Congenital malformations of the female genital tract: the need for a new classification system

Fertility and Sterility

Volumn 94, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 401-407

  Grimbizis, Grigoris F ^a   Campo, Rudi ^b  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^b European Academy of Gynecological Surgery   (Belgium)

Author keywords

classification; Congenital malformations; female genital anomalies

Indexed keywords

ANATOMICAL VARIATION; ARTICLE; CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; EMBRYOLOGY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM; FEMALE GENITAL TRACT MALFORMATION; HUMAN; HYSTEROSCOPY; LAPAROSCOPY; MEDICAL SOCIETY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; SURGICAL ANATOMY; UTERUS MALFORMATION;

FEMALE; FEMALE UROGENITAL DISEASES; GENITALIA, FEMALE; HUMANS; UROGENITAL ABNORMALITIES;

EID: 77953694187     PISSN: 00150282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.02.030     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Acien P. Embryological observations on the female genital tract. Hum Reprod 7 (1992) 437-445
2. Acien P., Acien M., and Sanchez-Ferrer M. Complex malformations of the female genital tract. New Types and revision of classification. Hum Reprod 19 (2004) 2377-2384
3. Acien P., Acien M., and Sanchez-Ferrer M.L. Mullerian anomalies "without a classification": from the didelphys-unicollis uterus to the bicervical uterus with or without septate vagina. Fertil Steril 91 (2009) 2369-2375
4. American Fertility Society. The AFS classification of adnexal aghesions, distal tubal occlusion, tubal occlusion secondary to tubal ligation, tubal pregnancies, Mullerian anomalies and intrauterine adhesions. Fertil Steril 49 (1988) 944-955
5. Ashton D., Amin H.K., Richard R.M., and Neuwirth R.S. The incidence of asymptomatic uterine anomalies in women undergoing transcervical tubal sterilization. Obstet Gynecol 72 (1988) 28-30
6. Grimbizis G.F., Camus M., Tarlatzis B.C., Bontis J.N., and Devroey P. Clinical implications of uterine malformations and hysteroscopic treatment results. Hum Reprod Update 7 (2001) 161-164
7. Saravelos S.H., Cocksedge K.A., and Li T.-C. Prevalence and diagnosis of congenital uterine anomalies in womwn with reproductive failure: a critical appraisal. Hum Reprod Update 14 (2008) 415-429
8. Troiano R.N., and McCarthy S.M. Müllerian duct anomalies: imaging and clinical issues. Radiology 233 (2004) 19-34
9. Buttram V.C., and Gibbons W.E. Mullerian anomalies: a proposed classification (an analysis of 144 cases). Fertil Steril 32 (1979) 40-46
10. Oppelt P., Renner S.P., Brucker S., Strissel P.L., Strick R., Oppelt P.G., et al. The VCUAM (Vagina Cervix Uterus Adnex Associated Malformation) Classification: a new classification for genital malformations. Fertil Steril 84 (2005) 1493-1497
11. Ballesio L., Andreoli C., De Cicco M.L., Angeli M.L., and Manganaro L. Hematocolpos in double vagina associated with uterus didelphys: US and MRI findings. Eur J Radiol 45 (2003) 150-153
12. Burgis J. Obstuctive Mullerian anomalies: case report, diagnosis and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185 (2001) 338-344
13. Chang A.S., Siegel C.L., Moley K.H., Ratts V.S., and Odem R.R. Septate uterus with cervical duplication and longitudinal vaginal septum: a report of five new cases. Fertil Steril 81 (2004) 1133-1136
14. Coskun A., Okur N., Ozdemir O., Kiran G., and Arykan D.C. Uterus didelphys with an obstructed unilateral vagina by a transverse vaginal septum associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis, duplication of inferior vena cava, high-riding aortic bifurcation and intestinal malrotation a case report. Fertil Steril 2008 (2006) 90 e9-11
15. Duffy D.A., Nulsen J., Maier D., Schmidt D., and Benadiva C. Septate uterus with cervical duplication: a full-term delivery after resection of a vaginal septum. Fertil Steril 81 (2004) 1125-1126
