Scientific bases of macroenvironmental indicators

Annual Review of Environment and Resources

Volumn 34, Issue , 2009, Pages 375-404

  Orians, Gordon H ^a   Policansky, David ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United States)

Author keywords

Baselines; Credibility; Ecosystem services; Legitimacy; Natural capital; Salience

Indexed keywords

ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING; ECOSYSTEM SERVICES; ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS; HUMAN POPULATION; NATURAL CAPITAL; NATURAL SYSTEMS; SMALL SCALE; SPECIFIC COMPONENT; TEMPORAL SCALE;

ECOSYSTEMS;

EID: 77953749085     PISSN: 15435938     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.environ.020608.151439     Document Type: Article

References (170)

1. UN Dev. Program. 2001. Making New Technologies Work for Human Development. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
2. World Bank. 1999. World Development Report 1999/2000. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
3. Kates RW, Clark WC, Corell R, Hall JM, Jaeger CC, et al. 2001. Environment and development: sustainability science. Science 292:641-642
4. Natl. Res. Counc. (NRC). 2007. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The First Biennial Review-2006. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad.
5. Darwin C. 1871. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: Murray
6. Hamilton WD. 1964. The genetical evolution of social behavior. J. Theor. Biol. 7:1-52
7. Trivers RL. 1974. Parent-offspring conflict. Am. Zool. 14:240-264
8. Wilson EO. 2008. One giant leap: how insects achieved altruism and colonial life. BioScience 58:17-25
9. Hutchinson GE. 1965. The Ecological Theater and the Evolutionary Play. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
10. Allen TFH, Starr TB. 1982. Hierarchy: Perspectives in Ecological Complexity. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
11. O'Neill RV, DeAngelis D, Waide JB, Allen TFH. 1986. A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
12. Levin SA. 2005. Self-organization and the emergence of complexity in ecological systems. BioScience 55:1075-1080
13. Lomolino MV, Heaney LR, eds. 2005. Frontiers of Biogeography. New Directions in the Geography of Nature. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Assoc.
14. LomolinoMV,Sax DF, Brown JH, eds. 2004. Foundations of Biogeography: Classic Papers with Commentaries. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
15. Brown JH. 1995. Macroecology. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
16. Turner MG. 1989. Landscape ecology: the effects of pattern on process. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20:171-197
17. Turner MG. 2005. Landscape ecology: What is the state of the science? Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 36:319-344
18. TurnerMG,Gardner RH, O'NeillRV. 2001. Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice.NewYork: Springer- Verlag
19. Forman RTT, Godron M. 1986. Landscape Ecology. New York:Wiley
20. Forman RTT. 2008. Urban Regions. Ecology and Planning Beyond the City. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
21. Stanley SM. 1999. Earth System History. New York: Freeman
22. Jacobson MC, Charlson RJ, Rodhe H, Orians GH, eds. 2000. Earth System Science. From Biogeochemical Cycles to Global Change. New York: Academic
23. Schellnhuber H-J, Crutzen PJ, Clark WC, Claussen M, Held H, eds. 2004. Earth System Analysis for Sustainability. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
24. Steffen W, Sanderson A, Jger J, Tyson PD, Moore BI II, et al. 2004. Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet Under Pressure. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag
25. Bishop JKB, Davis RE, Sherman JT. 2002. Robotic observations of dust storm enhancement of carbon biomass in the North Pacific. Science 298:817-820
26. Duce RA, Ray BJ, Hoffman JL,Walsh PR. 1976. Trace metal concentration as a function of particle size in marine aerosols from Bermuda. Geophys. Res. Lett. 3:339-342
27. Garrison VH, Shinn EA, Foreman WT, Griffin DW, Holmes CW, et al. 2003. African and Asian dust: from desert soils to coral reefs. BioScience 53:469-480
