Current concepts on human papillomavirus infections in children

APMIS

Volumn 118, Issue 6-7, 2010, Pages 494-509

  Syrjänen, Stina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

Author keywords

HPV transmission; Infant; Mother to child; Oral; Vertical transmission

Indexed keywords

VIRUS DNA;

AMNION FLUID; CHILD; CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM; FETUS MEMBRANE; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 11; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 6; INFECTION RISK; MATERNAL DISEASE; PAPILLOMA; PAPILLOMATOSIS; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION; PERSISTENT INFECTION; PLACENTA; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEXUAL TRANSMISSION; TROPHOBLAST; UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD; VACCINATION; VERRUCA VULGARIS; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; WART VIRUS;

CHILD; HUMANS; LARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS; MOUTH MUCOSA; PAPILLOMA; PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; WARTS;

EID: 77953854458     PISSN: 09034641     EISSN: 16000463     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02620.x     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. Antonsson A, Karanfilovska S, Lindqvist PG, Hansson BG. General acquisition of human papillomavirus infections of skin occurs in early infancy. J Clin Microbiol 2003 41 : 2509 2514.
2. Hsu JYC, Chen ACH, Keleher A, McMillan NAJ, Antonsson A. Shared and persistent asymptomatic cutaneous human papillomavirus infections in healthy skin. J Med Virol 2009 81 : 1444 1449.
3. Hazard K, Karlsson A, Andersson K, Ekberg H, Dillner J, Forslund O. Cutaneous human papillomaviruses persist on healthy skin. J Invest Dermatol 2007 127 : 116 119. (Pubitemid 46005668)
4. Gottschling M, Göker M, Köhler A, Lehmann MD, Stockfleth E, Nindl I. Cutaneotropic human beta-/gamma-papillomaviruses are rarely shared between family members. J Invest Dermatol 2009 129 : 2427 2434.
5. Gross G, Pfister H, Hagedorn M, Gissmann L. Correlation between human papillomavirus (HPV) type and histology of warts. J Invest Dermatol 1982 78 : 160.
6. Barr A, Coles RB. Warts on the hands. A statistical survey. Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc 1969 55 : 69 73.
7. Steele K, Irwin WG, Merrett JD. Warts in general practice. Ir Med J 1989 82 : 122 124.
8. Williams HC, Pottier A, Strachan D. The descriptive epidemiology of warts in British school children. Br J Dermatol 1993 128 : 504 511.
9. Tamer E, Ilhan MN, Polat M, Lenk N, Alli N. Prevalence of skin diseases among pediatric patients in Turkey. J Dermatol 2008 35 : 413 418.
10. Chen GY, Cheng YW, Wang CY, Hsu TJ, Hsu MM, Yang PT, et al. Prevalence of skin diseases among schoolchildren in Magong, Penghu, Taiwan: a community-based clinical survey. J Formos Med Assoc 2008 107 : 21 9.
11. Montgomery SM, Ehlin AGC, Sparén P, Björksten B, Ekbom A. Childhood indicators of susceptibility to subsequent cervical cancer. Br J Cancer 2002 87 : 989 993.
12. Kellokoski J, Syrjänen S, Syrjänen K, Yliskoski M. Oral mucosal changes in women with genital HPV infection. J Oral Pathol Med 1990 19 : 142 148.
13. Syrjänen K, Syrjänen S. Papillomavirus Infections in Human Disease.
14. Puranen M, Yliskoski M, Saarikoski S, Syrjanen K, Syrjanen S. Vertical transmission of human papillomavirus from infected mothers to their newborn babies and persistence of the virus in childhood. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996 174 : 694.
15. Derkay C, Watrak B. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: review. Laryngoscope 2008 118 : 1236 1247.
16. Gallager TQ, Derkay CS. Pharmacotherapy of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: an expert opinion. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009 10 : 645 655.