16. Fedele L., Bianchi S., Frontino G., Ciappina N., Fontana E., and Borruto F. Laparoscopic findings and pelvic anatomy in Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 109 (2007) 1111-1115
17. Goluda M., MSt G., Ujec M., Jedryka M., and Goluda C. Bicornuate rudimentary uterine horns with functioning endometrium and complete cervical-vaginal agenesis coexisting with ovarian endometriosis: a case report. Fertil Steril 86 (2006) 462 e9-11
18. Grimbizis G., Tsalikis T., Mikos T., Papadopoulos N., Tarlatzis B.C., and Bontis J.N. Successful end-to-end cervico-cervical anastomosis in a patient with congenital cervical fragmentation: case report. Hum Reprod 19 (2004) 1204-1210
19. Growdon W.B., and Laufer M.R. Uterine didelphys with duplicated upper vagina and bilateral lower vaginal agenesis: a novel Müllerian anomaly with options for surgical management. Fertil Steril 89 (2008) 693-698
20. Grunfeld L., Klein J., and Steren C. The management of uterus septus. Fertil Steril 83 (2004) 766-767
21. Hur J.-Y., Shin J.-H., Lee J.-K., Oh M.-J., Saw H.-S., Park Y.-K., et al. Septate uterus with double cervices, unilaterally obstructed vaginal septum and ipsilateral renal agenesis: a rare combination of Mullerian and Wolffian anomalies complicated by severe endometriosis in an adolescent. J Min Invas Gynecol 14 (2007) 128-131
22. Kumar S., Singh S.K., Mavuduru R., Naveen A., Agarwal M.M., Vanita J., et al. Bicornuate uterine horns with complete cervico-vaginal agenesis and congenital vesicouterine fistula. Int Urogynecol J 19 (2008) 739-741
23. Madureira A.J., Mariz C.M., Bernardes J.C., and Ramos I.M. Uterus didelphys with obstructing hemivaginal septum and ipsilateral renal agenesis. Radiology 239 (2006) 602-606
24. Mirkovic L., Ljubic A., and Mirkovic D. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of uterus didelphys with obstructed hemivagina and renal agenesis: a case report. Arch Gynecol Obstet 274 (2006) 246-247
25. Orazi C., Lucchetti C., Schingo P.M.S., Marchetti P., and Ferro F. Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome: uterus didelphys, blind hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis. Sonographic and MRI findings in 11 cases. Pediatr Radiol 37 (2007) 657-665
26. Patterson D., Mueller C., Strubel N., Rivera R., Ginsburg H.B., and Nadler E.P. Laparoscopic neo-os creation in an adolescent with uterus didelphys and obstructed hemivagina. J Pediatr Surg 41 (2006) E19-E22
27. Patton P.E., Novy M.J., Lee D.M., and Hickok L.R. The diagnosis and reproductive outcome after surgical treatment of the complete septate uterus, duplicated cervix and vaginal septum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 190 (2004) 1669-1678
28. Parsanezhad M.E., Alborzi S., Zarei A., Dehbashi S., Shirazi L.G., Rajaeefard A., et al. Hysteroscopic metroplasty of the complete uterine septum, duplicate cervix and vaginal septum. Fertil Steril 85 (2006) 1473-1477
29. Pavone M.E., King J.A., and Vlahos N. Septate uterus with cervical duplication and a longitudinal vaginal septum: a Mullerian anomaly without a classification. Fertil Steril 85 (2006) 494 e9-10
30. Sadik S., Taskin O., Sehirali S., Mendilcioglu I., Onoglu A.S., Kursun S., et al. Complex Mullerian malformations: report of a case with hypoplastic non-cavitated uterus and two rudimentary horns. Hum Reprod 17 (2002) 1343-1344
31. Spitzer R.F., Caccia N., Kives S., and Allen L.M. Hysteroscopic unification of a complete obstructing uterine septum: case report and review of the literature. Fertil Steril 90 (2008) 2016 e17-20
32. Strawbrigde L.C., Crough N.S., Cutner A.S., and Creighton S.M. Obstructive Mullerian anomalies and modern laparoscopic management. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 20 (2007) 195-200
33. Tsai C.-H., Chen C.-P., Chang M.D.-T., Chang S.-J., and Chien S.-C. Hematometrocolpos secondary to didelphys uterus and unilateral imperforated double vagina as an unusual cause of acute abdomen. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 46 (2007) 448-452
