Urick, and F. Bucholtz, "High dynamic range, long haul (>100 km) radio over fiber," in Microwave Photonics, C. H. Lee (editor), CRC Press, Ch. 6, pp. 185-212, 2007.
12. M. R. Phillips and T. E. Darcie, "Lightwave analog video transmission," in Optical Fiber Telecommunications IIIA, I. P. Kaminow and T. L. Koch (editors), Academic Press, Ch. 14, pp. 523-559, 1997.
13. M. Y Frankel, P. J. Matthews, and R. D. Esman, "Fiber-optic true time steering of an ultrawide-band receive array," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 1522-1526, Aug. 1997.
14. G. C. Tavik, C. L. Hilterbrick, J. B. Evins, J. J. Alter, J. G. Crnkovich Jr., J. W. De Graaf, W. Habicht II, G. P. Hrin, S. A. Lessin, D. C. Wu, and S. M. Hagewood, "The advanced multifunction RF concept," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 1009-1020, Mar. 2005.
15. J. Capmany, B. Ortega, D. Pastor, and S. Sales, "Discrete-time optical processing of microwave signals," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 702-723, Feb. 2005. (Pubitemid 40414836)
16. R. A. Minasian, "Photonic signal processing of microwave signals," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 832-846, Feb. 2006.
17. A. L. Campillo, E. E. Funk, D. A. Tulchinsky, J. L. Dexter, and K. J. Williams, "Phase performance of an eight-channel wavelength-division- multiplexed analog-delay line," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 440-447, Feb. 2004.
18. J. Capmany, B. Ortega, and D. Pastor, "A tutorial on microwave photonic filters," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 201-229, Jan. 2006.
19. C. A. Villarruel, C. S. McDermitt, and F. Bucholtz, "Microstructure fibre array for RF photonic signal processing applications," Electron. Lett., vol. 42, no. 5, Mar. 2006.
20. S. G. Park, A. M. Weiner, M. R. Melloch, C. W. Siders, J. L. W. Siders, and A. J. Taylor, "High-Power Narrow-Band Terahertz Generation Using Large-Aperture Photoconductors," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 35, 1257-1268 (1999).
21. J. D. McKinney, D. E. Leaird, and A. M. Weiner, "Millimeter-wave Arbitrary Waveform Generation with a Direct Space-to-Time Pulse Shaper," Opt. Lett. 27, 1345-1347 (2002).
22. J. D. McKinney, D. S. Seo, and A. M. Weiner, "Photonically Assisted Generation of Continuous Arbitrary Millimetre Eectromagnetic Waveforms," Electron. Lett. 39, 309-311 (2003).
23. J. Chou, Y. Han, and B. Jalali, "Adaptive RF-Photonic Arbitrary Waveform Generator," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15, 581-583 (2003).
24. I. Lin, J. D. McKinney, and A. M. Weiner, "Photonic Synthesis of Broadband Microwave Arbitrary Waveforms Applicable to Ultra-Wideband Communication," IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett. 15, 226-228 (2005).
25. J. D. McKinney and A. M. Weiner, "Compensation of the Effects of Antenna Dispersion on UWB Waveforms via Optical Pulse Shaping Techniques," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 54, 1681-1686 (2006).
26. J. D. McKinney and A. M. Weiner, "Photonic Synthesis of Ultrabroadband Arbitrary Electromagnetic Waveforms," in Microwave Photonics, C. H. Lee, ed., chapter 7 (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2007).
27. J. D. McKinney, D. Peroulis, and A. M. Weiner, "Dispersion Limitations of Ultra-Wideband Wireless Links and their Compensation via Photonically-Enabled Arbitrary Waveform Generation," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 56, 710-719 (2008).
28. X. S. Yao and L. Maleki, "Optoelectronic microwave oscillator," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1725-1735, 1996.
29. W. Zhou and G. Blasche, "Injection-locked dual optoelectronic oscillator with ultra-low phase noise and ultra-low spurious level," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 929-933, 2005.
30. X. S. Yao and G. Lutes, "A high-speed photonic clock and carrier recovery device," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 688-690, 1996.
