Role of redox signaling, protein phosphatases and histone acetylation in the inflammatory cascade in acute pancreatitis: Therapeutic implications

Inflammation and Allergy - Drug Targets

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 97-108

  Escobar, Javier ^a   Pereda, Javier ^a   Arduini, Alessandro ^a   Sandoval, Juan ^a   Sabater, Luis ^b   Aparisi, Luis ^b   Vento, Máximo ^c   López Rodas, Gerardo ^a   Sastre, Juan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VALENCIA   (Spain)

^b University Clinic Hospital   (Spain)

^c Division of Neonatology   (Spain)

Author keywords

Acute pancreatitis; cAMP; CBP; Cytokines; Pentoxifylline; Phosphodiesterase inhibitors; PP2A; Serine threonine protein phosphatases

Indexed keywords

CD45 ANTIGEN; CYTOKINE; GLUTATHIONE; HISTONE; HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASE; PROTEIN P300; PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE SHP 1; PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE SHP 2; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; CHROMATIN; HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR;

ACUTE PANCREATITIS; ARTICLE; ENZYME INACTIVATION; INFLAMMATION; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME; ACETYLATION; ACUTE DISEASE; CHROMATIN; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PANCREAS; PANCREATITIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ACETYLATION; ACUTE DISEASE; CHROMATIN; HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES; HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS; HISTONES; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; PANCREAS; PANCREATITIS; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS; PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 77953753326     PISSN: 18715281     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152810791292773     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. Pandol, S.J.; Saluja, A.K.; Imrie C.W.; Banks, P.A. Acute pancreatitis: bench to the bedside. Gastroenterology, 2007, 133, 1056.e1-e25.
2. Jha, R.K.; Ma, Q.; Sha, H.; Palikhe, M. Acute pancreatitis: a literature review. Med. Sci. Monit., 2009, 15, RA147-56.
3. Grady, T.; Saluja, A.; Kaiser, A.; Steer, M. Edema and intrapancreatic trypsinogen activation precede glutathione depletion during caerulein pancreatitis. Am. J. Physiol., 1996, 271, G20-6.
4. Grady, T.; Liang, P.; Ernst, S.A.; Logsdon, C.D. Chemokine gene expression in rat pancreatic acinar cells is an early event associated with acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology, 1997, 113, 1966-75.
5. Pereda, J.; Sabater, L.; Aparisi, L.; Escobar, J.; Sandoval, J.; Viña, J.; López-Rodas, G.; Sastre, J. Interaction between cytokines and oxidative stress in acute pancreatitis. Curr. Med. Chem., 2006, 13, 2775-87.
6. Escobar, J.; Pereda, J.; Arduini, A.; Sandoval, J.; Sabater, L.; Aparisi, L.; López-Rodas, G.; Sastre, J. Cross-talk between oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines in acute pancreatitis: a key role for protein phosphatases. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2009, 15, 3027-42.
7. Kaiser, A.M.; Saluja, A.K.; Sengupta, A.; Saluja, M.; Steer, M.L. Relationship between severity, necrosis, and apoptosis in five models of experimental acute pancreatitis. Am. J. Physiol., 1995, 269, C1295-304.
8. Xue, P.; Deng, L.H.; Zhang, Z.D.; Yang, X.N.; Wan, M.H.; Song, B.; Xia, Q. Infectious Complications in Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis. Dig. Dis. Sci., 2008, 23.
9. Nyström, P.O.; The systemic inflammatory response syndrome: definitions and aetiology. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 1998, 41, 1-7.
10. Gukovskaya, A.S.; Gukovsky, I.; Zaninovic, V.; Song, M.; Sandoval, D.; Gukovsky, S.; Pandol, S.J. Pancreatic acinar cells produce, release, and respond to tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Role in regulating cell death and pancreatitis. J. Clin. Invest., 1997, 100, 1853-62.
11. De Dios, I.; Ramudo, L.; Alonso, J.R.; Recio, J.S.; Garcia-Montero, A.C.; Manso, M.A. CD45 expression on rat acinar cells: involvement in pro-inflammatory cytokine production. FEBS Lett., 2005, 579, 6355-60.
12. Norman, J. The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Am. J. Surg., 1998, 175, 76-83.
13. Denham, W.; Yang, J.; Fink, G.; Denham, D.; Carter, G.; Ward, K.; Norman, J. Gene targeting demonstrates additive detrimental effects of interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor during pancreatitis. Gastroenterology, 1997, 113, 1741-46.
14. Tanaka, N.; Murata, A.; Uda, K.; Toda H.; Kato, T.; Hayashida, H.; Matsuura, N.; Mori, T. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist modifies the changes in vital organs induced by acute necrotizing pancreatitis in a rat experimental model. Crit. Care Med., 1995, 23, 901-8.
