Management of dyspnea in advanced pulmonary arterial hypertension

Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 76-84

  Sajkov, Dimitar ^a   Petrovsky, Nikolai ^a   Palange, Paolo ^b  

^a FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

Dyspnea; Exercise tolerance; Palliative care; Pulmonary arteries; Pulmonary hypertension

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR; PHOSPHODIESTERASE V; PROSTAGLANDIN;

DRUG ANTAGONISM; DYSPNEA; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; HEART LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; HUMAN; KINESIOTHERAPY; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REVIEW;

CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASES, TYPE 5; DYSPNEA; EXERCISE THERAPY; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY; PALLIATIVE CARE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS; PROSTAGLANDINS; RECEPTORS, ENDOTHELIN;

EID: 77953818941     PISSN: 17514258     EISSN: 17514266     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/SPC.0b013e328338c1e0     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. von Romberg E. Sclerosis of the pulmonary arteries. Dtsch Arch Klin Med 1891; 48:197-206.
2. Simonneau G, Robbins I, Beghetti M, et al. Updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54 (Suppl 1):S43-S54.
3. Galiè N, Hoeper MM, Humbert M, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2009; 34:1219-1263.
4. Barst RJ, McGoon M, Torbicki A, et al. Diagnosis and differential assessment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43:40S-47S.
5. D'Alonzo GE, Barst RJ, Ayres SM, et al. Survival in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Results from a national prospective registry. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115:343-349.
6. Manning HL, Schwartzstein RM. Pathophysiology of dyspnoea. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1547-1553.
7. Chandra S, Shah SJ, Thenappan T, et al. Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity and mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29:181-187. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2009.07.005.
8. O'Donnell DE, Ora J, Webb KA, et al. Mechanisms of activity-related dyspnea in pulmonary diseases. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009; 167:116-132.
9. Palange P, Ward SA, Carlsen KH, et al. Recommendations on the use of exercise testing in clinical practice. Eur Respir J 2007; 29:185-209. (Pubitemid 46092015)
10. Riley MS, Pórszász J, Engelen MPKJ, et al. Gas exchange responses to continuous incremental cycle ergometry exercise in primary pulmonary hypertension in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000; 83:63-70.
11. 2 abnormality and exercise limitation in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest 2005; 127:1637-1646.
12. Valli G, Vizza CD, Onorati P, et al. Pathophysiological adaptations to walking and cycling in primary pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 102:417-424.
13. Wensel R, Opitz CF, Anker SD, et al. Assessment of survival in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 2002; 106:319-324.
14. Steel B. Timed walking tests of exercise capacity in chronic cardiopulmonary illness. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1996; 16:25-33.
15. Statement ATS. Guidelines for the six minute walking test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 16:111-117.
16. Galie N, Manes A, Branzi A. The new clinical trials on pharmacological treatment in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2002; 20:1037-1049.
17. Myamoto S, Nagaya N, Satoh T, et al. Clinical correlates and prognostic significance of six-minute walk test in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Comparison with cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:487-492.
18. Paciocco G, Martinez FJ, Bossone E, et al. Oxygen desaturation on the sixminute walk test and mortality in untreated primary pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2001; 17:647-652.
19. Sun XG, Hansen JE, Oudiz RJ, Wasserman K. Gas exchange detection of exercise-induced right-to-left shunt in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 2002; 105:54-60.
20. Humbert M, Sitbon O, Simonneau G. Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:1425-1436.
21. Rich S, Brundage BH. High-dose calcium channel-blocking therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension: evidence for long-term reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure and regression of right ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 1987; 76:135-141.
22. Sitbon O, Humbert M, Jaïs X, et al. Long-term response to calcium channel blockers in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 2005; 111:3105-3111.
23. Barst RJ, Rubin LJ, Long WA, et al. Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Study Group. A comparison of continuous intravenous epoprostenol (prostacyclin) with conventional therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:296-301.
24. Sitbon O, Humbert M, Nunes H, et al. Long-term intravenous epoprostenol infusion in primary pulmonary hypertension: prognostic factors and survival. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40:780-788.
25. McLaughlin VV, Shillington A, Rich S. Survival in primary pulmonary hypertension: the impact of epoprostenol therapy. Circulation 2002; 106:1477-1482.
26. Badesch DB, Tapson VF, McGoon MD, et al. Continuous intravenous epoprostenol for pulmonary hypertension due to the scleroderma spectrum of disease. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132:425-434.
27. Simonneau G, Barst RJ, Galie N, et al. Continuous subcutaneous infusion of treprostinil, a prostacyclin analogue, in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:800-804.
28. Tapson VF, Gomberg-Maitland M, Mclaughlin VV, et al. Safety and efficacy of intravenous treprostinil for pulmonary arterial hypertension: a prospective, multicenter, open-label 12-week trial. Chest 2006; 129:683-688.
