Optical measurement of cerebral hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism in neonates with congenital heart defects

Journal of Biomedical Optics

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2010, Pages

  Durduran, Turgut ^a   Zhou, Chao ^b   Buckley, Erin M ^b   Kim, Meeri N ^b   Yu, Guoqiang ^c   Choe, Regine ^b   William Gaynor, J ^d   Spray, Thomas L ^d   Durning, Suzanne M ^d   Mason, Stefanie E ^d   Montenegro, Lisa M ^d   Nicolson, Susan C ^d   Zimmerman, Robert A ^d   Putt, Mary E ^b   Wang, Jiongjiong ^b   Greenberg, Joel H ^b   Detre, John A ^b   Yodh, Arjun G ^b   Licht, Daniel J ^b  

^a ICFO INSTITUT DE CIENCIES FOTONIQUES   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^d CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cerebral blood flow; Congenital heart disease; Diffuse correlation spectroscopy; Diffuse optics; Near infrared spectroscopy; Pediatrics

Indexed keywords

CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW; CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS; CLINICAL METHODS; CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN; DIFFUSE CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; DIFFUSE OPTICS; HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION; HYPERCAPNIA; NEONATAL POPULATION; OPTICAL MEASUREMENT; OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY;

BLOOD; CARDIOLOGY; HEMODYNAMICS; HEMOGLOBIN; INFRARED DEVICES; INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; METABOLISM; NEONATAL MONITORING; OXYGEN; PEDIATRICS; RESONANCE; TEXTILES;

OPTICAL CORRELATION;

CARBON DIOXIDE; DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN; HEMOGLOBIN; OXYHEMOGLOBIN;

ARTICLE; BLOOD; BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN CORTEX; CONGENITAL HEART MALFORMATION; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; HYPERCAPNIA; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; NEWBORN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OPTICS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SPECTROSCOPY; VASCULARIZATION;

CARBON DIOXIDE; CEREBRAL CORTEX; HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL; HEMODYNAMICS; HEMOGLOBINS; HUMANS; HYPERCAPNIA; INFANT, NEWBORN; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OPTICS AND PHOTONICS; OXYHEMOGLOBINS; REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW; SPECTROSCOPY, NEAR-INFRARED; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS;

EID: 77953769306     PISSN: 10833668     EISSN: 15602281     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1117/1.3425884     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Protection, "Improved national prevalence estimates for 18 selected major birth defects-United States, 1999-2001," Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report 54, 1301-1305 (2005).
2. S. P. Miller and P. S. McQuillen, "Neurology of congenital heart disease: insight from brain imaging," Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 92, F435-437 (2007). (Pubitemid 350043998)
3. A. J. Marelli, A. S. Mackie, R. Ionescu-Ittu, E. Rahme, and L. Pilote, "Congenital heart disease in the general population: changing prevalence and age distribution," Circulation 115, 163-172 (2007). (Pubitemid 46105714)
4. M. T. Donofrio, Y. A. Bremer, R. M. Schieken, C. Gennings, L. D. Morton, B. W. Eidem, F. Cetta, C. B. Falkensammer, J. C. Huhta, and C. S. Kleinman, "Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in fetuses with congenital heart disease: the brain sparing effect," Pediatr. Cardiol. 24, 436-443 (2003). (Pubitemid 36993509)
5. D. J. Licht, J. Wang, D. W. Silvestre, S. C. Nicolson, L. M. Montenegro, G. Wernovsky, S. Tabbutt, S. M. Durning, D. M. Shera, J. W. Gaynor, T. L. Spray, R. R. Clancy, R. A. Zimmerman, and J. A. Detre, "Preoperative cerebral blood flow is diminished in neonates with severe congenital heart defects," J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 128, 841-849 (2004). (Pubitemid 39575289)
6. O. B. Paulson, S. Strandgaard, and L. Edvinsson, "Cerebral autoregulation," Cerebrovasc Brain Metab. Rev. 2, 161-192 (1990).