31. V. J. Urick, P. S. Devgan, J. D. McKinney, F. Bucholtz, and K. J. Williams, "Channelization of radio-frequency signals using an optoelectronic oscillator," Electron. Lett., vol. 45, no. 24, Nov. 2009.
32. C. H. Cox III, Analog Optical Links, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
33. 3 external modulators and their use in high performance analog links," in RF Photonic Technology in Fiber Optic Links, W. S. C. Chang (editor), Cambridge University Press, 2002.
34. 3," in RF Photonic Technology in Fiber Optic Links, W. S. C. Chang (editor), Cambridge University Press, 2002.
35. A. Hastings, V. J. Urick, C. Sunderman, J. F. Diehl, J. D. McKinney, D. Tulchinsky, P. S. Devgan, and K. J. Williams, "Suppression of even-order photodiode nonlinearities in multi-octave photonic links," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 26, no. 15, pp. 2557-2562, Aug. 2008.
36. D. A. Tulchinsky, X. Li, N. Li, S. Demiguel, J. C. Campbell, and K. J. Williams, "High-saturation current wide-bandwidth photodetectors," IEEE J. Quant. Electron., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 702-708, July/Aug. 2004.
37. E. Desurvire, Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers, Wiley, 2002.
38. P. C. Becker, N. A. Olsson and J. R. Simpson, Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers Fundamentals and Technology, Academic Press, 1999.
39. K. Rottwitt and A. J. Stentz, "Raman amplification in lightwave communication systems," in Optical Fiber Telecommunications IVA, I. Kaminow and T. Li (editors), Academic, 2002.
40. V. J. Urick, M. S. Rogge, F. Bucholtz, and K. J. Williams, "The performance of analog photonic links employing highlycompressed erbium-doped fiber amplifiers," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 3141-3145, July 2006. (Pubitemid 44121513)
41. P. S. Devgan, V. J. Urick, J. D. McKinney, and K. J. Williams, "Cascaded noise penalty for amplified long-haul analog fiber-optic links," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 1973-1977. Sept. 2007.
42. J. B. Johnson, "Thermal agitation of electricity in conductors, Phys. Rev., vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 97-109, July 1928.
43. H. Nyquist, Thermal agitation of electric charge in conductors, Phys. Rev., vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 110-113, July 1928.
44. H. A. Haus, Electromagnetic noise and quantum optical measurements, Springer, 2000.
45. V. J. Urick, F. Bucholtz, P. S. Devgan, J. D. McKinney, and K. J. Williams, "Phase modulation with interferometric detection as an alternative to intensity modulation with direct detection for analog-photonic links," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 1978-1985. Sept. 2007.
46. F. Bucholtz, V. J. Urick, M. Godinez, and K. J. Williams, "Graphical approach for evaluating performance limitations in externally modulated analog photonic links," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 242-247, Jan. 2008.
47. E. I. Ackerman, W. K. Burns, G. E. Betts, J. X. Chen, J. L. Prince, M. D. Regan, H. V. Roussell, and C. H. Cox III, "RF-over-fiber links with very low noise figure," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 26, no. 15, pp. 2441-2448, Aug. 2008.
48. G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 3rd edition, Academic Press, San Diego, 2001.
49. J. Zhang and M. R. Phillips, "Modeling intensity noise caused by stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers," Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Digest, paper CMH6, pp. 140-142, May 2005.
50. X. P. Mao, R. W. Tkach, A. R. Chraplyvy, R. M. Jopson, and R. M. Derosier, "Stimulated Brillouin threshold dependence on fiber type and uniformity," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 66-69, Jan. 1992.
51. C. A. S. De Oliveira, C. K. Jen, A. Shang, and C. Saravanos, "Stimulated Brillouin scattering in cascade fibers of different Brillouin frequency shifts," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 969-972, June 1993.
52. V. J. Urick, M. S. Rogge, P. F. Knapp, L. Swingen, and F. Bucholtz, "Wideband predistortion linearization for externallymodulated long-haul analog fiber optic-links," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1458-1463, Apr. 2006.
53. K. Shiraki, M. Ohashi, and M. Tateda, "SBS threshold of a fiber with a Brillouin frequency shift distribution," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 50-57, Jan. 1996.