15. Norman, J.G.; Franz, M.G.; Fink, G.S.; Messina, J.; Fabri, P.J.; Gower, W.R.; Carey L.C. Decreased mortality of severe acute pancreatitis after proximal cytokine blockade. Ann. Surg., 1995, 221, 625-31.
16. Leser, H.G.; Gross, V.; Scheibenbogen, C.; Heinisch, A.; Salm, R.; Lausen, M.; Rückauer, K.; Andreesen, R.; Farthmann, E.H.; Schölmerich J. Elevation of serum interleukin-6 concentration precedes acute-phase response and reflects severity in acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology, 1991, 101, 782-5.
17. Kusske, A.M.; Rongione, A.J.; Reber, H.A. Cytokines and acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology, 1996, 110, 639-42.
18. Sweiry, J.H.; Mann, GE. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl., 1996, 219, 10-5.
19. Gómez-Cambronero, L.; Camps, B.; de La Asunción, J.G.; Cerdá, M.; Pellín, A.; Pallardó, F.V.; Calvete, J.; Sweiry, J.H.; Mann, G.E.; Viña, J.; Sastre, J. Pentoxifylline ameliorates ceruleininduced pancreatitis in rats: role of glutathione and nitric oxide. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2000, 293, 670-6.
20. Schoenberg, M.H.; Büchler, M.; Beger, H.G. The role of oxygen radicals in experimental acute pancreatitis. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 1992, 12, 515-22.
21. Neuschwander-Tetri, B.A.; Ferrell, L.D.; Sukhabote, R.J.; Grendell, J.H. Glutathione monoethyl ester ameliorates caeruleininduced pancreatitis in the mouse. J. Clin. Invest., 1992, 89, 109-16.
22. Alsfasser, G.; Gock, M.; Herzog, L.; Gebhard, M.M.; Herfarth, C.; Klar, E.; Schmidt, J. Glutathione depletion with L-buthionine- (S,R)-sulfoximine demonstrates deleterious effects in acute pancreatitis of the rat. Dig. Dis. Sci., 2002, 47,1793-9.
23. Pereda, J.; Escobar, J.; Sandoval, J.; Rodríguez, J.L.; Sabater, L.; Pallardó, F.V.; Torres, L.; Franco, L.; Viña, J.; López-Rodas, G.; Sastre, J. Glutamate cysteine ligase up-regulation fails in necrotizing pancreatitis. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2008, 44, 1599-609.
24. Closa, D.; Bulbena, O.; Hotter, G.; Rosello-Catafau, J.; Fernandez- Cruz, L.; Gelpi, E. Xanthine oxidase activation in cerulein- and taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. Biophys., 1994, 102, 167-70.
25. Bokoch, G.M.; Knaus, U.G. NADPH oxidases: not just for leukocytes anymore! Trends Biochem. Sci., 2003, 28, 502-8.
26. Yubero, S.; Ramudo, L.; Manso, M.A.; de Dios I. The role of redox status on chemokine expression in acute pancreatitis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 2009, 1792, 148-54.
27. Yu, J.H.; Lim, J.W.; Kim, K.H.; Morio, T.; Kim, H. NADPH oxidase and apoptosis in cerulein-stimulated pancreatic acinar AR42J cells. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2005, 39, 590-602.
28. Rahman, I.; Adcock, I.M. Oxidative stress and redox regulation of lung inflammation in COPD. Eur. Respir. J., 2006, 28, 219-42.
29. Keceli, M.; Kucuk, C.; Sozuer, E.; Kerek, M.; Ince, O.; Arar, M. The effect of interleukin-10 on acute pancreatitis induced by cerulein in a rat experimental model. J. Invest. Surg., 2005, 18, 7-12.
30. Fiorentino, D.F.; Zlotnik, A.; Mosmann, T.R.; Howard, M.; O'Garra, A. IL-10 inhibits cytokine production by activated macrophages. J. Immunol., 1991, 147, 3815-22.
31. Folch-Puy, E.; Granell, S.; Dagorn, J.C.; Iovanna, J.L.; Closa D. Pancreatitis-associated protein I suppresses NF-kappa B activation through a JAK/STAT-mediated mechanism in epithelial cells. J. Immunol., 2006, 176, 3774-9.
32. Vasseur, S.; Folch-Puy, E.; Hlouschek, V.; Garcia, S.; Fiedler, F.; Lerch, M.M.; Dagorn, J.C.; Closa, D.; Iovanna, J.L. p8 improves pancreatic response to acute pancreatitis by enhancing the expression of the anti-inflammatory protein pancreatitis-associated protein I. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279, 7199-207.