7. R. B. Panerai, "Assessment of cerebral pressure autoregulation in humans-a review of measurement methods," Physiol. Meas 19, 305-338 (1998). (Pubitemid 28384445)
8. M. Wintermark, M. Sesay, E. Barbier, K. Borbely, W. P. Dillon, J. D. Eastwood, T. C. Glenn, C. B. Grandin, S. Pedraza, J. F. Soustiel, T. Nariai, G. Zaharchuk, J. M. Caille, V. Dousset, and H. Yonas, "Comparative overview of brain perfusion imaging techniques," Stroke 36, 83-99 (2005).
9. A. Zauner, W. P. Daugherty, M. R. Bullock, and D. S. Warner, "Brain oxygenation and energy metabolism: part I-biological function and pathophysiology," Neurosurgery 51, 289-302 (2002). (Pubitemid 36322722)
10. A. Zauner and J. P. Muizelaar, "Measuring cerebral blood flow and metabolism," Chapter 11 in Head Injury, pp. 217-227, Chapman and Hall, London (1997).
11. A. Villringer and B. Chance, "Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function," Trends Neurosci. 20, 435-442 (1997). (Pubitemid 27421703)
12. E. M. C. Hillman, "Optical brain imaging in vivo: techniques and applications from animal to man," J. Biomed. Opt. 12 051402 (2007).
13. J. E. Brazy, D. V. Lewis, M. H. Mitnick, and F. F. Jobsis, "Noninvasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation in preterm infants: preliminary observations," Pediatrics 75, 217-225 (1985). (Pubitemid 15164780)
14. J. E. Brazy and D. V. Lewis, "Changes in cerebral blood volume and cytochrome AA3 during hypertensive peaks in preterm infants," J. Pediatr. 108, 983-987 (1986). (Pubitemid 16096826)
15. H. U. Bucher, A. D. Edwards, A. E. Lipp, and G. Duc, "Comparison between near infrared spectroscopy and 133Xenon clearance for estimation of cerebral blood flow in critically ill preterm infants," Pediatr. Res. 33, 56-59 (1993).
16. M. Cope, The Development of a Near-Infrared Spectroscopy System and Its Application for Noninvasive Monitoring of Cerebral Blood and Tissue Oxygenation in the Newborn Infant, University College London, London (1991).
17. M. Cope and D. T. Delpy, "System for long-term measurement of cerebral blood flow and tissue oxygenation on newborn infants by infra-red transillumination," Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 26, 289-294 (1988).
18. D. T. Delpy, M. C. Cope, E. B. Cady, J. S. Wyatt, P. A. Hamilton, P. L. Hope, S. Wray, and E. O. Reynolds, "Cerebral monitoring in newborn infants by magnetic resonance and near infrared spectroscopy," Scand. J. Clin. Lab Invest Suppl. 188, 9-17 (1987). (Pubitemid 18016531)
19. S. R. Hintz, D. A. Benaron, A. M. Siegel, D. K. Stevenson, and D. A. Boas, "Bedside functional imaging of the premature infant brain during passive motor activation," J. Perinat. Med. 29(4), 335-343 (2001). (Pubitemid 32802536)
20. J. C. Hebden, "Advances in optical imaging of the newborn infant brain," Psychophysiology 40, 501-510 (2003). (Pubitemid 36834950)
21. A. D. Edwards, C. Richardson, M. Cope, J. S. Wyatt, D. T. Delpy, and E. O. R. Reynolds, "Cotside measurement of cerebral blood flow in ill newborn infants by near infrared spectroscopy," Lancet 332, 770-771 (1988).
22. W. M. Kuebler, "How NIR is the future in blood flow monitoring," J. Appl. Physiol. 104, 905-906 (2008). (Pubitemid 351507922)
23. A. J. Wolfberg and A. J. du Plessis, "Near-infrared spectroscopy in the fetus and neonate," Clin. Perinatol. 33, 707-728 (2006). (Pubitemid 44301429)
24. D. A. Boas, L. E. Campbell, and A. G. Yodh, "Scattering and imaging with diffusing temporal field correlations," Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1855-1858 (1995).