28. Natl. Res. Counc. (NRC). 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation.Washington, DC: Natl. Acad.
29. Orians GH. 1981. Aggregations: curse and necessity. In The National Research Council/1980: Issues and Current Studies, pp. 57-66.Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Sci.
30. Frost TM, Carpenter SR, Kratz TK. 1992. Choosing ecological indicators: effects of taxonomic aggregation on sensitivity to stress and natural variability. Proc. Int. Symp. Ecol. Indic., ed. DH McKenzie, DE Hyatt, VJ McDonald, 1:215-227 London: Elsevier Appl. Sci.
31. Heinz Cent. 2002. The State of the Nation's Ecosystems 2002. Washington, DC: H John Heinz III Cent. Sci., Econ., Environ.
32. Heinz Cent. 2008. The State of the Nation's Ecosystems 2008. Washington, DC: H John Heinz III Cent. Sci., Econ., Environ.
33. Hall S. 2007. The development of U.K. sustainable development indicators: making indicators work. See Ref. 159, pp. 293-307
34. Heinz Cent. 2006. Filling the Gaps: Priority Data Needs and Key Management Challenges for National Reporting on Ecosystem Condition.Washington, DC: H. John Heinz III Cent. Sci., Econ., Environ.
35. Landres PB. 1992. Ecological indictors: panacea or liability? Ecological Indicators, ed. DH McKenzie, DE Hyatt, VBJ McDonald, 2:1295-1318 London: Elsevier Appl. Sci.
36. Organ. Econ. Co-op. Dev. (OECD). 2001. OECD Environmental Indicators. Towards Sustainable Development. Paris: OECD
37. Organ. Econ. Co-op. Dev. (OECD). 2002. Indicators to Measure Decoupling of Environmental Pressures from Economic Growth. SG/SD (2002)1. Paris: OECD
38. US Gov. Acc. Off. (GAO). 2003. Forum on key national indicators: assessing the nation's position and progress. Rep. GAO-03-672SP,Washington, DC
39. Natl. Res. Counc. (NRC). 1995. Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program: Overall Evaluation.Washington, DC: Natl. Acad.
40. Cash DW, Clark WC, Alcock F, Dickson NM, Eckley N, et al. 2003. Knowledge systems for sustainable development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:8086-8091
41. Natl. Res. Counc. (NRC). 2007. Analysis of Global Change Assessments: Lessons Learned.Washington, DC: Natl. Acad.
42. Mitchell RB, Clark WC, Cash DW, Dickson NM, eds. 2006. Global Environmental Assessments: Information and Influence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
43. Heinz Cent. 2008. Environmental Information: Road Map to the Future.Washington, DC: H John Heinz III Cent. Sci., Econ., Environ.
44. 2007. RECOVER: CERP system-wide performance measure report: development and application of comprehensive everglades restoration plan system-wide performance measures. http://www.evergladesplan.org/ pm/recover/perf systemwide.aspx
45. US Environ. Prot. Agency. (EPA). 2008. Report on the Environment. Washington, DC: EPA
46. Ecol. Soc. Am. (ESA). 2008. Special issue: continental-scale ecology in an increasingly connected world. Front. Ecol. Environ. 6:227-284
47. Gorham E, Brush GS, Graumlich LJ, Rosenzweig ML, Johnson AH. 2001. The value of paleoecology as an aid to monitoring ecosystems and landscapes, chiefly with reference to North America. Environ. Rev. 9:99-126
48. Cohen WB, Goward SN. 2004. Landsat's role in ecological applications of remote sensing. BioScience 54:5325-5345
49. Hansen MR, DeFries R, Townshend JRG, Sohlberg R. 2000. Global land cover classification at 1 km resolution using a decision tree classifier. Int. J. Remote Sens. 21:1331-1365
50. Tucker CJ, Pinzon JE, Brown ME, Slayback D, Pak EW, et al. 2005. An extended AVHRR 8-km NDVI data set compatible with MODIS and SPOT vegetation NDVI data. Int. J. Remote Sens. 26:4485-4498
51. Hobbie JE. 2003. Scientific accomplishments of the long term ecological research program: an introduction. BioScience 53:17-32
52. US For. Serv. 2008. Forest Inventory and Analysis. Fiscal Year 2007, Business Report.Washington, DC: US For. Serv.
53. US Geol. Surv. 2009. National water-quality assessment (NAWQA) program. Washington, DC. http:// water.usgs.gov/nawqa/
54. Keller M, Schimel DS, Hargrove WW, Hoffman FM. 2008. A continental strategy for the National Ecological Observatory Network. Front. Ecol. Environ. 6:282-284
55. Stearns SC, Magwene P. 2003. The naturalist in a world of genomics. Am. Nat. 161:171-180