33. Gironella, M.; Iovanna, J.L.; Sans, M.; Gil, F.; Peñalva, M.; Closa, D.; Miquel, R.; Piqué, J.M.; Panés J. Anti-inflammatory effects of pancreatitis associated protein in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut, 2005, 54, 1244-53.
34. Gironella, M.; Folch-Puy, E.; LeGoffic, A.; Garcia, S.; Christa, L.; Smith, A.; Tebar, L.; Hunt, S.P.; Bayne, R.; Smith, A.J.; Dagorn, J.C.; Closa, D.; Iovanna, J.L. Experimental acute pancreatitis in PAP/HIP knock-out mice. Gut, 2007, 56, 1091-7.
35. Dong, C.; Davis, R.J.; Flavell, R.A. MAP kinases in the immune response. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2002, 20, 55-72.
36. Blenis, J. Signal transduction via the MAP kinases: proceed at your own RSK. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1993, 90, 5889-92.
37. Whitmarsh, A.J. Regulation of gene transcription by mitogenactivated protein kinase signaling pathways. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 2007, 1773, 1285-98.
38. Rahman, I.; MacNee, W. Regulation of redox glutathione levels and gene transcription in lung inflammation: therapeutic approaches. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2000, 28, 1405-20.
39. Phelps, D.T.; Ferro, T.J.; Higgins, P.J.; Shankar, R.; Parker, D.M.; Johnson, A. TNF-alpha induces peroxynitrite-mediated depletion of lung endothelial glutathione via protein kinase C. Am. J. Physiol., 1995, 269, 551-9.
40. Sandoval, J.; Escobar, J.; Pereda, J.; Sacilotto, N.; Rodriguez, J.L.; Sabater, L.; Aparisi, L.; Franco, L.; López-Rodas, G.; Sastre, J. Pentoxifylline prevents loss of PP2A phosphatase activity and recruitment of histone acetyltransferases to proinflammatory genes in acute pancreatitis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2009, 331, 609-17.
41. Arena, S.; Benvenuti, S.; Bardelli, A. Genetic analysis of the kinome and phosphatome in cancer. Cell Mol. Life Sci., 2005, 62, 2092-9.
42. Hunter, T. Protein kinases and phosphatases: the yin and yang of protein phosphorylation and signaling. Cell, 1995, 80, 225-36.
43. Edelson, J.D.; Vadas, P.; Villar, J.; Mullen, J.B.; Pruzanski, W. Acute lung injury induced by phospholipase A2. Structural and functional changes. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1991, 143, 1102-9.
44. Whicher, J.T.; Barnes, M.P.; Brown, A.; Cooper, M.J.; Read, R.; Walters, G.; Williamson, R.C. Complement activation and complement control proteins in acute pancreatitis. Gut, 1982, 23, 944-50.
45. Camps, M.; Nichols, A.; Arkinstall, S. Dual specificity phosphatases: a gene family for control of MAP kinase function. FASEB J., 2000, 14, 6-16.
46. Pulido, R.; Hooft van Huijsduijnen, R. Protein tyrosine phosphatases: dual-specificity phosphatases in health and disease. FEBS J., 2008, 275, 848-66.
47. Chiarugi, P. PTPs versus PTKs: the redox side of the coin. Free Radic. Res., 2005, 39, 353-364.
48. Foley, T.D.; Armstrong, J.J.; Kupchak, B.R. Identification and H2O2 sensitivity of the major constitutive MAPK phosphatase from rat brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2004, 315, 568-74.
49. Foley, T.D.; Kintner, M.E. Brain PP2A is modified by thioldisulfide exchange and intermolecular disulfide formation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2005, 330, 1224-9.
50. Foley, T.D.; Petro, L.A.; Stredny, C.M.; Coppa, T.M. Oxidative inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A activity: role of catalytic subunit disulfides. Neurochem. Res., 2007, 32, 1957-64.
51. Reiter, T.A.; Abraham, R.T.; Choi, M.; Rusnak, F. Redox regulation of calcineurin in T-lymphocytes. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 1999, 4, 632-44.
52. Bogumil, R.; Namgaladze, D.; Schaarschmidt, D.; Schmachtel, T.; Hellstern, S.; Mutzel, R.; Ullrich V. Inactivation of calcineurin by hydrogen peroxide and phenylarsine oxide. Evidence for a dithioldisulfide equilibrium and implications for redox regulation. Eur. J. Biochem., 2000, 267, 1407-15.
53. Sommer, D.; Coleman, S.; Swanson, S.A.; Stemmer, P.M. Differential susceptibilities of serine/threonine phosphatases to oxidative and nitrosative stress. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2002, 404, 271-8.
54. Tan, R.Y.; Mabuchi, Y.; Grabarek, Z. Blocking the Ca2+-induced conformational transitions in calmodulin with disulfide bonds. J. Biol. Chem., 1996, 271, 7479-83.