54. G. C. Wilson, T. H. Wood, J. L. Zyskind, J. W. Sulhoff, J. E. Johnson, T. Tanbun-Ek, and P. A. Morton, "SBS and MPI suppression in analogue systems with integrated electroabsorption modulator/DFB laser transmitters," Electron. Lett., vol. 32 no. 16, pp. 1502-1504, Aug. 1996.
55. E. Lichtman, R. G. Waarts, and A. A. Friesem, "Stimulated Brillouin scattering excited by a modulated pump wave in singlemode fibers," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 171-174, Jan. 1989.
56. J. Hansryd, F. Dross, M. Westlund, P. A. Andrekson, and S. N. Knudsen, "Increase of the SBS threshold in a short highly nonlinear fiber by applying a temperature distribution," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 1691-1697, Nov. 2001.
57. J. M. C. Boggio, J. D. Marconi, and H. L. Fragnito, "Experimental and numerical investigation of the SBS-threshold increase in an optical fiber by applying strain distributions," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 3808-3814, Nov. 2005.
58. K. Shiraki, M. Ohashi, and M. Tateda, "Performance of strain-free stimulated Brillouin scattering suppression fiber," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 549-554, Apr. 1996.
59. A. B. Ruffin, M.-J. Li, X. Chen, A. Kobyakov, and F. Annunziata, "Brillouin gain analysis for fibers with different refractive indicies," Opt. Lett., vol. 30, no. 23, pp. 3123-3125, Dec. 2005.
60. M. Deventer and A. J. Boot, "Polarization properties of stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode fibers," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 585-590, Apr. 1994.
61. H. Schmuck, "Comparison of optical millimeter-wave system concepts with regard to chromatic dispersion," Electron. Lett., vol. 31, no. 21, pp. 1848-1849, Oct. 1995.
62. Jaun L. Corral, Javier Marti, and Jose M. Fuster, "General expressions for IM/DD dispersive analog optical links with external modulation or optical up-conversion in a Mach-Zehnder electrooptical modulator," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Tech., vol. MTT-49, no. 10, pp. 1968-1976, October 2001.
63. E. E. Funk, A. L. Campillo, and D. A. Tulchinsky, "Nonlinear distortion and crosstalk in microwave fiber-radio links," in IEEE MTT-S Digest, vol. 3, pp. 1691-1693, June 2002.
64. W. K. Marshall, B. Crosignani, and A. Yariv, "Laser phase noise to intensity noise conversion by lowest-order group-velocity dispersion in optical fiber: Exact theory," Opt. Lett., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 165-167, Feb. 2000.
65. H. Lu, "Performance comparison between DCF and RDF Dispersion compensation in fiber optical CATV systems," IEEE Trans. On Broadcasting, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 370-373, Dec. 2002.
66. V. J. Urick, J. X. Qiu, F. Bucholtz, C. McDermitt, and K. J. Williams, "4 Gbit/s transmission over single-channel Raman-amplified 105 km link," Electron. Lett., vol. 40, pp. 495-496, Apr. 2004.
67. S. Shen and A. M. Weiner, "Complete dispersion compensation for 400-fs pulse transmission over 10-km fiber link using dispersion compensating fiber and spectral phase equalizer," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 827-829.
68. Z. Pan, Y. W. Song, C. Yu, Y. Wang, Q. Yu, J. Popelek, H. Li, and A. E. Willner, "Tunable chromatic dispersion compensation in 40-Gb/s systems using nonlinearly chirped fiber Bragg gratings," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 2239-2246, Dec. 2002.
69. J. P. Weem, P. Kirkpatrick, and J. Verdiell, "Electronic dispersion compensation for 10 Gigabit communication links over FDDI legacy multimode fiber," in OFC Technical Digest, Anaheim, paper OFO4, March 2005.
70. A. H. Gnauck, J. Sinsky, P. J. Winser, and S. Chandrasekhar, "Linear microwave-domain dispersion compensation of 10-Gb/s signals using heterodyne detection," in OFC Post Deadline Papers, Anaheim, paper PDP31, March 2005.
71. G. H. Smith, D. Novak and Z. Ahmed, "Technique for optical SSB generation to overcome dispersion penalties in fibre-radio systems; " Electron. Lett., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 74-75, Jan. 1997.