29. Barst RJ, Galie N, Naeije R, et al. Long-term outcome in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients treated with subcutaneous treprostinil. Eur Respir J 2006; 28:1195-1203. (Pubitemid 44883856)
30. Gomberg-Maitland M, Tapson VF, Benza RL, et al. Transition from intravenous epoprostenol to intravenous treprostinil in pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:1586-1589. (Pubitemid 43076550)
31. Olschewski H, Simonneau G, Galiè N, et al. Inhaled iloprost for severe pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:322-329.
32. Hoeper MM, Schwarze M, Ehlerding S, et al. Long-term treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension with aerosolized iloprost, a prostacyclin analogue. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1866-1870.
33. Channick RN, Simonneau G, Sitbon O, et al. Effects of the dual endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan in patients with pulmonary hypertension: a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet 2001; 358: 1119-1123. (Pubitemid 32971843)
34. Rubin LJ, Badesch DB, Barst RJ, et al. Bosentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:896-903.
35. McLaughlin VV, Sitbon O, Badesch DB, et al. Survival with first-line bosentan in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2005; 25:244-249.
36. Provencher S, Sitbon O, Humbert M, et al. Long-term outcome with first-line bosentan therapy in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 2006; 27:589-595.
37. Barst RJ, Langleben D, Badesch D, et al. Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension with the selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist sitaxsentan. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47:2049-2056.
38. Benza RL, Barst RJ, Galie N, et al. Sitaxsentan for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: a 1-year, prospective, open-label observation of outcome and survival. Chest 2008; 134:775-782.
39. Galiè N, Badesch DB, Oudiz R, et al. Ambrisentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46:529-535. (Pubitemid 41040298)
40. McGoon MD, Frost AE, Oudiz RJ, et al. Ambrisentan therapy in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension who discontinued bosentan or sitaxsentan due to liver function test abnormalities. Chest 2009; 135:122-129.
41. Galiè N, Ghofrani HA, Torbicki A, et al. Sildenafil citrate therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2148-2157. (Pubitemid 41653106)
42. Rosenzweig EB. Tadalafil for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 11:127-132.
43. Galiè N, Brundage BH, Ghofrani HA, et al. Tadalafil therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 2009; 119:2894-2903.
44. O'Callaghan DS, Gaine SP. Combination therapy and new types of agents for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Clin Chest Med 2007; 28:169-185.
45. Simonneau G, Rubin L, Galie N, et al. Addition of sildenafil to long-term intravenous epoprostenol therapy in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149:521-530.
46. McLaughlin VV, Oudiz RJ, Frost A, et al. Randomized study of adding inhaled iloprost to existing bosentan in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:1257-1263.
47. Humbert M, Barst RJ, Robbins IM, et al. Combination of bosentan with epoprostenol in pulmonary arterial hypertension: BREATHE-2. Eur Respir J 2004; 24:353-359. (Pubitemid 39232254)
48. Hoeper M, Leuchte H, Halank M, et al. Combining inhaled iloprost with bosentan in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2006; 4:691-694.
49. McLaughlin V, Rubin L, Benza RL, et al. TRIUMPH I: efficacy and safety of inhaled treprostinil sodium in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 177:A965.
50. Galié N, Rubin LJ, Hoeper M, et al. Treatment of patients with mildly symptomatic pulmonary arterial hypertension with bosentan (EARLY study): a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 371:2093-2100.
51. Paul GA, Gibbs JS, Boobis AR, et al. Bosentan decreases the plasma concentration of sildenafil when coprescribed in pulmonary hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 60:107-112.
52. Humbert M, Segal ES, Kiely DG, et al. Results of European postmarketing surveillance of bosentan in pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2007; 30:338-344.
53. Mereles D, Ehlken N, Kreuscher S, et al. Exercise and respiratory training improve exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with severe chronic pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 2006; 114:1482-1489.
54. Reichenberger F, Pepke-Zaba J, McNeil K, et al. Atrial septostomy in the treatment of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. Thorax 2003; 58:797-800.
55. Sandoval J, Gaspar J, Pulido T, et al. Graded balloon dilation atrial septostomy in severe primary pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32:297-304.
56. Orens JB, Estenne M, Arcasoy S, et al. International guidelines for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2006 update - a consensus report from the Pulmonary Scientific Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 25:745-755.
57. Trulock EP, Edwards LB, Taylor DO, et al. Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty third official adult lung and heart lung transplantation report - 2006. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 25:880-892.
58. Davis CL. The therapeutics of dyspnoea. Cancer Surv 1994; 21:85-98.
59. Abernethy AP, Currow DC, Frith P, et al. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial of sustained release morphine for the management of refractory dyspnoea. BMJ 2003; 327:523-528.
60. Poole PJ, Veale AG, Black PN. The effect of sustained-release morphine on breathlessness and quality of life in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:1877-1880.
61. Johnson MJ, McDonagh TA, Harkness A, et al. Morphine for the relief of breathlessness in patients with chronic heart failure: a pilot study. Eur J Heart Fail 2002; 4:753-756.