34. Vercellini P., Daguati R., Somigliana E., Vigano P., Lanzani A., and Fedele L. Asymmetric lateral distribution of obstructed hemivagina and renal agenesis in women with uterus didelphys: institutional case series and a systematic literature review. Fertil Steril 87 (2007) 719-724
35. Zurawin R.K., Dietrich J.E., Heard M.J., and Edwards C.L. Didelphic uterus and obstructed hemivagina with renal agenesis: case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 17 (2004) 137-141
36. Tomazevic T., Ban-Frangez H., Ribic-Pucelj M., Premru-Srsen T., and Verderik I. Small uterine septum is an important risk variable for preterm birth. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 135 (2007) 154-157
37. Aittomaki K., Eroila H., and Kajanoja P. A population-based study of the incidence of Müllerian aplasia in Finland. Fertil Steril 76 (2001) 624-625
38. Guerrier D., Mouchel T., Pasquier L., and Pellerin I. The Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome (congenital absence of uterus and vagina)-phenotypic manifestations and genetic approaches. J Nedat Results Biomed 5 (2006) 1-8
39. Joki-Erkkilä M.M., and Heinonen P.K. Presenting and long-term clinical implications and fecundity in females with obstructing vaginal malformations. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 16 (2003) 307-312
40. Rock J.A., Carpenter S.E., Wheeless C.R., and Jones H.W.J. The clinical management of maldevelopment of the uterine cervix. J Pelv Surg 1 (1995) 129-133
41. Braun P., Grau F.V., Pons R.M., and Enguix D.P. Is hysterosalpingography able to diagnose all uterine malformations correctly? A retrospective study. Eur J Radiol 53 (2005) 274-279
42. Kupesic S. Clinical implications of sonographic detection of uterine anomalies for reproductive outcome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 18 (2001) 387-400
43. Lindheim S.R., Adsuar N., Kushner D.M., Pritts E.A., and Olive D.L. Sonohysterography: a valuable tool in evaluating the female pelvis. Obstet Gynecol Survey 58 (2003) 770-784
44. Mazouni C., Girard G., Deter R., Haumonte J.-B., Blanc B., and Bretelle F. Diagnosis of Mullerian anomalies in adults: evaluation of practice. Fertil Steril 89 (2008) 219-222
45. Renbaum L., Ufberg D., Sammel M., Zhou L., Jabara S., and Barnhart K. Reliability of clinicians versus radiologists for detecting abnormalities on hysterosalpingogram films. Fertil Steril 78 (2002) 614-618
46. Roma Dalfo A, Ubeda B, Ubeda A, Monzoni M, Rotger R, Ramos R, et al. Diagnostic value of hysterosalpingography in the detection of intrauterine abnormalities: a comparison with hysteroscopy. 2004; Am J Radiol 183:1405-9.
47. Swart P., Mol B.W., van der Veen F., van Beurden M., Redekop W.K., Bossuyt P.M., et al. The accuracy of hysterosalpingography in the diagnosis of tubal pathology: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 64 (1995) 486-491
48. Alborzi S., Dehbashi S., and Parsanezhad M.E. Differential diagnosis of septate and bicornuate uterus by sonohysterography eliminates the need for laparoscopy. Fertil Steril 78 (2002) 176-178
49. Cepni I., Ocal P., Erkan S., Saricalli F.S., Akbas H., Demirkiran F., et al. Comparison of transvaginal sonography, saline infusion sonography and hysteroscopy in the evaluation of uterine cavity pathologies. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 45 (2005) 30-35
50. Ghi T., Casadio P., Kuleva M., Perrone A.M., Savelli L., Giunchi S., et al. Accuracy of three-dimensional ultrasound in diagnosis and classification of congenital uterine anomalies. Fertil Steril 92 (2009) 808-813
51. Guimarães Filho H.A., Mattar R., Pires C.R., Araujo Junior E., Moron A.F., et al. Comparison of hysterosalpingography, hysterosonography and hysteroscopy in evaluation of the uterine cavty in patients with recurrent pregnancy losses. Arch Gynecol Obstet 274 (2006) 284-288
52. Guven M.A., Bese T., Demirkiran F., Idil M., and Mgoyi L. Hydrosonography in screening for intracavitary pathology in infertile women. Int J Gynecol Obstet 86 (2004) 377-383