72. M. Sieben, J. Conradi, and D. E. Dodds, "Optical single sideband transmission at 10 Gb/s using only electrical dispersion compensation," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1742-1749, Oct. 1999.
73. V. J. Urick and F. Bucholtz, "Modulation diversity for chromatic dispersion compensation in analog photonic links," NRL Memorandum Report, NRL/MR/5650-06-8977, July 2006.
74. V. J. Urick and F. Bucholtz, "Compensation of arbitrary chromatic dispersion in analogs links using a modulation-diversity receiver," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 893-895, Apr. 2005.
75. nd edition, Wiley, 1997.
76. G. P. Agrawal, "Nonlinear fiber optics," 3rd ed., San Diego: Academic Press, 2001.
77. A. R. Chraplyvy, "Limitations on lightwave communications imposed by optical-fiber nonlinearities," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 1548-1557, Oct. 1990.
78. M. R. Phillips and D. M. Ott, "Crosstalk due to optical fiber nonlinearities in WDM CATV lightwave systems," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1782-1792, 1999.
79. B. S. Marks, C. R. Menyuk, A. L. Campillo, and F. Bucholtz, "Analysis of interchannel crosstalk in a dispersion-managed analog transmission link," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 2305-2310, June 2006.
80. S. N. Damask, "Polarization optics in telecommunications," Springer, 2005.
81. C. Xie and L. F. Mollenauer, "Performance degradation induced by polarization-dependent loss in optical fiber transmission systems with and without polarization-mode dispersion," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1953-1957, Sept. 2003.
82. C. R. Menyuk and B. S. Marks, "Interaction of polarization mode dispersion and nonlinearity in optical fiber transmission systems," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 2806-2826, July 2006.
83. M. Brodsky, N. J. Frigo, M. Boroditsky, and M. Tur, "Polarization mode dispersion of installed fibers," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 4584-4599, Dec. 2006.
84. G. J. Foschini, R. M. Jopson, L. E. Nelson, and H. Kogelnik, "The statistics of PMD-induced chromatic fiber dispersion," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 1560-1565, Sept. 1999.
85. L. E. Nelson, R. M. Jopson, H. Kogelnik, and G. J. Foschini, "Measurement of depolarization and scaling associated with second-order polarization mode dispersion in optical fibers," IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 1614-1616, Dec. 1999. (Pubitemid 30527974)
86. M. Karlsson and H. Sunnerud, "Effects of nonlinearities on PMD-induced system impairments," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 4127-4137, Nov. 2006.
87. Moslehi, J. Lightwave Technol., LT-4(11), p. 1704, 1986.
88. Tkach and Chraplyvy, J. Lightwave Technol., LT-4(11), p. 1711, 1986.
89. M. S. Rogge, V. J. Urick, F. Bucholtz, K. J. Williams, and P. Knapp, "Comparison of amplitude and phase modulation crosstalk in hyperfine WDM fiber optic links," in CLEO Technical Digest, Baltimore, paper CMH2, May 2005.
90. F. Bucholtz, V. J. Urick, and A. L. Campillo, "Comparison of crosstalk for amplitude and phase modulation in an analog fiber optic link," in IEEE Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics, Ogunquit, pp. 66-69, Oct. 2004.
91. V. J. Urick, M. E. Godinez, P. S. Devgan, J. D. McKinney, and F. Bucholtz, "Analysis of an analog fiber-optic link employing a low-biased Mach-Zehnder modulator followed by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 2013-2019, June 2009.
92. V. J. Urick, M. S. Rogge, F. Bucholtz, and K. J. Williams, "Wideband (0. 045-6. 25 GHz) 40-km analog fiber-optic link with ultrahigh (>40 dB) all-photonic gain," Electron. Lett., vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 71-72, Apr. 2006.
93. C. H. Cox III, G. E. Betts and L. M. Johnson, "An analytical and experimental comparison of direct and external modulation in analog fiber-optic links," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 501-509, May 1990.
94. G. Yabre, "Analog direct-modulation behavior of semiconductor laser transmitters using optical FM demodulation," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 411-418, Mar. 1998.
95. R. Taylor and S. Forrest, "Optically coherent direct modulated FM analog link with phase noise canceling circuit," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 556-562, Apr. 1999.