17. Abramson AL, Steinberg BM, Winkler B. Laryngeal papillomatosis: clinical, histopathologic and molecular studies. Laryngoscope 1987 97 : 678.
18. Bomholt A. Juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis. An epidemiological study from the Copenhagen region. Acta Otolaryngol 1988 105 : 367 371.
19. Mahnke CG, Frohlich O, Lippert BM, Werner JA. Recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis. Retrospective analysis of 95 patients and review of the literature. Otolaryngol Pol 1996 50 : 567 578.
20. Lindeberg H, Elbrond O. Malignant tumours in patients with a history of multiple laryngeal papillomas: the significance of irradiation. Clin Otolaryngol 1991 16 : 149 151.
21. Armstrong LR, Preston EJ, Reichert M, Phillips DL, Nisenbaum R, Todd NW, et al. Incidence and prevalence of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis among children in Atlanta and Seattle. Clin Infect Dis 2000 31 : 107 109.
22. Mounts P, Shah KV, Kashima H. Viral etiology of juvenile and adult onset squamous papilloma of the larynx. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982 79 : 5425 5429.
23. Wiatrak BJ, Wiatrak DW, Broker T, Lewis L. Recurrent respiratory papillomas: a longitudinal study comparing severity associated with human papilloma viral types 6 and 11 and other risk factors in a large pediatric population. Laryngoscope 2004 114 : 1 23.
24. Hajek E. Contribution to the etiology of laryngeal papilloma in children. J Laryngol Otol 1956 70 : 166.
25. Cook A, Cohn AM, Brunschwig JP, Butel JS, Rawls WE. Wart viruses and laryngeal papillomas. Lancet 1973 1 : 782.
26. Quick CA, Krzyzek RA, Watts SL, Faras AJ. Relationship between condylomata and laryngeal papillomata clinical and molecular virological evidence. Ann Otol 1980 89 : 467.
27. Hallden C, Majmudar B. The relationship between juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis and maternal condylomata acuminata. J Reprod Med 1986 31 : 804.
28. Shah K, Kashima H, Polk BF, Shah F, Abbey H, Abramson A. Rarity of cesarean delivery in cases of juvenile-onset respiratory papillomatosis. Obstet Gynecol 1986 68 : 795 799.
29. Silverberg MJ, Thorsen P, Lindeberg H, Grant LA, Shah KV. Condyloma in pregnancy is strongly predictive of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Obstet Gynecol 2003 101 : 645 652.
30. Shah KV, Stern WF, Shah FK, Bishai D, Kashima HK. Risk factors for juvenile onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998 17 : 372 376.
31. Gelder CM, Williams OM, Hart KW, Wall S, Williams G, Ingrams D, et al. HLA Class II polymorphisms and susceptibility to recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. J Virol 2003 77 : 1927 1939.
32. Stern Y, Felipovich A, Cotton R, Segal K. Immunocompetency in children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: prospective study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2007 116 : 169 171.
33. Zarod AP, Rutherford JD, Corbitt G. Malignant progression of laryngeal papilloma associated with HPV 6 DNA. J Clin Pathol 1988 41 : 280 283.
34. Lindeberg H, Syrjänen S, Kärjä J, Syrjänen K. Human papillomavirus type 11 DNA in squamous cell carcinomas and pre-existing multiple laryngeal papillomas. Acta Otolaryngol 1989 107 : 141 149.
35. Frasier LD. Human papillomavirus infections in children. Pediatr Ann 1994 23 : 354 360.
36. Mayeaux EJ Jr., Harper MB, Barksdale W, Pope JB. Noncervical human papillomavirus genital infections. Am Fam Physician 1995 52 : 1137 1146.
37. Obalek S, Jablonska S, Orth G. Anogenital warts in children. Clin Dermatol 1997 15 : 369 376.
38. Hadlich SF, Kohl PK. Sexually transmitted diseases in children. A practical approach. Dermatol Clin 1998 16 : 859 861.