25. D. A. Boas and A. G. Yodh, "Spatially varying dynamical properties of turbid media probed with diffusing temporal light correlation," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, 192-215 (1997). (Pubitemid 127573816)
26. D. J. Pine, D. A. Weitz, P. M. Chaikin, and E. Herbolzheimer, "Diffusing-wave spectroscopy," Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 1134-1137 (1988).
27. G. Maret and P. E. Wolf, "Multiple light scattering from disordered media. The effect of Brownian motion of scatterers," Z. Phys. B 65, 409-413 (1987).
28. T. Durduran, "Non-invasive measurements of tissue hemodynamics with hybrid diffuse optical methods," Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Pennsylvania (2004).
29. T. Durduran, G. Yu, M. G. Burnett, J. A. Detre, J. H. Greenberg, J. Wang, C. Zhou, and A. G. Yodh, "Diffuse optical measurements of blood flow, blood oxygenation, and metabolism in human brain during sensorimotor cortex activation," Opt. Lett. 29, 1766-1768 (2004).
30. J. Li, G. Dietsche, D. Iftime, S. E. Skipetrov, G. Maret, T. Elbert, B. Rockstroh, and T. Gisler, "Noninvasive detection of functional brain activity with near-infrared diffusing-wave spectroscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 044002 (2005).
31. G. Yu, T. Durduran, C. Zhou, H. W. Wang, M. E. Putt, M. Saunders, C. M. Seghal, E. Glatstein, A. G. Yodh, and T. M. Busch, "Noninvasive monitoring of murine tumor blood flow during and after photodynamic therapy provides early assessment of therapeutic efficacy," Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 3543-3552 (2005). (Pubitemid 40627910)
32. G. Yu, T. Floyd, T. Durduran, C. Zhou, J. J. Wang, J. A. Detre, and A. G. Yodh, "Validation of diffuse correlation spectroscopy for muscle blood flow with concurrent arterial-spin-labeling perfusion," Opt. Express 15, 1064-1075 (2007). (Pubitemid 46220489)
33. E. M. Buckley, N. M. Cook, T. Durduran, M. N. Kim, C. Zhou, R. Choe, G. Yu, S. Shultz, C. M. Sehgal, D. J. Licht, P. H. Arger, M. E. Putt, H. H. Hurt, and A. G. Yodh, "Cerebral hemodynamics in preterm infants during positional intervention measured with diffuse correlation spectroscopy and transcranial doppler ultrasound," Opt. Express 17, 12571-12581 (2009).
34. C. Zhou, S. Eucker, T. Durduran, G. Yu, J. Ralston, S. H. Friess, R. N. Ichord, S. S. Margulies, and A. G. Yodh, "Diffuse optical monitoring of hemodynamic changes in piglet brain with closed head injury," J. Biomed. Opt. 14, 034015 (2009).
35. N. Roche-Labarbe, S. A. Carp, A. Surova, M. Patel, D. A. Boas, P. E. Grant, and M. Franceschini, "Noninvasive optical measures of CBV, StO2, CBF index, and rCMRO2 in human premature neonates' brains in the first six weeks of life (p NA)," Hum. Brain Mapp 31(3), 341-352 (2009).
36. M. N. Kim, T. Durduran, S. Frangos, B. L. Edlow, E. M. Buckley, E. M. Heather, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, M. E, R. L. Wolf, J. H. Woo, M. S. Grady, J. H. Greenberg, J. M. Levine, A. G. Yodh, J. A. Detre, and W. A. Kofke, "Noninvasive measurement of cerebral blood flow and blood oxygenation using near-infrared and diffuse correlation spectroscopies in critically brain-injured adults," Neurocritical Care 12(2), 173-180 (2009).
