A just response to climate change: Personal carbon allowances and the normal-functioning approach

Journal of Social Philosophy

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 237-256

  Hyams, Keith ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77953685986     PISSN: 00472786     EISSN: 14679833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9833.2009.01449.x     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. For more detail on the subtle differences between these schemes, see Catherine Bottrill, "Understanding DTQs and PCAs", ECI Working Paper (2006), http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/research/energy/downloads/pct/dtq-and-pca.pdf (accessed September 24, 2008);
2. and Simon Roberts and Joshua Thumim, A Rough Guide to Individual Carbon Trading: The Ideas, the Issues and the Next Steps, Centre for Sustainable Energy report to Defra (2006), http://www.cse.org.uk/pdf/news1270.pdf (accessed September 24, 2008).
3. Cf. Paul Baer, "Equity, Greenhouse-Gas Emissions, and Global Common Resources", in Climate Change Policy: A Survey, ed. Stephen H. Schneider, Armin Rosencranz and John O. Niles (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002), 393-408, at 401.
4. David Fleming, Paper 11-Tradable Quotas: Setting Limits to Carbon Emissions (London: The Lean Economy Initiative, 1997);
5. David Fleming, "Tradable Quotas: Using Information Technology to Cap National Carbon Emissions", European Environment 7(1997):139-48;
6. David Fleming, Energy and the Common Purpose: Descending the Energy Staircase with Tradable Energy Quotas (TEQs), 3rd ed. (London: The Lean Economy Connection, 2007), http://www.teqs.net/book/teqs.pdf (accessed September 24, 2008).
7. Richard Starkey and Kevin Anderson, "Domestic Tradable Quotas: APolicy Instrument for Reducing Greenhouse-Gas Emissions from Energy Use", Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research: Technical Report 39(2005), http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/research/theme2/final-reports/t3-22.pdf (accessed September 24, 2008).
8. Mayer Hillman and Tina Fawcett, How We Can Save the Planet (London: Penguin, 2004);
9. George Monbiot, Heat: How We Can Stop the Planet Burning (London: Penguin, 2007).
10. On the UK government position, for example, see Tina Fawcett, Catherine Bottrill, Brenda Boardman, and Geoff Lye, Trialling Personal Carbon Allowances, UKERC Research Report (2007), http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/research/energy/downloads/ fawcett-pca07.pdf;
11. and http://www.defra.gov. uk/environment/climatechange/uk/individual/ carbontrading/index.htm (both accessed September 24, 2008).
12. Survey conducted by the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR)-see IPPR press release, "IPPR Says Public More Receptive to Personal Carbon Trading than Policy Makers Believe", 16 July 2008, http://www.ippr.org.uk/ pressreleases/?id=3208 (accessed September 24, 2008).
13. http://www.rsacarbonlimited.org/ (accessed September 25, 2008).
14. 2 Emissions-Taxes or Permits? Raymond J. Kopp asks whether U. S. Climate Policy Should Be Based on Taxes or Permits", Oxford Energy Forum 38(August 1999):14-16
15. For example, Roberts and Thumim, A Rough Guide, 8.
16. Steve Vanderheiden, Atmospheric Justice: A Political Theory of Climate Change (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008): 222-23.
17. See Martha C. Nussbaum, Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
18. Michael Sandel, ed., "Should We Buy the Right to Pollute?" chap. 14 in Public Philosophy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 93-96, at 94.
19. Goodin makes similar arguments in Robert E. Goodin, "Selling Environmental Indulgences", chap. 17 in Debating the Earth: The Environmental Politics Reader, Second Edition, ed. John S. Dryzek (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 239-56, although his arguments are levelled not only at a trade in emission permits, but at any system that legitimizes emissions for a price, including taxes and non-tradable permits.
20. Henry Shue, "Subsistence Emissions and Luxury Emissions", Law and Policy 15(1993):39-59;
21. see also Henry Shue, "Climate", in A Companion to Environmental Philosophy, ed. Dale Jamieson (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2001), 449-59.
22. see Stephen Gardiner, "Ethics and Global Climate Change", Ethics 114(2004):555-600, at 585-86.