39. Hammerschlag MR. Sexually transmitted diseases in sexually abused children: medical and legal implications. Sex Transm Infect 1998 74 : 167 174.
40. Wiley DJ, Beutner DJ, Cox T, Fife K, Moscicki AB, Fukumoto L. External genital warts: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2002 35 : 210 224.
41. Moscicki A-B. Genital HPV infections in children and adolescent. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1996 23 : 675 697.
42. Teran CG, Villarroel P, Teran-Escalera CN. Severe genital human papillomavirus infection in a sexually abused child. Int J Infect Dis 2009 13 : e137 8.
43. Jones V, Smith SJ, Omar HA. Nonsexual transmission of anogenital warts in children: a retrospective analysis. Sci World J 2007 7 : 1896 1899.
44. Mammas IN, Sourvinos G, Spandidos DA. Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr 2009 168 : 267 273.
45. Handley J, Dinsmore W, Maw R, Corbett R, Burrows D, Bharucha H, et al. Anogenital warts in prepubertal children; sexual abuse or not? Int J STD AIDS 1993 4 : 271.
46. Syrjänen S, Puranen M. HPV infections in children: the potential role of maternal transmission. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2000 11 : 259 274.
47. Syrjänen S. HPV infections in children. Invited review. Papillomavirus Rep 2003 14 : 93 110.
48. Dillner J, Andersson-Ellstrom A, Hagmar B, Schiller J. High risk genital papillomavirus infections are not spread vertically. Rev Med Virol 1999 9 : 23 9.
49. Cason J, Mant CA. High-risk mucosal human papillomavirus infections during infancy & childhood. J Clin Virol 2005 32 (Suppl. 1 S52 8. [Review]
50. Medeiros LR, Ethur AB, Hilgert JB, Zanini RR, Berwanger O, Bozzetti MCl, et al. Vertical transmission of the human papillomavirus: a systematic quantitative review. Cad Saúde Pública [serial on the Internet] 2005 21 : 1006 1015.
51. Smith E, Johnson S, Cripe T, Perlman S, McGuinness G, Jiang D, et al. Perinatal transmission and maternal risks of human papillomavirus infection. Cancer Detect Prev 1995 19 : 196 205.
52. Kaye JN, Cason J, Pakarian FB, Jewers RJ, Kell B, Bible J, et al. Viral load as a determinant for transmission of human papillomavirus type 16 from mother to child. J Med Virol 1994 44 : 415 421.
53. Pakarian F, Kaye J, Cason J, Kell B, Jewers R, Derias NW, et al. Cancer associated human papillomaviruses: perinatal transmission and persistence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994 101 : 514.
54. Cason J, Kaye JN, Jewers RJ, Kambo PK, Bible JM, Kell B, et al. Perinatal infection and persistence of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in infants. J Med Virol 1995 47 : 209 218.
55. Watts DH, Koutsky LA, Holmes KK, Goldman D, Kuypers J, Kiviat NB, et al. Low risk of perinatal transmission of human papillomavirus: results from a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998 178 : 365 373.
56. Myhre AK, Dalen A, Berntzen K, Bratlid D. Anogenital human papillomavirus in non-abused preschool children. Acta Paediatr 2003 92 : 1445 1452.
57. Powell J, Strauss S, Gray J, Wojnarowska F. Genital carriage of human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA in prepubertal girls with and without vulval disease. Pediatr Dermatol 2003 20 : 191 194.
58. Koch A, Hansen SV, Nielsen NM, Palefsky J, Melbye M. HPV detection in children prior to sexual debut. Int J Cancer 1997 73 : 621 624.
59. Rintala MA, Grénman SE, Puranen MH, Isolauri E, Ekblad U, Kero PO, et al. Transmission of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) between parents and infant: a prospective study of HPV in families in Finland. J Clin Microbiol 2005 43 : 376 381.