56. Baker CS, Palumbi SR. 1994. Which whales are hunted? A molecular genetic approach to monitoring whaling. Science 265:1538-1539
57. Natl. Res. Counc. (NRC). 2004. Atlantic Salmon in Maine.Washington, DC: Natl. Acad.
58. Bernardo R, Yu J. 2007. Prospects for genome-wide selection for quantitative traits in maize. Crop Sci. 47:1082-1090
59. Emrich SJ, Barbazuk WB, Li L, Schnable PS. 2007. Gene discovery and annotation using LCM-454 transcriptome sequencing. Genome Res. 17:69-73
60. Ahn C, Gillevet PM, Sikaroodi M. 2007. Molecular characterization of microbial communities in treatment microcosm wetlands as influenced by macrophytes and phosphorus loading. Ecol. Indic. 7:852-863
61. Miracle AL, Toth GP, Lattier DL. 2003. The path from molecular indicators of exposure to describing dynamic biological systems in an aquatic organism: microarrays and the fathead minnow. Ecotoxicology 12:457-462
62. Karouna-Renier NK, Zehr JP. 1999. Ecological implications of molecular biomarkers: assaying sublethal stress in the midge Chironomus tentans using heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) expression. Hydrobiologia 401:255-261
63. Benner R, Opsahi S. 2001. Molecular indicators of the sources and transformations of dissolved organic matter in the Mississippi River plume. Org. Geochem. 32:597-611
64. Allwood JM, Ellis DI, Goodacre R. 2008. Metabolomic technologies and their application to the study of plants and plant-host interactions. Physiol. Plant. 132:117-135
65. Liew OW, Chong PCJ, Asundi AK. 2008. Signature optical cues: emerging technologies for monitoring plant health. Sensors 8:3205-3239
66. Mazarei M, Teplova I, Hajimorad MR, Stewart CN. 2008. Pathogen phytosensing: plants to report plant pathogens. Sensors 8:2628-2641
67. Niemi GJ, McDonald ME. 2004. Application of ecological indicators. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35:89-111
68. Klaper R, Thomas MA. 2004. At the crossroads of genomics and ecology: the promise of a canary on a chip. BioScience 54:403-412
69. Millenn. Ecosyst. Assess. 2003. Ecosystems andHumanWell-being.AFramework for Assessment.Washington, DC: Island
70. Daily GC, ed. 1997. Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems.Washington, DC: Island
71. Carpenter SR, Mooney HA, Agard J, Capistrano DS, DeFries R, et al. 2009. Science for managing ecosystem services: beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106:1305-1313
72. Agogue HM, Brink M, Dinasquet J, Herndl GJ. 2008. Major gradients in putatively nitrifying and non-nitrifying Archaea in the deep North Atlantic. Nature 456:788-791
73. Barber RT. 2007. Picoplankon do some heavy lifting. Science 315:777-778
74. Falkowski PG, Katz ME, Knoll AH, Quigg A, Raven JA, et al. 2004. The evolution of modern eukaryotic phytoplankton. Science 305:354-360
75. Falkowski PG, Fenchel T, Delong EF. 2008. The microbial engines that drive Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Science 320:1034-1039
76. Johnson DM, Krsek M, Wellington EMH, Stott AW, Cole L, et al. 2005. Soil invertebrates disrupt carbon flow through fungal networks. Science 309:1047
77. Hooper DU, Bignell DE, Brown VK, Brussaard L, Dangerfield JM, et al. 2000. Interactions between aboveground and belowground biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems: patterns, mechanisms, and feedbacks. BioScience 50:1049-1061
78. Richardson TL, Jackson GA. 2007. Small phytoplankton and carbon export from the surface ocean. Science 315:838-840
79. Rabalais NN, Turner RE, Wiseman WJ Jr. 2002. Gulf of Mexico hypoxia, A. K. A. "the dead zone." Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 33:235-263
80. Hammond A, Adriaanse A, Rodenburg E, Bryant D,Woodward R. 1995. Environmental Indicators: A Systematic Approach to Measuring and Reporting on Environmental Policy Performance in the Context of Sustainable Development.Washington, DC:World Resourc. Inst.
81. Jablonski D. 1986. Background and mass extinctions: the alteration of macroevolutionary regimes. Science 231:129-133
82. Jablonski D. 1991. Extinctions: a paleontological perspective. Science 253:754-757
83. Raup DM. 1988. Diversity crises in the geological past. In Biodiversity, ed. EO Wilson, FM Peter, pp. 51-57.Washington, DC: Natl. Acad.