53. Jurkovic D. Three-dimensional ultrasound in gynecology: a critical evaluation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 9 (2002) 109-117
54. Raine-Fenning N., and Fleischer A. Clarifying the role of three-dimensional transvaginal sonography in reproductive medicine: an evidence-based appraisal. J Exper Clin Ass Reprod 2 (2005) 10
55. Salim R., Woelfer B., Backos M., Regan L., and Jurkovic D. Reproducibility of three-dimensional ultrasound diagnosis of congenital uterine anomalies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 21 (2003) 578-582
56. Shokeir S., and Abdelshaheed M. Sonohysterography as a first-line evaluation for uterine abnormalities in women with recurrent failed in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Fertil Steril 91 (2009) 1321-1322
57. Tur-Kaspa I., Gal M., Hartman M., Hartman J., and Hartman A. A prospective evaluation of uterine abnormalities by saline infusion sonohysterography in 1009 women with infertility or abnormal uterine bleeding. Fertil Steril 86 (2006) 1731-1735
58. Valenzano M.M., Mistrangelo E., Lijoi D., Fortunato T., Lantieri P.B., Risso D., et al. Transvaginal sonohysterographic evaluation of uterine malformations. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 124 (2006) 246-249
59. Ayoubi J.-M., Fanchin R., Ferretti G., Pons J.-C., and Bricault I. Three-dimensional ultrasonographic reconstruction of the uterine cavity: toward virtual hysteroscopy?. Eur Radiol 12 (2002) 2030-2033
60. Woodward P.J., Wagner B.J., and Farley T. MR Imaging in the evaluation of female infertility. Radiographics 13 (1993) 293-310
61. Brosens J.J., Barker F.G., and deSouza N.M. Myometrial zonal differentiation and uterine junctional zone hyperplasia in the non-pregnant uterus. Hum Reprod Update 4 (1998) 496-502
62. Hricak H., Alpers C., Crooks L.E., and Sheldon P.E. Magnetic resonance imaging of the female pelvis: initial experience. Am J Radiol 141 (1983) 1119-1128
63. Brosens J.J., de Souza N.M., and Barker F.G. Uterine junctional zone: function and disease. Lancet 346 (1995) 558-560
64. Brosens J., Campo R., Gordts S., and Brosens I. Submucous and outer myometrium fibroid are two distinct clinical entities. Fertil Steril 79 (2003) 1452-1454
65. Fusi L., Cloke B., and Brosens J.J. The uterine junctional zone. Best Pract Res Clin Obstetr Gynaecol 20 (2006) 479-491
66. Gianaroli L., Gordts S., D'Angelo A., Magli M.C., Brosens I., Cetera C., et al. Effect of inner myometrium fibroid on reproductive outcome after IVF. Reprod Biomed Online 10 (2005) 473-477
67. Gordts S., Brosens J.J., Fusi L., Benagiano G., and Brosens I. Uterine adenomyosis: a need for uniform terminology and consensus classification. Reprod Biomed Online 17 (2008) 244-248
68. Scoutt L.M., Flynn S.D., Luthringer D.F., McCauley T.R., and McCarthy S.M. Junctional zone of the uterus: correlation of MRI and histologic examination of hysterectomy specimen. Radiology 179 (1991) 403-407
69. Tetlow R.L., Richmond I., Manton D.J., Greenman J., Turnbull L.W., and Killick S.R. Histological analysis of the uterine junctional zone as seen by transvaginal ultrasound. Untrasound Obstet Gynecol 14 (1999) 188-193
70. Imai A., Takagi H., and Matsunami K. Double uterus associated with renal aplasia; magnetic resonance appearance and three-dimensional computed tomographic urogram. Int J Gynecol Obstet 87 (2004) 169-171
71. Levsky M.J., and Mondshine R.T. Hematometrocolpos due to imperforate hymen in a patient with bicornuate uterus. Am J Radiol 186 (2006) 1469-1470
72. Marten K., Vosshenrich R., Funke M., Obenauer S., Baum F., and Grabbe E. MRI in the evaluation of Müllerian duct anomalies. J Clin Imaging 27 (2003) 346-350
73. Minto C.L., Hollings N., Hall-Craggs M., and Creighton S. Magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of complex Mullerian anomalies. Br J Obstet Gynecol 108 (2001) 791-797
74. Pui M.H. Imaging diagnosis of congenital uterine malformation. Comput Med Imag Graph 28 (2004) 425-433
75. Scarsbrook A.F., and Moore N.R. MRI appearances of Mullerian duct abnormalities. Clin Radiol 58 (2003) 747-754