60. Rintala MA, Grenman SE, Jarvenkyla ME, Syrjanen KJ, Syrjanen SM. High-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in oral and genital mucosa of infants during their first 3 years of life: experience from the Finnish HPV Family Study. Clin Infect Dis 2005 41 : 1728 1733.
61. Jenison SA, Yu XP, Valentine JM, et al. Evidence of prevalent genital-type human papillomavirus infections in adults and children. Cancer Res 1990 162 : 60 9.
62. Rice PS, Cason J, Best JM, Banatvala JE. High risk genital papillomavirus infections are spread vertically. Rev Med Virol 1999 9 : 15 21.
63. Rice PS, Mant C, Cason J, Bible JM, Muir P, Kell B, et al. High prevalence of human papillomavirus type 16 infection among children. J Med Virol 2000 61 : 70 5.
64. Summersgill KF, Smith EM, Levy BT, Allen JM, Haugen TH, Turek LP. Human papillomavirus in the oral cavities of children and adolescents. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001 91 : 62 9.
65. Smith E, Ritchie J, Yankowitz J, Swarnavel S, Wang D, Haugen T, et al. Human papillomavirus prevalence and types in newborns and parents. Sex Transm Dis 2004 31 : 57 62.
66. Smith EM, Parker MA, Rubinstein LM, Hauhen TH, Hamiskova E, Turek LP. Evidence of vertical transmission of HPV from mothers to infants. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2010 326369.
67. Sedlacek TV, Lindheim S, Edler C, Hasty L, Woodland M, Ludomirsky A, et al. Mechanism for human papillomavirus transmission at birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989 161 : 55 9.
68. Mazzatenta C, Fimiani M, Rubegni P, Andreassi L, Buffi P, Messina C. Vertical transmission of human papillomavirus in cytologically normal women. Genitourin Med 1996 72 : 445 446.
69. Puranen M, Yliskoski M, Saarikoski S, Syrjänen K, Syrjänen S. Exposure of an infant to cervical human papillomavirus infection of the mother is common. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997 176 : 1039 1045.
70. Tenti P, Zappatore R, Migliora P, Spinillo A, Maccarini U, De Benedittis M, et al. Latent human papillomavirus infection in pregnant women at term: a case-control study. J Infect Dis 1997 176 : 277 280.
71. Tenti P, Zappatore R, Migliora P, Spinillo A, Belloni C, Carnevali L. Perinatal transmission of human papillomavirus from gravidas with latent infections. Obstet Gynecol 1999 93 : 475 479.
72. Castellsague X, Drudis T, Paz Canadas M, Gonce A, Ros R, Perez JM, et al. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in pregnant women and mother-to-child transmission of genital HPV genotypes: a prospective study in Spain. BMC Infect Dis 2009 9 : 74 86.
73. Tseng CJ, Liang CC, Soong YK, Pao CC. Perinatal transmission of human papillomavirus in infants: relationship between infection rate and mode of delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1998 91 : 92 6.
74. Fredericks BD, Balkin A, Daniel HW, Schonrock J, Ward B, Frazer IH. Transmission of human papillomaviruses from mother to child. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1993 33 : 30.
75. Szydlowski J, Durzynski L, Myga M, Grzegorowski M, Gozdzicka-Jozefiak A. Human papillomavirus DNA presence of the upper respiratory tract mucosa of healthy children. Otolaryngol Pol 2004 58 : 211 215.
76. Kojima A, Maeda H, Kurahashi N, Sakagami G, Kubo K, Yoshimoto H, et al. Human papillomaviruses in the normal oral cavity of children in Japan. Oral Oncol 2003 39 : 821 828.
77. Mant C, Kell B, Rice P, Best JM, Bible JM, Cason J. Buccal exposure to human papillomavirus type 16 is a common yet transitory event of childhood. J Med Virol 2003 71 : 593 598.