84. Raup DM. 1991. Extinction: Bad Genes or Bad Luck? New York: Norton
85. Scheffer M, Hosper SH, Meyjer M-L, Moss B, Jeppsen E. 1993. Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8:275-279
86. Scheffer M, Carpenter SR, Foley JA, Folke C,Walker B. 2001. Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413:591-606
87. Folke C, Carpenter S, Walker B, Scheffer M, Elmqvist T, et al. 2005. Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35:557-581
88. Persson L, Amundsen P-A, De Roos AM, Klemetsen R, Knudsen R, Primicerio R. 2007. Culling prey promotes predator recovery-alternative states in a whole-lake experiment. Science 316:1743-1745
89. Carpenter SR, Ludwig D, BrockWA. 1999. Management of eutrophication for lakes subject to potentially irreversible change. Ecol. Appl. 9:751-771
90. Walker BH. 1993. Rangeland ecology: understanding and managing change. AMBIO 22:80-87
91. Ludwig D,Walker B, Holling CS. 1997. Sustainability, stability and resilience. Conserv. Ecol. 1:7
92. Knowlton N. 1992. Thresholds and multiple stable states in coral reef community dynamics. Am. Zool. 32:674-682
93. Hughes TP. 1994. Catastrophic phase shifts and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. Science 226:1547-1549
94. Natl. Res. Counc. (NRC). 1992. Science and the National Parks.Washington, DC: Natl. Acad.
95. Natl. Res. Counc. (NRC). 1994. A Biological Survey for the Nation.Washington, DC: Natl. Acad.
96. Overpeck JT, Otto-Bliesner BL, MillerGH,Muhs, DR, Alley RB, Kiehl JT. 2006. Paleoclimatic evidence for future ice-sheet instability and rapid sea-level rise. Science 311:1747-1750
97. Pauly D. 1995. Anecdotes and the shifting baseline syndrome of fisheries. Trend Ecol. Evol. 10:430
98. Costanza R, Daly H. 1992. Natural capital and sustainable development. Conserv. Biol. 1:37-45
99. Arrow KJ, Dasgupta P, Goulder L, Daily G, Ehrlich PR, et al. 2004. Are we consuming too much? J. Econ. Perspect. 18:147-172
100. Dasgupta P. 2007. Nature and the economy. J. Appl. Ecol. 44:475-487
101. Meadows DH, Meadows DL, Randers J, Behrens WW III. 1972. The Limits to Growth. New York: Universe Books
102. Meadows DH, Randers J, Meadows DL. 2004. Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update. New York: Universe Books
103. Deutsch LC, Folke C, Skänberg K. 2003. The critical natural capital of ecosystem performance as insurance for human well-being. Ecol. Econ. 44:205-217
104. Butcher SS, Charlson RJ, Orians GH, Wolfe GV, eds. 1992. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. New York: Academic
105. Schlesinger WH. 1997. Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change. San Diego, CA: Academic. 2nd ed.
106. Galloway JN,Townsend AR, Erisman JW, Bekunda M, Cai Z, et al. 2008.Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions, and potential solutions. Science 320:889-892
107. Gruber N, Galloway JN. 2008. An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle. Nature 451:293-296
108. Porter E, Blett T, Potter DU, Huber C. 2005. Protecting resources on federal lands: implications of critical loads for atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur. BioScience 55:603-612
109. IPCC. 1992. Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
110. IPCC. 1996. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
111. IPCC. 2001. Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report. A Contribution of Working Group I, II, and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed.RTWatson, the CoreWriting Team. Cambridge, UK/New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
112. IPCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
113. Doney SC, Schimel DS. 2007. Carbon and climate system coupling on timescales from the Precambrian to the Anthropocene. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 32:31-66
114. World Meteorol. Organ. (WMO). 1995. Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 1994. WMO Global Ozone Res. Monit. Proj. Rep. No.37, Geneva
115. McGuire VL, Stanton CP, Fischer BC. 1999. Water level changes, 1980 to 1997, and saturated thickness, 1996-97. The High Plains Aquifer, U.S. Geol. Surv. Fact Sheet FS-124-199 http://ne.water.usgs.gov/ highplains/