76. Takagi H., Matsunami K., Noda K., Furui T., and Imai A. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation double uterus and associated urinary tract anomalies: a report of five cases. J Obstet Gynaecol 23 (2003) 525-527
77. Takeuchi H., Sato Y., Shimanuki H., Kikuchi J., Kitase M., and Kinoshita K. Accurate preoperative diagnosis and laparoscopic removal of the cavitated non-communicated uterine horn for obstructive Mullerian anomalies. J Obstet Gynecol Res 32 (2006) 74-79
78. Bettocchi S., Ceci O., Nappi L., Pontrelli G., Pinto L., and Vicino M. Office hysteroscopic motroplasty: three "diagnostic criteria" to differentiate between septate and bicornuate uteri. J Min Invas Gynecol 14 (2007) 324-328
79. Campo R., Van Belle Y., Rombauts L., Brosens I., and Gordts S. Office mini-hysteroscopy. Hum Reprod Update 5 (1999) 73-81
80. Gordts S., Campo R., Puttemans P., Verhoven H., Gianaroli L., Brosens J., et al. Investigation of the infertile couple: a one stop outpatient endoscopy-based approach. Hum Reprod 17 (2002) 1684-1687
81. Philbois O., Guye E., Richard O., Tardieu D., Seffert P., Chavrier Y., et al. Role of laparoscopy in vaginal malformation. An experience in 22 children. Surg Endosc 18 (2004) 87-91
82. Acien P., Acien M.I., Quereda F., and Santoyo T. Cervicovaginal agenesis: spontaneous gestation at term after previous reimplantation of the uterine corpus in a neovagina: case report. Hum Reprod 23 (2008) 548-553
83. Acien P., Sanchez-Ferrer M., and Mayol-Belda M.-J. Unilateral cervico-vaginal atresia with ipsilateral renal agenesis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 117 (2004) 249-251
84. Acien P. Reproductive performance of women with uterine malformations. Hum Reprod 8 (1993) 122-126
85. Garcia-Enguidanos A., Calle M.E., Valero J., Luna S., and Dominguez-Rojas V. Risk factors in miscarriage: a review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 102 (2002) 111-119
86. Heinonen P.K., Saarikoski S., and Pystynen P. Reproductive performance of women with uterine anomalies. An evaluation of 182 cases. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 61 (1982) 157-162
87. Lin P.C., Bhatnagar K.P., Nettleton G.S., and Nakajima S.T. Female genital anomalies affecting reproduction. Fertil Steril 78 (2002) 899-915
88. Rackow B.W., and Arici A. Reproductive performance of women with Mullerian anomalies. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 19 (2007) 229-237
89. Raga F., Bauset C., Remohi J., Bonilla-Musoles F., Simon C., and Pellicer A. Reproductive impact of congenital Mullerian anomalies. Hum Reprod 12 (1997) 2277-2281
90. Zlopasa G., Skrablin S., Kalafatic D., Banovic V., and Lesin J. Uterine anomalies and pregnancy outcome following rsectoscope metroplasty. Int J Gynecol Obstet 98 (2007) 129-133
91. Akar M.E., Bayar D., Yildiz S., Ozel M., and Gilmaz Z. Reproductive outcome of women with unicornuate uterus. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynecol 54 (2005) 148-150
92. Heinonen P.K. Unicornuate uterus and rudimentary horn. Fertil Steril 68 (1997) 224-230
93. Heinonen P.K. Complete septate uterus with longitudinal vaginal septum. Fertil Steril 85 (2006) 700-705
94. Woelfer B., Salim R., Banerjee S., Elson J., Regan L., and Jurkovic D. Reproductive outcomes in women with congenital uterine anomalies detected by three-dimensional ultrasound screening. Obstet Gynecol 98 (2001) 1099-1103
95. Arshad Z., and Mohan S. Pregnancy in a non-communicating uterine horn. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 84 (2005) 1023
96. Cutner A., Saridogan E., Hart R., Pandya P., and Creighton S. Laparoscopic management of pregnancies occurring in non-communicating accessory uterine horns. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 113 (2004) 106-109
97. Khanapure A., Aravind S., Lawley R., and Verwood G. Rupture of a pregnancy in the rudimentary communicating horn of the uterus. J Obstet Gynecol 25 (2005) 310-311