78. Syrjänen S. HPV infections and tonsillar carcinoma. Clin Pathol 2004 57 : 449 455. [Review]
79. Ribeiro KMZ, Alvez JM, Pignatari SSN, Weckx LLM. Detection of human papillomavirus in the tonsils of children undergoing tonsillectomy. Braz J Infect Dis 2006 10 : 165 168.
80. Sisk J, Schweinfurth JM, Wang XT, Chong K. Presence of human papillomavirus DNA in tonsillectomy specimens. Laryngoscope 2006 116 : 1372 1374.
81. Chen R, Sehr P, Waterboer T, Leivo I, Pawlita M, Vaheri A, et al. Presence of DNA of human papillomavirus 16 but no other types in tumor-free tonsillar tissue. J Clin Microbiol 2005 43 : 1408 1410.
82. Mammas IN, Sourvinos G, Michael C, Spandidos DA. Human papillomavirus in hyperplastic tonsillar and adenoid tissues in children. Pediatr infect Dis 2006 25 : 1158 1162.
83. Pitcher-Wilmott RW, Hindocha P, Woods CB. The placental transfer of IgG subclasses in human pregnancy. Clin Exp Immunol 1980 41 : 303 308.
84. Heim K, Hudelist G, Geier A, Szedenik H, Christensen ND, Concin N, et al. Type-specific antiviral antibodies to genital human papillomavirus types in mothers and newborns. Reprod Sci 2007 14 : 806 814.
85. Cason J, Kambo PK, Best JM, McCance DJ. Detection of antibodies to a linear epitope on the major capsid protein of human papillomavirus type 16 in sera from patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and children. Int J Cancer 1992 50 : 349 355.
86. Mund K, Han C, Daum R, Helfrich S, Muller M, Fisher SG, et al. Detection of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA and of antibodies to human papillomavirus type 16 proteins in children. Intervirology 1997 40 : 232 237.
87. Manns A, Strickler HD, Wikktor SZ, Pate EJ, Gray R, Waters D. Low incidence of human papillomavirus type 16 antibody seroconversion in young children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999 18 : 833 835.
88. Cubie HA, Plumstead M, Zhang W, De Jesus O, Duncan LA, Stanley MA. Presence of antibodies to human papillomavirus virus-like particles (VLPs) in 11-13 year old schoolgirls. J Med Virol 1998 56 : 210 216.
89. Hamsikova E, Ludvikora V, Smahel M, Sapp M, Vonka V. Prevalence of antibodies to HPVs in the general population of the Czech Republik. Int J Cancer 1998 77 : 689 694.
90. Marais D, Rose RC, Williamson A-L. Age distribution of antibodies to human papillomavirus in children, women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and blood donors from South Africa. J Med Virol 1997 51 : 126 131.
91. Marais D, Rose RC, Lane C, Aspinall S, Boss P, Williamson A-L. Seroresponses to virus-like particles of human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, and 45 in San People of Southern Africa. J Med Virol 2000 60 : 331 336.
92. Marais DJ, Sampson CC, Urban MI, Sitas F, Wiliamson AL. The seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to human papillomavirus (HPV) types HPV-16, HPV-18, and HPV-11. J Med Virol 2007 79 : 1370 1374.
93. Kawana K, Yasugi T, Yoshikawa H, et al. Evidence of presence of neutralizing antibodies against human papillomavirus type 6 in infants born to mothers with condyloma acuminate. Am J Perinatol 2003 20 : 11 6.
94. Andersson-Ellstrom A, Dillner J, Hagmar B, Schiller J, Sapp M, Forssman L, et al. Comparison of development of serum antibodies to HPV16 and HPV33 and acquisition of cervical HPV DNA among sexually experienced and virginal young girls. A longitudinal cohort study. Sex Transm Dis 1996 23 : 234 238.
95. af Geijersstam V, Eklund C, Wang Z, Sapp M, Schiller JT, Dillner J, et al. A survey of seroprevalence of human papillomavirus types 16, 18 and 33 among children. Int J Cancer 1999 80 : 489 493.