55. Carruthers, N.J.; Stemmer, P.M. Methionine oxidation in the calmodulin-binding domain of calcineurin disrupts calmodulin binding and calcineurin activation. Biochemistry, 2008, 47, 3085-95.
56. Zhang, Z.Y.; Dixon, J.E. Active site labeling of the Yersinia protein tyrosine phosphatase: the determination of the pKa of the active site cysteine and the function of the conserved histidine 402. Biochemistry, 1993, 32, 9340-5.
57. Peters, G.H.; Frimurer T.M.; Olsen, O.H. Electrostatic evaluation of the signature motif (H/V)CX5R(S/T) in protein-tyrosine phosphatases. Biochemistry, 1998, 37, 5383-93.
58. Jackson, M.D.; Denu, J.M. Molecular reactions of protein phosphatases--insights from structure and chemistry. Chem. Rev., 2001, 101, 2313-40.
59. den Hertog, J.; Groen, A.; van der Wijk, T. Redox regulation of protein-tyrosine phosphatases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2005, c434, 11-5.
60. Cho, S.H.; Lee, C.H.; Ahn, Y.; Kim, H.; Kim, H.; Ahn, C.Y.; Yang, K.S.; Lee, S.R. Redox regulation of PTEN and protein tyrosine phosphatases in H(2)O(2) mediated cell signaling. FEBS Lett., 2004, 560, 7-13.
61. Ross, S.H.; Lindsay, Y.; Safrany, S.T.; Lorenzo, O.; Villa, F.; Toth, R.; Clague, M.J.; Downes, C.P.; Leslie, N.R. Differential redox regulation within the PTP superfamily. Cell Signal., 2007, 19, 1521-30.
62. de Dios, I.; Ramudo, L.; García-Montero, A.C.; Manso, M.A. Redox-sensitive modulation of CD45 expression in pancreatic acinar cells during acute pancreatitis. J. Pathol., 2006, 210, 234-9.
63. Chong, Z.Z.; Maiese, K. The Src homology 2 domain tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2: diversified control of cell growth, inflammation, and injury. Histol. Histopathol., 2007, 22, 1251-67.
64. Sarmiento, N.; Sánchez-Bernal, C.; Ayra, M.; Pérez, N.; Hernández-Hernández, A.; Calvo, J.J.; Sánchez-Yagüe J. Changes in the expression and dynamics of SHP-1 and SHP-2 during cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2008, 1782, 271-9.
65. Schnekenburger, J.; Mayerle, J.; Krüger, B.; Buchwalow, I.; Weiss, F.U.; Albrecht, E.; Samoilova, V.E.; Domschke, W.; Lerch, M.M. Protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa and SHP-1 are involved in the regulation of cell-cell contacts at adherens junctions in the exocrine pancreas. Gut, 2005, 54, 1445-55.
66. Lee, S.R.; Kwon, K.S.; Kim, S.R.; Rhee, S.G. Reversible inactivation of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B in A431 cells stimulated with epidermal growth factor. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273, 15366-72.
67. Li, S.; Wang, L.; Berman, M.A.; Zhang, Y.; Dorf, ME. RNAi screen in mouse astrocytes identifies phosphatases that regulate NF-kappaB signaling. Mol. Cell, 2006, 24, 497-509.
68. Eichhorn, P.J.; Creyghton, M.P.; Wilhelmsen, K.; van Dam, H.; Bernards, R. A RNA interference screen identifies the protein phosphatase 2A subunit PR55gamma as a stress-sensitive inhibitor of c-SRC. PLoS Genet., 2007, 3, e218.
69. Kono, Y.; Maeda, K.; Kuwahara, K.; Yamamoto, H.; Miyamoto, E.; Yonezawa, K.; Takagi, K.; Sakaguchi, N. MCM3-binding GANP DNA-primase is associated with a novel phosphatase component G5PR. Genes Cells., 2002; 7: 821-34.
70. Alessi, D.R.; Gomez, N.; Moorhead, G.; Lewis, T.; Keyse, S.M.; Cohen, P. Inactivation of p42 MAP kinase by protein phosphatase 2A and a protein tyrosine phosphatase, but not CL100, in various cell lines. Curr. Biol., 1995, 5, 283-95.
71. Lüthen, R.; Niederau, C.; Niederau, M.; Ferrell, L.D.; Grendell, J.H. Influence of ductal pressure and infusates on activity and subcellular distribution of lysosomal enzymes in the rat pancreas. Gastroenterology, 1995, 109, 573-81.
72. Baine, I.; Abe, B.T.; Macian, F. Regulation of T-cell tolerance by calcium/NFAT signaling. Immunol. Rev., 2009, 231, 225-40.
73. +-ATPase modulate macrophage effector functions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, 96, 6324-9.