98. Sonmezer M., Taskin S., Atabekoglou C., Gungor M., and Unlu C. Laparoscopic management of rudimentary uterine horn pregnancy: case report and literature review. J Soc Laparoendosc Surg 10 (2006) 396-399
99. Tang R., Sheng Y., and Chen Z.J. Rupture of pregnancy in a communicating rudimentary uterine horn after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Int J Gynecol Obstet 86 (2004) 394-395
100. Bedner R., Rzepka-Gorska I., Blogowska A., Malecha J., and Kosmider M. Effects of a surgical treatment of congenital cervicovaginal agenesia. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 17 (2004) 327-330
101. Deffarges J.V., Haddad B., Musset R., and Paniel B.J. Utero-vaginal anastomosis in women with uterine cervix atresia: long-term follow-up and reproductive performance. A study of 18 cases. Hum Reprod 16 (2001) 1722-1725
102. Fujimoto V.Y., Miller J.H., Klein N.A., and Soules M.R. Congenital cervical atresia: report of seven cases and review of the literature. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177 (1997) 1419-1425
103. Selvaggi G., Monstrey S., Depypere H., Blondeel P., Van Landuyt K., Hamdi M., et al. Creation of a neovagina with the use of a pudendal thigh fasciocutaneous flap and restoration of uterovaginal continuity. Fertil Steril 80 (2003) 607-611
104. Sparac V., Stilinovic K., Ilijas M., Barcot Z., Kupesic S., Prka M., et al. Vaginal aplasia associated with anatomically and functionally normal uterus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 115 (2004) 110-112
105. Ziebarth A., Eyster K., and Hansen K. Delayed diagnosis of partially obstructed longitudinal vaginal septa. Fertil Steril 87 (2007) 697 e17-20
106. Bugmann P., Amaudruz M., Hanquinet S., La Scala G., Birraux J., and Le Coultre C. Uterocervicoplasty with a bladder mucosa layer for the treatment of complete cervical agenesis. Fertil Steril 77 (2002) 831-835
107. Connolly G., Devaney D., and McKenna P. A case of cervical dysgenesis. J Obstet Gynecol 24 (2004) 322-333
108. Fedele L., Bianchi S., Berlanda N., Fontana E., Raffaelli R., Bulfoni A., et al. Neovaginal mucosa after Vecchietti's laparoscopic operation for Rokitansky sundrome: structural and ultrastructural study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 195 (2006) 56-61
109. Heller-Boersma J.G., Schmidt U.H., and Edmonds D.K. A randomized controlled trial of a cognitive-behavioural group intervention versus waiting-list control for women with uterovaginal agenesis (Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome: MRKH). Hum Reprod 22 (2007) 2296-2301
110. Morgan E.M., and Quint E.H. Assessment of sexual functioning, mental health and life goals in women with vaginal agenesis. Arch Sex Behav 35 (2006) 607-618
111. Oppelt P., Renner S.P., Kellermann A., Brucker S., Hauser G.A., Ludwig K.S., et al. Clinical aspects of Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuester-Hauser syndrome: recommendations for clinical diagnosis and staging. Hum Reprod 21 (2006) 792-797
112. Seccia A., Salgarello M., Sturla M., Latorre S., and Farallo E. Neovaginal reconstruction with the modified McIndoe technique: a review of 32 cases. Ann Plast Surg 49 (2002) 379-384
113. O'Connor J.L., DeMarco R.T., Pope J.C., Adams M.C., and Brock J.W. Bowel vaginoplasty in children: a retrospective review. J Pediatr Surg 39 (2004) 1205-1208
114. Colacursi N., De Franciscis P., Mollo A., Litta P., Perino A., Cobellis L., et al. Small-diameter hysteroscopy with Versapoint versus resectoscopy with unipolar knife for the treatment of septate uterus: a prospective randomized study. J Min Invas Gynecol 14 (2007) 622-627
115. Fedele L., Bianchi S., Zanconato G., Berlanda N., and Bergamini V. Laparoscopic removal of the cavitated noncommunicating rudimentary uterine horn: surgical aspects in 10 cases. Fertil Steril 83 (2005) 432-436
116. Grimbizis G., Camus M., Clasen K., De Munck L., and Devroey P. Hysteroscopic septum resection in patients with recurrent abortions or infertility. Hum Reprod 13 (1998) 1188-1193