37. J. P. Culver, T. Durduran, D. Furuya, C. Cheung, J. H. Greenberg, and A. G. Yodh, "Diffuse optical tomography of cerebral blood flow, oxygenation, and metabolism in rat during focal ischemia," J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 23, 911-924 (2003). (Pubitemid 36959397)
38. C. Cheung, J. P. Culver, K. Takahashi, J. H. Greenberg, and A. G. Yodh, "In vivo cerebrovascular measurement combining diffuse nearinfrared absorption and correlation spectroscopies," Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 2053-2065 (2001). (Pubitemid 32747062)
39. C. Zhou, G. Yu, D. Furuya, J. H. Greenberg, A. G. Yodh, and T. Durduran, "Diffuse optical correlation tomography of cerebral blood flow during cortical spreading depression in rat brain," Opt. Express 14, 1125-1144 (2006). (Pubitemid 43244431)
40. T. Durduran, C. Zhou, B. L. Edlow, G. Yu, R. Choe, M. N. Kim, B. L. Cucchiara, M. E. Putt, Q. Shah, S. E. Kasner, J. H. Greenberg, A. G. Yodh, and J. A. Detre, "Transcranial optical monitoring of cerebrovascular hemodynamics in acute stroke patients," Opt. Express 17, 3884-3902 (2009).
41. S. S. Kety and C. F. Schmidt, "The nitrous oxide method for the quantitative determination of cerebral blood flow in man: theory, procedure, and normal values," J. Clin. Invest. 27, 476-483 (1948).
42. S. Ashwal, W. Stringer, L. Tomasi, S. Schneider, J. Thompson, and R. Perkin, "Cerebral blood flow and carbon dioxide reactivity in children with bacterial meningitis," J. Pediatr. 117, 523-530 (1990). (Pubitemid 20332089)
43. O. Pryds, G. Greisen, L. L. Skov, and B. Friis-Hansen, "Carbon dioxide-related changes in cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow in mechanically ventilated preterm neonates: comparison of near-infrared spectrophotometry and 133Xenon clearance," Pediatr. Res. 27, 445-449 (1990). (Pubitemid 20152791)
44. 2 reactivity in childhood strangulation," Pediatr. Neurol. 7, 369-374 (1991).
45. S. Tabbutt, C. Ramamoorthy, L. M. Montenegro, S. M. Durning, C. D. Kurth, J. M. Steven, R. I. Godinez, T. L. Spray, G. Wernovsky, and S. C. Nicolson, "Impact of inspired gas mixtures on preoperative infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome during controlled ventilation," Circulation 104, I-159-164 (2001). (Pubitemid 32884796)
46. F. Kern, R. Ungerleider, T. Quill, B. Baldwin, W. White, J. Reves, and W. Greeley, "Cerebral blood flow response to changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in children," J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 101, 618-622 (1991).
47. J. A. Stockwell, R. F. Goldstein, R. M. Ungerleider, F. H. Kern, J. N. Meliones, and W. J. Greeley, "Cerebral blood flow and carbon dioxide reactivity in neonates during venoarterial extracorporeal life support," Crit. Care Med. 24, 155-162 (1996).
48. M. J. Miranda, K. Olofsson, and K. Sidaros, "Noninvasive measurements of regional cerebral perfusion in preterm and term neonates by magnetic resonance arterial spin labeling," Pediatr. Res. 60, 359-363 (2006). (Pubitemid 44267753)
49. C. J. Petit, J. J. Rome, G. Wernovsky, S. E. Mason, D. M. Shera, S. C. Nicolson, L. M. Montenegro, S. Tabbutt, R. A. Zimmerman, and D. J. Licht, "Preoperative brain injury in transposition of the great arteries is associated with oxygenation and time to surgery, not balloon atrial septostomy," Circulation 119, 709-716 (2009).
50. J. Li, G. Zhang, H. Holtby, A. Guerguerian, S. Cai, T. Humpl, C. A. Caldarone, A. N. Redington, and G. S. Van Arsdell, "The influence of systemic hemodynamics and oxygen transport on cerebral oxygen saturation in neonates after the Norwood procedure," J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 135, 83-90.e2 (2008).
51. D. J. Licht, D. M. Shera, R. R. Clancy, G. Wernovsky, L. M. Montenegro, S. C. Nicolson, R. A. Zimmerman, T. L. Spray, J. W. Gaynor, and A. Vossough, "Brain maturation is delayed in infants with complex congenital heart defects," J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 137, 529-537 (2009).