116. Gleick PH. 2008. The World's Water 2008-2009. The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources.Washington, DC: Island
117. Meadows D. 1998. Indicators and Information Systems for Sustainable Development. A Report to the Balaton Group. Hartland, VT: Sustain. Inst.
118. Scholes RJ, Mace GM, Turner W, Geller GN, Jurgens N, et al. 2008. Ecology: toward a global biodiversity observing system. Science 321:1044-1045
119. UN Environ. Program. 1997. Recommendation for a core set of indicators of biological diversity. Conv. Biol. Divers., 3rdMeet., Montreal, Sept. 1-5. Item 7.3 of the provisional agenda. INEP/CBC/SBSTTA/3/9/ and inf. 23, inf. 14
120. Natl. Res. Counc. (NRC). 1995. Science and the Endangered Species Act.Washington, DC: Natl. Acad.
121. Raunkiaer C. 1934. The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography. Oxford: Clarendon
122. Holdridge LR. 1967. Life Zone Ecology. San Jose, Costa Rica: Tropical Sci. Cent.
123. Whittaker RH. 1975. Communities and Ecosystems. New York: Macmillan. 2nd ed.
124. Olson DM, Dinerstein E. 1998. The Global 200: A representation approach to conserving the earth's most biologically valuable ecoregions. Conserv. Biol. 3:502-515
125. Ricketts TH, Dinerstein E, Olson DM, Loucks CL, Eichbaum W, et al. 1999. Terrestrial Ecoregions of North America. A Conservation Assessment. Covelo, CA: Island
126. Abell RA, Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Hurley PT, Diggs JT, et al. 1999. Freshwater Ecoregions of North America. A Conservation Assessment. Covelo, CA: Island
127. Natl. Ocean. Atmos. Adm. (NOAA). 1991. Policy on applying the definition of species under the Endangered Species Act to Pacific salmon. Fed. Regist. 56:58612-58618
128. Duke G. 2008. The EU environmental policy context for monitoring for and with raptors in Europe. AMBIO 37:397-400
129. IUCN. 1994. IUCN Red List Categories. Gland, Switz./Cambridge, UK: IUCN
130. IUCN, Conserv. Int./NatureServe. 2006. Global Amphibian Assessment.Washington, DC: IUCN
131. IUCN. 2008. The 2008 Review of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.Washington, DC: IUCN
132. Nature Serve. 2007. International ecological classification standard: terrestrial ecological systems. Nature Serve Central Databases. Arlington, VA. http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/ NatureServe?init=Ecol
133. MaceGM,Collar NJ, Gaston KJ, Hilton-Taylor C, Akc?kaya HR, et al. 2008. Quantification of extinction risk: IUCN's system for classifying threatened species. Conserv. Biol. 22:1424-1442
134. Schipper J, Chanson JS, Chiozza F, Cox NA, Hoffmann M, et al. 2008. The status of the world's land and marine mammals: diversity, threat, and knowledge. Science 322:225-230
135. Lawton JH, Gaston KJ. 2001. Indicator species. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, ed. S Levin, 3:437-450 San Diego, CA: Academic
136. Wiens JA, Hayward GD, Holthausen RS, Wisdom MJ. 2008. Using surrogate species and groups for conservation planning and management. BioScience 58:241-252
137. Hawkins CP, Norris RH, Hogue NJ, Feminella JW. 2000. Development and evaluation of predictive models for measuring the biological integrity of streams. Ecol. Appl. 10:1456-1477
138. Karr JR, Fausch KD, Angermeier PL, Yant PR, Schlosser IJ. 1986. Assessment of Biological Integrity in Running Waters: A Method and Its Rationale. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Spec. Publ. No.5, Champaign
139. Hawkins CP, Carlisle DM. 2001. Use of predictive models for assessing the biological integrity of wetlands and other aquatic habitats. In Assessment and Management of North American FreshwaterWetlands, ed. DP Batzer, SAWissinger, pp. 59-83. New York:Wiley
140. Reynoldson TB, Norris RH, Resh VH, Day KE, Rosenberg DM. 1997. The reference condition: a comparison of multimetric and multivariate approaches to assess water-quality impairment using benthic macroinvertebrates. J. North Am. Benthol. Soc. 16:833-852
141. Scholes RJ, Biggs R. 2005. A biodiversity intactness index. Nature 434:45-49
142. Levitus S, Antonov JI, Boyer TP, Stephens C. 2000.Warming of the world ocean. Science 287:2225-2229
143. Doney SC. 2006. The dangers of ocean acidification. Sci. Am. 294:58-65