117. Theodoridis T.D., Saravelos H., Chatzigeorgiou K.N., Zepiridis L., Grimbizis G.F., Vavilis D., et al. Laparoscopic management of unicornuate uterus with non-communicating rudimentary horn (three cases). Reprod Biomed Online 12 (2006) 126-128
118. Litta P., Spiller E., Saccardi C., Ambrosini G., Caserta D., and Cosmi E. Resectoscope or Versapoint for hysteroscopic metroplasty. Int J Gynecol Obstet 101 (2008) 39-42
119. Nawroth F., Schmidt T., Freise C., Foth D., and Romer T. Is it possible to recommend an "optimal" postoperative management after hysteroscopic metroplasty? A retrospective study with 52 infertile patients showing a septate uterus. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 81 (2002) 55-57
120. Pabuccu R., and Gomel V. Reproductive outcome after hysteroscopic metroplasty in women with septate uterus and otherwise unexplained infertility. Fertil Steril 81 (2004) 1675-1678
121. Sinha R., Mahajan C., Hegde A., and Shukla A. Laparoscopic metroplasty for bicornuate uterus. J Min Invas Gynecol 13 (2006) 70-73
122. Alborzi S., Momtahan M., Parsanezhad M.E., and Yazdani M. Successful treatment of cervical aplasia using a peritoneal graft. Int J Gynecol Obstet 88 (2008) 299-302
123. Cai B., Zhang J.R., Xi X.W., Yan Q., and Wan X.P. Laparoscopically assisted sigmoid colon vaginoplasty in women with Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome: feasibility and short-term results. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 114 (2007) 1486-1492
124. Creighton S.M., Davies M.C., and Cutner A. Laparoscopic management of cervical agenesis. Fertil Steril 85 (2006) 1510 e13-15
125. Darwish A.M. A simplified novel laparoscopic formation of neovagina for cases of Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. Fertil Steril 88 (2007) 1427-1430
126. Ding D.-C., Hsu S., and Liu J.-Y. Vaginal agenesis in a girl with normal uterus and cervix reconstructed with vulvar skin graft. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 123 (2005) 257-258
127. Fedele L., Bianchi S., Berlanda N., Bulfoni A., and Fontana E. Laparoscopic creation of a neovagina and recovery of menstrual function in a patient with Rokitansky syndrome: a case report. Hum Reprod 21 (2006) 3287-3289
128. Fedele L., Bianchi S., Frontino G., Berlanda N., Montefusco S., and Borruto F. Laparoscopically assisted uterovesticular anastomosis in patients with uterine cervix atresia and vaginal aplasia. Fertil Steril 89 (2008) 212-216
129. Jasonni V.M., La Marca A., and Matonti G. Utero-vaginal anastomosis in the treatment of cervical atresia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 86 (2007) 1517-1518
130. Kresowik J., Ryan G.L., Austin C., and Van Voorhis B.J. Ultrasound-assisted repair of a unique case of distal vaginal agenesis. Fertil Steril 87 (2007) 976 e9-12
131. Miller R.J., and Breech L.L. Surgical correction of vaginal anomalies. Clin Obstet Gynecol 51 (2008) 223-226
132. Brun J.-L., Belleannee G., Grafeille N., Aslan A.-F., and Brun G.H. Long-term results after neovagina creation in Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome by Vecchietti's operation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 103 (2002) 168-172
133. Communal P.-H., Chevret-Measson M., Golfier F., and Raudrant D. Sexuality after sigmoid colpopoiesis in patients with Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. Fertil Steril 80 (2003) 600-606
134. Darai E., Toullalan O., Besse O., Potiron L., and Delga P. Anatomic and functional results of laparoscopic-perineal neovagina construction by sigmoid colpoplasty in women with Rokitansky's syndrome. Hum Reprod 11 (2003) 2454-2459
135. Giannesi A., Marchiole P., Benchaib M., Chevret-Measson M., Mathevet P., and Dargent D. Sexuality after laparoscopic Davydov in patients affected by congenital complete vaginal agenesis associated with uterine agenesis or hypoplasia. Hum Reprod 10 (2005) 2954-2957
136. Jones J., and Hunter D. Consensus methods for medical and health services research. Br Med J 311 (1995) 376-380