74. Jennings, C.; Kusler, B.; Jones, P.P. Calcineurin inactivation leads to decreased responsiveness to LPS in macrophages and dendritic cells and protects against LPS-induced toxicity in vivo. Innate Immun. 2009, 15, 109-20.
75. Hogan, P.G.; Chen, L.; Nardone, J.; Rao, A. Transcriptional regulation by calcium, calcineurin, and NFAT. Genes Dev., 2003, 17, 2205-32.
76. Diehl, S.; Chow, C.W.; Weiss, L.; Palmetshofer, A.; Twardzik, T.; Rounds, L.; Serfling, E.; Davis, R.J.; Anguita, J.; Rincón, M. Induction of NFATc2 expression by interleukin 6 promotes T helper type 2 differentiation. J. Exp. Med., 2002, 196, 39-49.
77. Vega, A.; Chacón, P.; Monteseirín, J.; El Bekay, R.; Alba, G.; Martín-Nieto, J.; Sobrino, F. Expression of the transcription factor NFAT2 in human neutrophils: IgE-dependent, Ca2+- and calcineurin-mediated NFAT2 activation. J. Cell Sci., 2007, 120, 2328-37.
78. Yang, J.; Hu, G.; Wang, S.W.; Li, Y.; Martin, R.; Li, K.; Yao, Z. Calcineurin/nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFAT)-activating and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)- containing protein (CNAIP), a novel ITAM-containing protein that activates the calcineurin/NFAT-signaling pathway. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278, 16797-801.
79. Goodridge, H.S.; Simmons, R.M.; Underhill, D.M. Dectin-1 stimulation by Candida albicans yeast or zymosan triggers NFAT activation in macrophages and dendritic cells. J. Immunol., 2007, 178, 3107-15.
80. Cockerill, G.W.; Bert, A.G.; Ryan, G.R.; Gamble, J.R.; Vadas, M.A.; Cockerill, P.N. Regulation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and E-selectin expression in endothelial cells by cyclosporin A and the T-cell transcription factor NFAT. Blood, 1995, 86, 2689-98.
81. Hietaranta, A.; Mustonen, H.; Puolakkainen, P.; Haapiainen, R.; Kemppainen, E. Proinflammatory effects of pancreatic elastase are mediated through TLR4 and NF-kappaB. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2004, 323, 192-6.
82. Husain S.Z.; Grant, W.M.; Gorelick, F.S.; Nathanson, M.H.; Shah, A.U. Caerulein-induced intracellular pancreatic zymogen activation is dependent on calcineurin. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 2007, 292, 1594-9.
83. Hu, J.H.; Chen, T.; Zhuang, Z.H.; Kong, L.; Yu, M.C.; Liu, Y.; Zang, J.W.; Ge, B.X. Feedback control of MKP-1 expression by p38. Cell Signal, 2007, 19, 393-400.
84. Erratum in: Cell Signal, 2007, 19, 2414.
85. Höfken, T.; Keller, N.; Fleischer, F.; Göke, B.; Wagner, A.C. Map kinase phosphatases (MKP's) are early responsive genes during induction of cerulein hyperstimulation pancreatitis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2000, 276, 680-5.
86. Namkung, W.; Yoon, J.S.; Kim, K.H.; Lee, M.G. PAR2 exerts local protection against acute pancreatitis via modulation of MAP kinase and MAP kinase phosphatase signaling. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 2008, 295, 886-94.
87. Kouzarides, T. Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell, 2007, 128:693-705.
88. Roth, S.Y.; Denu, J.M.; Allis, C.D. Histone Acetyltransferases. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 2001, 70, 81-120.
89. Hubbert, C.; Guardiola, A.; Shao, R.; Kawaguchi, Y.; Ito, A.; Nixon, A.; Yoshida, M.; Wang, X.F.; Yao, T.P. HDAC6 is a microtubule-associated deacetylase. Nature, 2002, 417, 455-8.
90. Kurdistani, S.K.; Grunstein, M. Histone acetylation and deacetylation in yeast. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2003, 4, 276-84.
91. Schwer, B.; North, B.J.; Frye, R.A.; Ott, M.; Verdin, E. The human silent information regulator (Sir)2 homologue hSIRT3 is a mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase. J. Cell Biol., 2002, 158, 647-57.
92. Bjerling, P.; Silverstein, R.A.; Thon, G.; Caudy, A.; Grewal, S.; Ekwall, K. Functional divergence between histone deacetylases in fission yeast by distinct cellular localization and in vivo specificity. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2002, 22, 2170-2181.
93. Wang, L.; de Zoeten, E.F.; Greene, M.I.; Hancock, W.W. Immunomodulatory effects of deacetylase inhibitors: therapeutic targeting of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov., 2009, 8, 969-81.