52. P. van der Zee, M. Cope, S. R. Arridge, M. Essenpreis, L. A. Potter, A. D. Edwards, J. S. Wyatt, D. C. McCormick, S. C. Toth, E. O. R. Reynolds, and D. T. Delpy, "Experimentally measured optical pathlengths for the adult's head, calf, and forearm and the head of the newborn infant as a function of interoptode spacing," Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 316, 143-153 (1992). (Pubitemid 23042476)
53. A. Duncan, J. H. Meek, M. Clemence, C. E. Elwell, L. Tyszczuk, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, "Optical pathlength measurements on adult head, calf, and forearm and the head of the newborn infant using phase-resolved optical spectroscopy," Phys. Med. Biol. 40, 295-304 (1995).
54. M. Kohl, C. Nolte, H. R. Heekeren, S. Horst, U. Scholz, H. Obrig, and A. Villringer, "Determination of the wavelength dependence of the differential pathlength factor from near-infrared pulse signals," Phys. Med. Biol. 43, 1771-1782 (1998). (Pubitemid 28277308)
55. R. B. Buxton and L. R. Frank, "A model for the coupling between cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism during neural stimulation," J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17, 64-72 (1997). (Pubitemid 27014909)
56. K. J. Friston, A. Mechelli, R. Turner, and C. J. Price, "Nonlinear responses in fMRI: the balloon model, Volterra kernels, and other hemodynamics," Neuroimage 12, 466-477 (2000).
57. A. Gjedde, "The relation between brain function and cerebral blood flow and metabolism," in Cerebrovascular Disease, H. Hunt Batjer, L. R. Caplan, L. Friberg, R. G. Greenlee, Jr., T. A. Kropitnik, Jr., and W. L. Young, Eds., pp. 23-40, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia (1997).
58. S. Ijichi, T. Kusaka, K. Isobe, K. Okubo, K. Kawada, M. Namba, H. Okada, T. Nishida, T. Imai, and S. Itoh, "Developmental changes of optical properties in neonates determined by near-infrared timeresolved spectroscopy," Pediatr. Res. 58, 568-573 (2005). (Pubitemid 41254526)
59. M. A. Franceschini, S. Thaker, G. Themelis, K. K. Krishnamoorthy, H. Bortfeld, S. G. Diamond, D. A. Boas, K. Arvin, and P. E. Grant, "Assessment of infant brain development with frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy," Pediatr. Res. 61, 546-551 (2007). (Pubitemid 46650005)
60. J. Zhao, H. S. Ding, X. L. Hou, C. L. Zhou, and B. Chance, "In vivo determination of the optical properties of infant brain using frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 024028 (2005).
61. C. D. Kurth, J. L. Steven, L. M. Montenegro, H. M. Watzman, J. W. Gaynor, T. L. Spray, and S. C. Nicolson, "Cerebral oxygen saturation before congenital heart surgery," Ann. Thorac. Surg. 72, 187-192 (2001). (Pubitemid 32643032)
62. K. N. Fenton, K. Freeman, K. Glogowski, S. Fogg, and K. F. Duncan, "The significance of baseline cerebral oxygen saturation in children undergoing congenital heart surgery," Am. J. Surg. 190, 260-263 (2005). (Pubitemid 40967937)
63. H. M. Watzman, C. D. Kurth, L. M. Montenegro, J. Rome, J. M. Steven, and S. C. Nicolson, "Arterial and venous contributions to near-infrared cerebral oximetry," Anesthesiology 93, 947-953 (2000).
64. J. Wang and D. J. Licht, "Pediatric perfusion MR imaging using arterial spin labeling," Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 16, 149-167 (2006).
65. J. Wang, D. J. Licht, D. W. Silvestre, and J. A. Detre, "Why perfusion in neonates with congenital heart defects is negative-technical issues related to pulsed arterial spin labeling," Magn. Reson. Imaging 24, 249-254 (2006).