96. Michael K, Waterboer T, Sehr P, Rother A, Reidel U, Boeing H, et al. Seroprevalence of 34 human papillomavirus types in the German general population. PLoS Pathog 2008 4 : e1000091.
97. Dunne EF, Karem KL, Sternberg MR, Stone KM, Unger Er, et al. Seroprevalence of human papillomavirus type 16 in children. J Infect Dis 2005 191 : 1817 1819. (Pubitemid 40705387)
98. Trottier H, Burchell AN. Epidemiology of mucosal human papillomavirus infection and associated diseases. Public Health Genomics 2009 12 : 291 307.
99. Green J, Monteiro E, Bolton VN, Sanders P, Gibson PE. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA by PCR in semen from patients with and without penile warts. Genitourin Med 1991 67 : 207 210.
100. Ostrow RS, Sachow KR, Niimura M, Okagaki T, Muller S, Bender M, et al. Detection of papillomavirus DNA in human semen. Science 1986 31 : 731 733.
101. Chan PJ, Su BC, Kalugdan T, Seraj IM, Tredway DR, King A. Human papillomavirus gene sequences in washed human sperm deoxyribonucleic acid. Fertil Steril 1994 61 : 982 985.
102. Lai YM, Lee JF, Huang HY, Soong YK, Yang F-P, Pao CC. The effect of human papillomavirus infection on sperm cell motility. Fertil Steril 1997 67 : 1152 1155.
103. Pakendorf UW, Bornman MS, Du Plessis DJ. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in men attending the infertility clinic. Andrologia 1998 30 : 11 4.
104. Olatunbosun O, Deneer H, Pierson R. Human papillomavirus DNA detection in sperm using polymerase chain reaction. Obstet Gynecol 2001 97 : 357 360.
105. Rintala M, Pöllänen P, Nikkanen V, Grénman S, Syrjänen S. Human papillomavirus DNA is found in vas deferens. J Infect Dis 2002 185 : 1664 1667.
106. Rintala MA, Grenman SE, Pollanen PP, Suominen JJ, Syrjanen SM. Detection of high-risk HPV DNA in semen and its association with the quality of semen. Int J STD AIDS 2004 15 : 740 743.
107. Lai CH, Hsueh S, Lin CY, Huang MY, You GB, Chang HC, et al. Human papillomavirus in benign and malignant ovarian and endometrial tissues. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1992 11 : 210 215.
108. Oleary JJ, Landers RJ, Crowley M, Healy I, ODonovan M, Healy V, et al. Human papillomavirus and mixed epithelial tumors of the endometrium. Hum Pathol 1998 29 : 383 389.
109. Fedrizzi EN, Villa LL, de Souza IV, Sebastiao AP, Urbanetz AA, De Carvalho NS. Does human papillomavirus play a role in endometrial carcinogenesis? Int J Gynecol Pathol 2009 28 : 322 327.
110. Tang CK, Shermeta DW, Wood C. Congenital condylomata acuminata. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978 131 : 912.
111. Rogo KO, Nyansera PN. Congenital condylomata acuminata with meconium staining of amniotic fluid and fetal hydrocephalus: case report. East Afr Med J 1989 66 : 411.
112. Marcoux D, Nadeau K, McCuaig C, Powell J, Oligny LL. Pediatric anogenital warts: a 7-year review of children referred to a tertiary-care hospital in Montreal, Canada. Pediatr Dermatol 2006 23 : 199 207.
113. Smith EM, Johnson SR, Jiang D, Zaleski S, Lynch CF, Brundage S, et al. The association between pregnancy and human papilloma virus prevalence. Cancer Detect Prev 1991 15 : 397 402.
114. Tseng CJ, Lin CY, Wang RL, Chen LJ, Chan YJ, Hsien TT, et al. Possible transplacental transmission of human papillomaviruses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992 166 : 35 40.