144. Howarth RW, Billen G, Swaney D, Townsend A, Jaworski N, et al. 1996. Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N & P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: natural and human influences. Biogeochemistry 35:75-139
145. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. (NMFS). 2009. Fish stock sustainability index (FSSI): 2008 quarter 4 updated through Dec. 31. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/ statusoffisheries/SOSmain.htm
146. Auld G, Gulbrandsen LH, McDermott CL. 2008. Certification schemes and the impacts on forests and forestry. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 33:187-211
147. Rees W. 1992. Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: what urban economics leaves out. Environ. Urban. 4:121-130
148. Rees W, Wackernagel M. 1994. Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: measuring the natural capital requirements of the human economy. In Investing in Natural Capital: The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability, ed. A-M Jansson, M Hammer, C Folke, R Costanza, pp. 362-390 Washington, DC: Island
149. Folke C, Kautsky N, Berg H, Jansson A,Troell M. 1998. The ecological footprint concept for sustainable seafood production: a review. Ecol. Appl. 8:S63-71
150. Sonak S. 2004. Ecological footprint of production: a tool to assess environmental impacts of tourism activity. J. Tour. Stud. 15:2-12
151. Swed. Minist. Environ. 2006. Environmental Quality Objectives-A Shared Responsibility. Summary of Government Bill 2004. Stockholm: Swed. Gov. Off.
152. Rapport DJ. 1992. Evolution of indicators of ecosystem health. Ecological Indicators, ed. DH McKenzie, DE Hyatt, VI McDonald, 1:121-134 New York: Elsevier Appl. Sci.
153. Fitzsimmons AK. 1999. The illusion of ecosystem management. PERC Rep. 17:3-5
154. Goldstein PZ. 1999. Functional ecosystems and biodiversity buzzwords. Conserv. Biol. 13:247-255
155. Lackey RT. 2001. Values, policy, and ecosystem health. BioScience 51:437-443
156. Lehman H. 2000. Ecosystem health as a moral requirement. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 12:305-317
157. Policansky D. 1993. Application of ecological knowledge to environmental problems: ecological risk assessment. In Comparative Risk Assessment, ed. CR Cothern, pp. 37-51. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis
158. Suter GWII. 1993. A critique of ecosystem health concepts and indexes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12:1533-1539
159. Hk TB, Moldan B, Dahl AL. 2007. Sustainability Indicators: A Scientific Assessment. Washington, DC: Island
160. Milon JW, Shogren JE. 1995. Epilogue. In Integrating Economic and Ecological Indicators. Practical Methods for Environmental Policy Analysis, ed. JW Milon, JE Shogren, pp. 181-183 London: Praeger
161. Hamilton K, Clemens M. 1999. Genuine savings rates in developing countries. World Bank Econ. Rev. 13:333-356
162. Dasgupta P. 2001. Human Well-Being and the Natural Environment. Oxford: Oxford Univ.
163. Dasgupta P. 2008. Nature in economics. Environ. Resour. Econ. 39:1-7
164. Running SW, Nemani RR, Heinsch FA, Zhao M, Reeves M, Hashimoto H. 2004. A continuous satellitederived measure of global terrestrial primary production. BioScience 54:547-560
165. Treuhaft RN, Law BE, Asner GR. 2004. Forest attributes from radar interferometric structure and its fusion with optical remote sensing. BioScience 54:561-571
166. Turner DP, Ollinger SV, Kimball JS. 2004. Integrating remote sensing and ecosystem process models for landscape- to regional-scale analysis of the carbon cycle. BioScience 4:573-584
167. Wulder MA, Hall RJ, Coops NC, Franklin SE. 2004. High spatial resolution remotely sensed data for ecosystem characterization. BioScience 56:511-521
168. DeFries R. 2008. Terrestrial vegetation in the coupled human-earth system: contributions from remote sensing. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 33:369-390
169. Ustin SL, Roberts DA, Gamon JA, Asner GP, Green RO. 2004. Using imaging spectroscopy to study ecosystem processes and properties. BioScience 54:523-534
170. O'Malley R, Marsh AS, Negra C. 2009. Closing the environmental data gap. Issues Sci. Technol. 25:69-74