66. J. Wang, D. J. Licht, G.-H. Jahng, C.-S. Liu, J. T. Rubin, J. Hasel- grove, R. A. Zimmerman, and J. A. Detre, "Pediatric perfusion imaging using pulsed arterial spin labeling," J. Magn. Reson Imaging 18, 404-413 (2003). (Pubitemid 37187592)
67. J. W. Tukey, Exploratory Data Analysis, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1977).
68. J. M. Bland and D. G. Altman, "Comparing methods of measurement: why plotting difference against standard method is misleading," Lancet 346, 1085-1087 (1995).
69. L. I. Lin, "A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility," Biometrics 45, (255)268 (1989).
70. L. I. K. Lin, "A note on the concordance correlation coefficient," Biometrics 56, 324-325 (2000).
71. 2 on cerebral blood volume, blood flow, and vascular mean transit time," Stroke 5, 630-639 (1974).
72. T. S. Leung, M. M. Tachtsidis, I. Tisdall, C. Pritchard, M. Smith, and C. E. Elwell, "Estimating a modified Grubb's exponent in healthy human brains with near-infrared spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler," Physiol. Meas 30, 1-12 (2009).
73. O. Pryds, G. Greisen, H. Lou, and B. Friis-Hansen, "Heterogeneity of cerebral vasoreactivity in preterm infants supported by mechanical ventilation," J. Pediatr. 115, 638-645 (1989). (Pubitemid 19248850)
74. M. I. Levene, D. Shortland, N. Gibson, and D. H. Evans, "Carbon dioxide reactivity of the cerebral circulation in extremely premature infants: effects of postnatal age and indomethacin," Pediatr. Res. 24, 175-179 (1988).
75. 2 changes, and visual evoked potentials in mechanically ventilated preterm infants," Acta Paediatr. Scand. 76, 394-400 (1987). (Pubitemid 17074804)
76. O. Baenziger, M. Moenkhoff, C. G. Morales, K. Waldvogel, M. Wolf, H. Bucher, and S. Fanconi, "Impaired chemical coupling of cerebral blood flow is compatible with intact neurological outcome in neonates with perinatal risk factors," Biol. Neonate 75, 9-17 (1999). (Pubitemid 28544742)
77. C. Ramamoorthy, S. Tabbutt, C. D. Kurth, J. M. Steven, L. M. Montenegro, S. Durning, G. Wernovsky, J. W. Gaynor, T. L. Spray, and S. C. Nicolson, "Effects of inspired hypoxic and hypercapnic gas mixtures on cerebral oxygen saturation in neonates with univentricular heart defects," Anesthesiology 96, 283-288 (2002). (Pubitemid 34121734)
78. J. S. Wyatt, A. D. Edwards, M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, D. C. McCormick, A. Potter, and E. O. Reynolds, "Response of cerebral blood volume to changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension in preterm and term infants," Pediatr. Res. 29, 553-557 (1991).
79. T. Durduran, C. Zhou, M. N. Kim, E. M. Buckley, G. Yu, R. Choe, S. M. Durning, S. Mason, L. M. Montenegro, S. C. Nicholson, R. A. Zimmerman, J. J. Wang, J. A. Detre, A. G. Yodh, and D. J. Licht, "Validation of diffuse correlation spectroscopy for non-invasive, continuous monitoring of CBF in neonates with congenital heart defects," in Annu. Meeting American Neurological Association, Abstract 299, American Neurological Association, Salt Lake City, UT (2008).