96. A. L. Campillo, "Interchannel nonlinear crosstalk in analog polarization modulated WDM systems," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1186-1193, Mar. 2006.
97. A. L. Campillo and F. Bucholtz, "Chromatic dispersion effects in analog polarization-modulated links," Appl. Opt., vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 2742-2748, Apr. 2006.
98. M. J. LaGasse, W. Charczenko, M. C. Hamilton, and S. Thaniyavarn, "Optical carrier filtering for high dynamic range fibre optic links," Electronics Letters, vol. 30, pp. 2157-2158, 1994.
99. X. B. Xie, Y. Wu, J. H. Hodiak, S. M. Lord, and P. K. L. Yu, "Suppressed-carrier large-dynamic-range heterodyned microwave fiber-optic link," in IEEE International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics, Ogunquit, ME, 2004.
100. M. L. Farwell, W. S. C. Chang, and D. R. Huber, "Increased linear dynamic range by low biasing the Mach-Zehnder modulator," IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., vol. 5, pp. 779-782, 1993.
101. E. Ackerman, S. Wanuga, D. Kasemset, A. S. Daryoush, and N. R. Samant, "Maximum dynamic range operation of a microwave external modulation fiber-optic link," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 41, pp. 1299-1306, 1993.
102. M. T. Abuelma'Atti, "Large Signal Analysis of the Mach-Zehnder Modulator with Variable Bias," Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. ROC(A), vol. 25, pp. 254-258, 2001.
103. X. J. Meng and A. Karim, "Microwave Photonic Link with Carrier Suppression for Increased Dynamic Range," Fiber and Integrated Optics, vol. 25, pp. 161-174, 2006.
104. A. Karim and J. Devenport, "Noise Figure Reduction in Externally Modulated Analog Fiber-Optic Links," IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., vol. 19, pp. 312-314, 2007.
105. A. Karim and J. Devenport, "Low Noise Figure Microwave Photonic Link," in IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Honolulu, HI, 2007.
106. M. M. Sisto, S. LaRochelle, and L. A. Rusch, "Carrier-to-noise ratio optimization by modulator bias control in radio-over-fiber links," IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., vol. 18, pp. 1840-1842, 2006.
107. M. M. Sisto, S. LaRochelle, L. A. Rusch, and P. Giaccari, "Erbium Amplifier Dynamics in Wireless Analog Optical Links With Modulator Bias Optimization," IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., vol. 19, pp. 408-410, 2007.
108. H. V. Roussell, M. D. Regan, J. L. Prince, C. H. Cox, J. X. Chen, W. K. Burns, G. E. Betts, E. I. Ackerman, and J. C. Campbell, "Gain, Noise Figure and Bandwidth-Limited Dynamic Range of a Low-Biased External Modulation Link," in IEEE International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics, Victoria, Canada, 2007.
109. T. E. Darcie and P. F. Driessen, "Class-AB techniques for high-dynamic-range microwave-photonic links," IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., vol. 18, pp. 929-931, 2006.
110. T. E. Darcie, Z. Jinye, P. F. Driessen, and E. Jae-Jeong, "Class-B Microwave-Photonic Link Using Optical Frequency Modulation and Linear Frequency Discriminators," J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 25, pp. 157-164, 2007.
111. P. F. Driessen, T. E. Darcie, and J. Zhang, "Analysis of a Class-B microwave-photonic link using optical frequency modulation," J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 25, pp. 2740-2747, 2008.
112. R. F. Kalman, J. C. Fan, and L. G. Kazovsky, "Dynamic range of coherent analog fiber-optic links," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 1263-1277, July 1994.
113. J. Zhang, A. N. Hone, and T. E. Darcie, "Phase-modulated microwave-photonic link with optical-phase-locked-loop enhanced interferometric phase detection," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 26, no. 15, pp. 2549-2556, Aug. 2008.
114. J. E. Bowers, A. Ramaswamy, L. A. Johansson, J. Klamkin, M. Sysak, D. Zibar, L. Coldren, and M. Rodwell, "Linear coherent receiver based on a broadband and sampling optical phase-locked loop," in IEEE International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics, Victoria, Canada, 2007.