115. Armbruster-Moraes E, Ioshimoto LM, Leão E, Zugaib M. Presence of human papillomavirus DNA in amniotic fluids of pregnant women with cervical lesions. Gynecol Oncol 1994 54 : 152 158.
116. Wang X, Zhu Q, Rao H. Maternal-fetal transmission of human papillomavirus. Chin Med J 1998 111 : 726 727.
117. Eppel W, Worda C, Frigo P, Ulm M, Kucera E, Czerwenka K. Human papillomavirus in the cervix and placenta. Obstet Gynecol 2000 96 : 337 341.
118. Arena S, Marconi M, Ubertosi M, Frega A, Arena G, Villani C. HPV and pregnancy: diagnostic methods, transmission and evolution. Minerva Ginecol 2002 54 : 225 237.
119. Bodaghi S, Wood LV, Roby G, Ryder C, Steinberg SM, Zheng ZM. Could human papillomaviruses be spread through blood? J Clin Microbiol 2005 43 : 5428 5434.
120. Pao CC, Lin SS, Lin CY, Maa JS, Lai CH, Hsieh TT. Identification of human papillomavirus DNA sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Am J Clin Pathol 1991 95 : 540 546.
121. Sarkola ME, Grenman SE, Rintala MA, Syrjanen KJ, Syrjanen SM. Human papillomavirus in the placenta and umbilical cord blood. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008 87 : 1181 1188.
122. You H, Liu Y, Agrawal N, Prasad CK, Chiriva-Internati M, Lowery CL, et al. Infection, replication, and cytopathology of human papillomavirus type 31 in trophoblasts. Virology 2003 316 : 281 289.
123. You H, Liu Y, Agrawal N, Prasad CK, Edwards JL, Osborne AF, et al. Multiple human papillomavirus types replicate in 3A trophoblasts. Placenta 2008 29 : 30 8.
124. Liu Y, You H, Chiriva-Internati M, Korourian S, Lowery CL, Carey MJ, et al. Display of complete life cycle of human papillomavirus type 16 in cultured placental trophoblasts. Virology 2001 290 : 99 105.
125. Boulenoua S, Weyn C, Van Noppen M, Moussan AM, Favre M, Delvenne PO, et al. Effects of HPV-16 E5, E6, E7 proteins on survival, adhesion, migration and invasion of trophoblastic cells. Carcinogenesis 2010 31 : 473 480.
126. Gomes LM, Ma Y, Ho C, McGrath CM, Nelson DB, Parry S. Placental infection with human papillomavirus is associated with spontaneous preterm delivery. Hum Reprod 2008 3 : 709 715.
127. Hermonat PL, Kechelava S, Lowery CL, Korourian S. Trophoblasts are the preferential target for human papilloma virus infection in spontaneously aborted products of conception. Hum Pathol 1998 29 : 170.
128. Matovina M, Husnjak K, Milutin N, Ciglar S, Grce M. Possible role of bacterial and viral infections in miscarriages. Fertil Steril 2004 81 : 662 669.
129. Srinivas SK, Sammel MD, Chou D, McGrath C, Parry S, et al. Placental inflammation and viral infection are implicated in second trimester pregnancy loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006 75 : 317 319.
130. Rombaldi RL, Serafini EP, Mandelli J, Zimmermann E, Losquiavo KP. Transplacental transmission of human papillomavirus. Virol J 2008 5 : 106 120.
131. Worda C, Huber A, Hudelist G, Schatten C, Leipold H, Czerwenka K, et al. Prevalence of cervical and intrauterine human papillomavirus infection in the third trimester in asymptomatic women. J Soc Gynecol invest 2005 12 : 440 444.
132. Gajewska M, Wielgos M, Kamiński P, Marianowski P, Malejczyk M, Majewski S, et al. The occurrence of genital types of human papillomavirus in normal pregnancy and in pregnant renal transplant recipients. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2006 27 : 529 534.
133. Xu S, Liu L, Lu S, Ren S. Clinical observation on vertical transmission of human papillomavirus. Chin Med Sci J 1998 13 : 29 31.