80. C. D. Kurth, J. Steven, S. Nicolson, and M. Jacobs, "Cerebral oxygenation during cardiopulmonary bypass in children," J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 113, 71-79 (1997). (Pubitemid 27034344)
81. P. Fallon, I. Roberts, F. J. Kirkham, M. J. Elliott, A. Lloyd-Thomas, R. Maynard, and A. D. Edwards, "Cerebral hemodynamics during cardiopulmonary bypass in children using near-infrared spectroscopy," Ann. Thorac. Surg. 56, 1473-1477 (1993). (Pubitemid 24042696)
82. T. Takami, H. Yamamura, K. Inai, Y. Nishikawa, Y. Takei, A. Hoshika, and M. Nakazawa,"Monitoring of cerebral oxygenation during hypoxic gas management in congenital heart disease with incrased pulmonary blood flow," Pediatr. Res. 58, 521-524 (2005). (Pubitemid 41254518)
83. P. S. McQuillen, A. J. Barkovich, S. E. G. Hamrick, M. Perez, P. Ward, D. V. Glidden, A. Azakie, T. Karl, and S. P. Miller, "Temporal and anatomic risk profile of brain injury with neonatal repair of congenital heart defects," Stroke 38, 736-741 (2007). (Pubitemid 46188253)
84. I. Roberts, P. Fallon, F. Kirkham, P. Kirshbom, C. Cooper, M. Elliott, and A. Edwards, "Measurement of cerebral blood flow during cardiopulmonary bypass with near-infrared spectroscopy," J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 115, 94-98 (1998).
85. E. T. Petersen, I. Zimine, Y.-C. L. Ho, and X. Golay, "Non-invasive measurement of perfusion: a critical review of arterial spin labelling techniques," Br. J. Radiol. 79, 688-701 (2006). (Pubitemid 44283159)
86. L. Sokoloff, "The effects of carbon dioxide on the cerebral circulation," Anesthesiology 21, 664-673 (1960).
87. B. K. Siesjo, "Carbon dioxide in brain energy metabolism," in Brain Energy Metabolism, pp. 131-150, Wiley, New York (1978).
88. R. D. Hoge, J. Atkinson, B. Gill, G. R. Crelier, S. Marrett, and G. B. Pike, "Investigation of BOLD signal dependence on cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption: the deoxyhemoglobin dilution model," Magn. Reson. Med. 42, 849-863 (1999). (Pubitemid 29521474)
89. T. L. Davis, K. K. Kwong, R. M. Weisskoff, and B. R. Rosen, "Calibrated functional MRI: mapping the dynamics of oxidative metabolism," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 1834-1839 (1998). (Pubitemid 28103480)
90. B. Siesjo, "Cerebral metabolic rate in hypercarbia-A controversy; editorial view," Anesthesiology 52, 461-465 (1980). (Pubitemid 10114434)
91. A. C. Zappe, K. Uludag, A. Oeltermann, K. Ugurbil, and N. K. Logothetis, "The influence of moderate hypercapnia on neural activity in the anesthetized nonhuman primate," Cereb. Cortex 18, 2666-2673 (2008).
92. D. S. Prough, A. T. Rogers, D. M. S. Stump, G. P. Gravlee, and C. Taylor, "Hypercarbia depresses cerebral oxygen consumption during cardiopulmonary bypass," Stroke 21, 1162-1166 (1990). (Pubitemid 20255411)
93. W. D. Obrist, G. L. Clifton, C. S. Robertson, and T. W. Langfitt, "Cerebral metabolic changes induced by hyperventilation in acute head injury," in Cerebral Vascular Disease, J. S. Meyer, K. Lechaer, M. Reivich, and E. O. Ott, Eds., pp. 251-255, Elsevier Science Publishers, New York (1987).
94. J. H. Reuter and T. A. Disney, "Regional cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen during hyperventilation in the newborn dog," Pediatr. Res. 20, 1102-1106 (1986). (Pubitemid 16005716)
95. R. C. Vannucci, R. M. Brucklacher, and S. J. Vannucci, "Effect of carbon dioxide on cerebral metabolism during hypoxia-ischemia in the immature rat," Pediatr. Res. 42, 24-29 (1997). (Pubitemid 27276754)
96. R. P. Jankov and A. K. Tanswell, "Hypercapnia and the neonate," Acta Paediatr. 97, 1502-1509 (2008).
97. A. Dahan and L. Teppema, "Influence of low-dose anaesthetic agents on ventilatory control: where do we stand?," Br. J. Anaesth. 83, 204-209 (1999).
98. B. K. Siesjo, Brain Energy Metabolism, John Wiley & Sons Ltd (1978).