115. C. Lim, A. Nirmalathas, K. Lee, D. Novak, and R. Waterhouse, "Intermodulation distortion improvement for fiber-radio applications incorporating OSSB+C modulation in an optical integrated-access environment," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1602-1612, June 2007.
116. J. D. McKinney and K. J. Williams, "Sampled analog optical links," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 2093-2099, Aug. 2009.
117. J. A. MacDonald, M. V. Kuback, and A. Katz, "Wideband dynamic range improvement if microwave photonic links," presented at the Avion., Fiber-Optics, Photon. Conf., Minneapolis, Sep. 2005, Paper ThB3.
118. B. M. Haas, V. J. Urick, J. D. McKinney, and T. E. Murphy, "Dual-wavelength linearization of optically phase-modulated analog microwave signals," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 26, no. 15, pp. 2748-2753, Aug. 2008.
119. J. D. McKinney, K. Colladay, and K. J. Williams, "Linearization of phase-modulated analog optical links employing interferometric demodulation," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1212-1220, May 2009.
120. E. I. Ackerman, "Broad-band linearization of a Mach-Zehnder electrooptic modulator," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 2271-2279, Dec. 1999.
121. T. Ismail, C. Liu, J. E. Mitchell, and A. J. Seeds, "High-dynamic- range wireless-over-fiber link using feedforward linearization," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 3274-3282, Nov. 2007.
122. S. R. O'Connor, T. R. Clark Jr., and D. Novak, "Wideband adaptive feedforward photonic link," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 26, no. 15, pp. 2810-2816, Aug. 2008.
123. J. Geist and H. Baltes, "High accuracy modeling of photodiode quantum efficiency," Appl. Opt., vol. 28, no. 18, pp. 3929-3939, Sept. 1989.
124. R. R. Hayes and D. L. Persechini, "Nonlinearity of p-i-n photodetectors," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lettt., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 70-72, Jan. 1993.
125. K. J. Williams, "Nonlinear mechanisms in microwave photodetectors operated with high intrinsic region electric fields," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 1219-1221, Sept. 1994.
126. K. J. Williams, R. D. Esman, and M. Dagenais, "Nonlinearities in p-i-n microwave photodetectors," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 84-96, Jan. 1996.
127. Y. Kuhara, Y. Fujimura, N. Nishsyama, H. Terauchi, and N. Yamabayashi, "Characterization and theoretical analysis of secondorder intermodulation distortion of InGaAs/InP p-i-n photodiode modules for fiber-optic CATV," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 636-641, Apr. 1997.
128. K. J. Williams and R. D. Esman, "Photodiode DC and microwave nonlinearity at high currents due to carrier recombination nonlinearities," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 1015-1017, July 1998.
129. H. Jiang and P. K. L. Yu, "Equivalent circuit analysis of harmonic distortion in photodiodes," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1608-1610, Nov. 1998.
130. K. J. Williams and R. D. Esman, "Design considerations for high-current photodetectors," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1443-1454, Aug. 1999.
131. H. Jiang, D. S. Shin, G. L. Li, T. A. Vang, D. C. Scott, and P. K. L. Yu, "The frequency behavior of the third-order intercept point in a waveguide photodiode," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 540-542, May 2000.
132. T. H. Stievater and K. J. Williams, "Thermally induced nonlinearities in high-speed p-i-n photodetectors," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 239-241, Jan. 2004.
133. V. J. Urick, A. S. Hastings, J. D. McKinney, C. Sunderman, J. F. Diehl, P. S. Devgan, K. Colladay, and K. J. Williams, "Photodiode linearity requirements for radio-frequency photonics and demonstration of increased performance using photodiode arrays," IEEE Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics, Gold Coast, Australia, pp. 86-89, Oct. 2008.
134. D. A. Tulchinsky, J. B. Boos, D. Park, P. G. Goetz, W. S. Rabinovich, and K. J. Williams, "High-current photodetectors as efficient, linear, and high-power RF outptu stages," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 408-416, Feb. 2008.
135. U. Gliese, K. C. Colladay, A. H. Hastings, D. A. Tulchinsky, V. J. Urick, and K. J. Williams, "Radio-frequency power conversion efficiency of photodiodes driven with Mach-Zehnder modulators, submitted to J. Lightwave Technol., 2010.