94. Tsai, S.C.; Seto, E. Regulation of histone deacetylase 2 by protein kinase CK2. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 31826-33.
95. Sengupta, N.; Seto, E. Regulation of histone deacetylase activities. J. Cell. Biochem., 2004, 93, 57-67.
96. Rietveld, L.E.; Caldenhoven, E.; Stunnenberf, H.G. In vivo repression of an erythroid-specific gene by distinct corepressor complexes. EMBO J., 2002, 6, 1389-97.
97. de Ruijter, A.J.; van Gennip, A.H.; Caron, H.N.; Kemp, S.; van Kuilenburg, A.B. Histone deacetylases (HDACs): characterization of the classical HDAC family. Biochem. J., 2003, 370, 737-49.
98. Clapier, C.R.; Cairns, B.R. The biology of chromatin remodeling complexes. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 2009, 78, 273-304.
99. Jeong, K.W.; Lee, Y.H.; Stallcup, M.R. Recruitment of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex to steroid hormoneregulated promoters by nuclear receptor coactivator flightless-I. J. Biol. Chem., 2009, 284, 29298-309.
100. Letimier, F.A.; Passini, N.; Gasparian, S.; Bianchi, E.; Rogge, L. Chromatin remodeling by the SWI/SNF-like BAF complex and STAT4 activation synergistically induce IL-12Rβ2 expression during human Th1 cell differentiation. EMBO J., 2007, 26, 1292-302.
101. Villagra, A.; Cruzat, F.; Carvallo, L.; Paredes, R.; Olate, J.; van Wijnen, A.J.; Stein, G.S.; Lian, J.B.; Stein, J.L.; Imbalzano, A.N.; Montecino, M. Chromatin remodeling and transcriptional activity of the bone-specific osteocalcin gene require CCAAT/enhancerbinding protein beta-dependent recruitment of SWI/SNF activity. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, 281, 22695-706.
102. Pedersen, T.A.; Kowenz-Leutz, E.; Leutz, A.; Nerlov, C. Cooperation between C/EBPalpha TBP/TFIIB and SWI/SNF recruiting domains is required for adipocyte differentiation. Genes Dev., 2001, 15, 3208-16.
103. Foster, S.L.; Hargreaves, D.C.; Medzhitov, R. Gene-specific control of inflammation by TLR-induced chromatin modifications. Nature, 2007, 447, 972-8.
104. Erratum in: Nature. 2008, 451, 102.
105. Schneider, R.; Bannister, A.J.; Myers, F.A.; Thorne, A.W.; Crane-Robinson, C.; Kouzarides, T. Histone H3 lysine 4 methylation patterns in higher eukaryotic genes. Nat. Cell Biol., 2004, 6, 73-7.
106. Erratum in: Nat. Cell Biol., 2004, 6, 465.
107. Gao, J.; Siddoway, B.; Huang, Q.; Xia, H. Inactivation of CREB mediated gene transcription by HDAC8 bound protein phosphatase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2009, 379, 1-5.
108. Yuan, L.W.; Gambee, J.E. Histone acetylation by p300 is involved in CREB-mediated transcription on chromatin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2001, 1541, 161-9.
109. Tsai, E.Y.; Falvo, J.V.; Tsytsykova, A.V.; Barczak, A.K.; Reimold, A.M.; Glimcher, L.H.; Fenton, M.J.; Gordon, D.C.; Dunn, I.F.; Goldfeld, A.E. A lipopolysaccharide-specific enhancer complex involving Ets, Elk-1, Sp1, and CREB binding protein and p300 is recruited to the tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2000, 20, 6084-94.
110. Vanden Berghe, W.; De Bosscher, K.; Boone, E.; Plaisance, S.; Haegeman, G. The nuclear factor-kappaB engages CBP/p300 and histone acetyltransferase activity for transcriptional activation of the interleukin-6 gene promoter. J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274, 32091-8
111. Edelstein, L.C.; Pan, A.; Collins, T. Chromatin modification and the endothelial-specific activation of the E-selectin gene. J. Biol. Chem., 2005, 280, 11192-202.
112. Deng, W.G.; Zhu, Y.; Wu, K.K. Role of p300 and PCAF in regulating cyclooxygenase-2 promoter activation by inflammatory mediators. Blood, 2004, 103, 2135-42.
113. Miao, F.; Li, S.; Chavez, V.; Lanting, L.; Natarajan, R. Coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase-1 enhances nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated gene transcription through methylation of histone H3 at arginine 17. Mol. Endocrinol., 2006, 20, 1562-73.
114. Cvijic, H.; Bauer, K.; Löffler, D.; Pfeifer, G.; Blumert, C.; Kretzschmar, A.K.; Henze, C.; Brocke-Heidrich, K.; Horn, F. Coactivator SRC-1 is dispensable for transcriptional control by STAT3. Biochem. J., 2009, 420, 123-32.