134. Winer RL, Koutsky LA. Delivering reassurance to parents: perinatal human papillomavirus transmission is rare. Sex Transm Dis 2004 31 : 63 4.
135. Cazzaniga M, Gheit T, Casadio C, Khan N, Macis D, Valenti F, et al. Analysis of the presence of cutaneous and mucosal papillomavirus types in ductal lavage fluid, milk and colostrum to evaluate its role in breast carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009 114 : 599 605.
136. Johnson LW. Communal showers and the risk of plantar warts. J Fam Pract 1995 40 : 136 138.
137. Obalek S, Jablonska S, Favre M, Walczak L, Orth G. Condylomata acuminata in children: frequent association with human papillomaviruses responsible for cutaneous warts. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990 23 : 205.
138. Sonnex C, Strauss S, Gray JJ. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA on the fingers of patients with genital warts. Sex Transm Infect 1999 75 : 317 319. (Pubitemid 29510708)
139. Sarkola M, Rintala M, Grenman S, Syrjanen S. Human papillomavirus DNA detected in breast milk. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008 27 : 557 558.
140. Puranen M, Syrjanen K, Syrjanen S. Transmission of genital human papillomavirus infections is unlikely through the floor and seats of humid dwellings in countries of high-level hygiene. Scand J Infect Dis 1996 28 : 243 246.
141. Oriel JD. Sexually transmitted diseases in children: human papillomavirus infection. Genitourin Med 1992 68 : 80 3.
142. Handley JM, Maw RD, Bingham EA, Horner T, Bharucha H, Swann A, et al. Anogenital warts in children. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993 18 : 241.
143. Hornor G. Ano-genital warts in children: sexual abuse or not? J Pediatr Health Care 2004 18 : 165 170.
144. Gutman LT, St.-Claire K, Herman-Giddens ME, Johnston WW, Phelps WC. Evaluation of sexually abused and nonabused young girls for intravaginal human papillomavirus infection. Am J Dis Child 1992 146 : 694 699.
145. Gutman LT, St.Claire KK, Everett VD, Ingram DL, Soper J, Johnston WW, et al. Cervical-vaginal and intraanal human papillomavirus infection of young girls with external genital warts. J Infect Dis 1994 170 : 339 344.
146. Gutman LT. Sexual abuse and human papillomavirus infection. J Pediatr 1990 116 : 495 496.
147. Muram D. Anal and perianal abnormalities in prepubertal victims of sexual abuse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989 161 : 278.
148. Ingram DL, Everett VD, Lyna PR, White ST, Rockwell LA. Epidemiology of adult sexually transmitted disease agents in children being evaluated for sexual abuse. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992 11 : 945.
149. Ingram DM, Miller WC, Schoenbach VJ, Everett VD, Ingram DL. Risk assessment for gonococcal and chlamydial infections in young children undergoing evaluation for sexual abuse. Pediatrics 2001 107 : E73.
150. Sinclair AL, Nouri AM, Oliver RT, Sexton C, Dalgleish AG. Bladder and prostate cancer screening for human papillomavirus by polymerase chain reaction: conflicting results using different annealing temperatures. Br J Biomed Sci 1993 50 : 350 354.
151. Rintala M, Grénman S, Puranen M, Syrjänen S. Natural history of oral papillomavirus infections in spouses: a prospective Finnish HPV family study. J Clin Virol 2006 35 : 89 94.
152. Sarkola ME, Grenman SE, Rintala MA, Syrjanen KJ, Syrjanen SM. Effect of second pregnancy on maternal carriage and outcome of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Experience from the prospective Finnish family HPV study. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2009 67 : 208 216.
153. Syrjänen S, Waterboer T, Sarkola M, Michael K, Rintala M, Syrjänen K, et al. Dynamics of human papillomavirus serology in women followed up for 36 months after pregnancy. J Gen Virol 2009 90 : 1515 1526.