115. Ray, S.; Sherman, C.T.; Lu, M.; Brasier, A.R. Angiotensinogen gene expression is dependent on signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-mediated p300/cAMP response element binding protein-binding protein coactivator recruitment and histone acetyltransferase activity. Mol. Endocrinol., 2002, 16, 824-36.
116. Zhang, Q.; Wang, H.Y.; Marzec, M.; Raghunath, P.N.; Nagasawa, T.; Wasik, M.A. STAT3- and DNA methyltransferase 1-mediated epigenetic silencing of SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase tumor suppressor gene in malignant T lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2005, 102, 6948-53.
117. Canettieri, G.; Morantte, I.; Guzmán, E.; Asahara, H.; Herzig, S.; Anderson, S.D.; Yates, J.R. 3rd, Montminy, M. Attenuation of a phosphorylation-dependent activator by an HDAC-PP1 complex. Nat. Struct. Biol., 2003, 10, 175-81.
118. Hagiwara, M.; Alberts, A.; Brindle, P.; Meinkoth, J.; Feramisco, J.; Deng, T.; Karin, M.; Shenolikar, S.; Montminy, M. Transcriptional attenuation following cAMP induction requires PP-1-mediated dephosphorylation of CREB. Cell, 1992, 70, 105-13.
119. Wadzinski, B.E.; Wheat, W.H.; Jaspers, S.; Peruski, L.F. Jr.; Lickteig, R.L.; Johnson, G.L.; Klemm, D.J. Nuclear protein phosphatase 2A dephosphorylates protein kinase A-phosphorylated CREB and regulates CREB transcriptional stimulation. Mol. Cell. Biol., 1993, 13, 2822-34.
120. Fischle, W.; Dequiedt, F.; Hendzel, M.J.; Guenther, M.G.; Lazar, M.A.; Voelter, W.; Verdin, E. Enzymatic activity associated with class II HDACs is dependent on a multiprotein complex containing HDAC3 and SMRT/N-CoR. Mol. Cell., 2002, 9, 45-57.
121. Lahm, A.; Paolini, C.; Pallaoro, M.; Nardi, M.C.; Jones, P.; Neddermann, P.; Sambucini, S.; Bottomley, M.J.; Lo Surdo, P.; Carfí, A.; Koch, U.; De Francesco, R.; Steinkühler, C.; Gallinari, P. Unraveling the hidden catalytic activity of vertebrate class IIa histone deacetylases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 2007, 104,17335-40.
122. Zhang, X.; Ozawa, Y.; Lee, H.; Wen, Y.D.; Tan, T.H.; Wadzinski, B.E.; Seto, E. Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) activity is regulated by interaction with protein serine/threonine phosphatase 4. Genes Dev., 2005, 19, 827-39.
123. Togi, S.; Kamitani, S.; Kawakami, S.; Ikeda, O.; Muromoto, R.; Nanbo, A.; Matsuda, T. HDAC3 influences phosphorylation of STAT3 at serine 727 by interacting with PP2A. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2009, 379, 616-20.
124. Martin, M.; Potente, M.; Janssens, V.; Vertommen, D.; Twizere, J.C.; Rider, M.H.; Goris, J.; Dimmeler, S.; Kettmann, R.; Dequiedt, F. Protein phosphatase 2A controls the activity of histone deacetylase 7 during T cell apoptosis and angiogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 2008, 105, 4727-32.
125. Paroni, G.; Cernotta, N.; Dello Russo, C.; Gallinari, P.; Pallaoro, M.; Foti, C.; Talamo, F.; Orsatti, L.; Steinkühler, C.; Brancolini, C. PP2A regulates HDAC4 nuclear import. Mol. Biol. Cell., 2008, 19, 655-67.
126. Illi, B.; Dello Russo, C.; Colussi, C.; Rosati, J.; Pallaoro, M.; Spallotta, F.; Rotili, D.; Valente, S.; Ragone, G.; Martelli, F.; Biglioli, P.; Steinkuhler, C.; Gallinari, P.; Mai, A.; Capogrossi, M.C.; Gaetano, C. Nitric oxide modulates chromatin folding in human endothelial cells via protein phosphatase 2A activation and class II histone deacetylases nuclear shuttling. Circ. Res., 2008, 102, 51-8.
127. Tenbrock, K.; Juang, Y.T.; Leukert, N.; Roth, J.; Tsokos, G.C. The transcriptional repressor cAMP response element modulator alpha interacts with histone deacetylase 1 to repress promoter activity. J. Immunol., 2006, 177, 6159-64.
128. Musikacharoen, T.; Yoshikai, Y.; Matsuguchi, T. Histone acetylation and activation of cAMP-response element-binding protein regulate transcriptional activation of MKP-M in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278, 9167-75.
129. Ramirez-Carrozzi, V.R.; Nazarian, A.A.; Li, C.C.; Gore, S.L.; Sridharan, R.; Imbalzano, A.N.; Smale, S.T. Selective and antagonistic functions of SWI/SNF and Mi-2beta nucleosome remodeling complexes during an inflammatory response. Genes Dev., 2006, 20, 282-96.
130. Becker, P.B.; Hörz, W. ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 2002, 71, 247-73.
131. Cairns B.R. Chromatin remodeling complexes: strength in diversity, precision through specialization. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 2005, 15, 185-90.
132. Pereda, J.; Sabater, L.; Cassinello, N.; Gómez-Cambronero, L.; Closa, D.; Folch-Puy, E.; Aparisi, L.; Calvete, J.; Cerdá, M.; Lledó, S.; Viña, J.; Sastre, J. Effect of simultaneous inhibition of TNFalpha production and xanthine oxidase in experimental acute pancreatitis: the role of mitogen activated protein kinases. Ann. Surg., 2004, 240, 108-16.
133. Sato, T.; Otaka, M.; Odashima, M.; Kato, S.; Jin, M.; Konishi, N.; Matsuhashi, T.; Watanabe, S. Specific type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor ameliorates cerulein-induced pancreatitis in rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2006, 346, 339-44.
134. Haddad, J.J.; Land, S.C.; Tarnow-Mordi, W.O.; Zembala, M.; Kowalczyk, D.; Lauterbach, R. Immunopharmacological potential of selective phosphodiesterase inhibition. I. Differential regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) biosynthesis in alveolar epithelial cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2002, 300, 559-66.
135. Chen, T.H.; Kao, Y.C.; Chen, B.C.; Chen, C.H.; Chan, P.; Lee, H.M. Dipyridamole activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 mediates inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2006, 541, 138-46.
136. Huang, Z.; Mancini, J.A.; Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for the treatment of asthma and COPD. Curr. Med. Chem., 2006; 13, 3253-62.
137. Peters-Golden, M.; Putting on the brakes: cyclic AMP as a multipronged controller of macrophage function. Sci. Signal., 2009; 2, pe37.
138. Borland, G.; Smith, B.O.; Yarwood, S.J.; EPAC proteins transduce diverse cellular actions of cAMP. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2009; 158, 70-86.
139. Grandoch, M.; Roscioni, S.S.; Schmidt, M.; The role of Epac proteins, novel cAMP mediators, in the regulation of immune, lung and neuronal function. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2010; 159, 265-84.
140. Lorenowicz, M.J.; Fernandez-Borja, M.; Hordijk, P.L.; cAMP signaling in leukocyte transendothelial migration. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2007; 27, 1014-22.
141. Leoni, F.; Zaliani, A.; Bertolini, G.; Porro, G.; Pagani, P.; Pozzi, P.; Donà, G.; Fossati, G.; Sozzani, S.; Azam, T.; Bufler, P.; Fantuzzi, G.; Goncharov, I.; Kim, S.H.; Pomerantz, B.J.; Reznikov, L.L.; Siegmund, B.; Dinarello, C.A.; Mascagni, P. The antitumor histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid exhibits antiinflammatory properties via suppression of cytokines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 2002, 99, 2995-3000.
142. Sun, Y.; Chin, Y.E.; Weisiger, E.; Malter, C.; Tawara, I.; Toubai, T.; Gatza, E.; Mascagni, P.; Dinarello, C.A.; Reddy, P. Cutting edge: Negative regulation of dendritic cells through acetylation of the nonhistone protein STAT-3. J. Immunol., 2009, 182, 5899-903.
143. Matsuoka, H.; Fujimura, T.; Hayashi, M.; Matsuda, K.; Ishii, Y.; Aramori, I.; Mutoh, S. Disruption of HDAC4/N-CoR complex by histone deacetylase inhibitors leads to inhibition of IL-2 gene expression. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2007, 74, 465-76.
144. Matsuoka, H.; Fujimura, T.; Mori, H.; Aramori, I.; Mutoh, S. Mechanism of HDAC inhibitor FR235222-mediated IL-2 transcriptional repression in Jurkat cells. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2007, 7, 1422-32.
145. Blanchard, F.; Chipoy, C. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: new drugs for the treatment of inflammatory diseases? Drug. Discov. Today, 2005, 10, 197-204.
146. Cao, W.; Bao, C.; Padalko, E.; Lowenstein, C.J. Acetylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 inhibits Toll-like receptor signaling. J. Exp. Med., 2008, 205, 1491-503.
147. Strevel, E.L.; Ing, D.J.; Siu, L.L.; Molecularly targeted oncology therapeutics and prolongation of the QT interval. J. Clin. Oncol., 2007, 25, 3362-71.