23. Shue, "Climate", 455.
24. For example, Tim Gibbs and Simon Retallack, Trading Up: Reforming the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme (London: IPPR, 2006), http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication. asp?id=513 (accessed September 25, 2008).
25. For an overview of these efforts, see Keith Hyams, "Political Authority and Obligation", chap. 1 in Issues in Political Theory, ed. Catriona McKinnon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 9-32.
26. Peter Barnes, Who Owns the Sky? (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001), 53-54
27. Thomas Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights: Cosmopolitan Responsibilities and Reforms, Second Edition (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008), 119-20.
28. Lukas H. Meyer and Dominic Roser, "Distributive Justice and Climate Change: The Allocation of Emission Rights", Analyse and Kritik 28(2006):223-49.
29. Henry Shue, "The Unavoidability of Justice", in The International Politics of the Environment, ed. Andrew Hurrell and Benedict Kingsbury (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 373-97, at 397.
30. Quoted by: Michael Grubb, "Seeking Fair Weather: Ethics and the International Debate on Climate Change", International Affairs 71(1995):463-96, at 478;
31. Matthew Paterson, "International Justice and Global Warming", in The Ethical Dimensions of Global Change, ed. Barry Holden (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 1996), 181-201, at 183;
32. E. Wesley and F. Peterson, "The Ethics of Burden-Sharing in the Global Greenhouse", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1999):167-96, at 187;
33. Stephen M. Gardiner, "Ethics and Global Climate Change", Ethics 114(2004):555-600, at 578.
34. For example, Anil Agarwal and Sunita Narain, Global Warming in an Unequal World: A Case of Environmental Colonialism (New Delhi: Centre for Science and Environment, 1991);
35. Dale Jamieson, "The Epistemology of Climate Change: Some Morals for Managers", Society and Natural Resources 4(1991):319-29;
36. Michael Grubb, Jame Sebenius, Antonia Magalhaes, and Susan Subak, "Sharing the Burden", in Confronting Climate Change: Risks, Implications, and Responses, ed. Irvin M. Mintzer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 305-22;
37. Aubrey Meyer, Contraction and Convergence: The Global Solution to Climate Change, Schumacher Briefing No. 5 (Dartington: Green Books, 2000);
38. Paul Baer, John Harte, Barbara Haya, Antonia V. Herzog, John Holdren, Nathan E. Hultman, Daniel M. Kammen, Richard B. Norgaard, and Leigh Raymond, "Equity and Greenhouse Gas Responsibility", Science 289(2000):2287;
39. Paul Baer, "Equity, Greenhouse-Gas Emissions", 393-408;
40. Tom Athanasiou and Paul Baer, Dead Heat: Global Justice and Global Warming (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002);
41. Peter Singer, ed., "One Atmosphere", chap. 2 in One World: The Ethics of Globalization (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002).
42. See Singer, "One Atmosphere", 43-44;
43. Baer, "Equity, Greenhouse-Gas Emissions", 402.
44. Hillel Steiner, An Essay on Rights (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994).
45. Charles R. Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979)
46. For example, Hillman and Fawcett, How We Can Save the Planet, 127;
47. Starkey and Anderson, "Domestic Tradable Quotas", 11-14;
48. Tina Fawcett, "Making the Case for Personal Carbon Rations", Proceedings of European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy Summer Study-What Works and Who Delivers? (2005): 1483-93, at 1491, http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/research/energy/downloads/fawcett-pct05.pdf (accessed September 27, 2008);
49. Fleming, Energy and the Common Purpose, 31;
50. Monbiot, Heat, 47-48.
51. For a detailed breakdown of the distributional impacts of giving everyone an equal PCA allocation, see Joshua Thumim and Vicki White, Distributional Impacts of Personal Carbon Trading, Centre for Sustainable Energy report to Defra (2008), http://www.defra.gov. uk/environment/climatechange/uk/individual/ carbontrading/pdf/pct-distributional-impacts.pdf (accessed September 23, 2008).
52. Ronald Dworkin, Sovereign Virtue (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), chaps. 1, 2, and 7;
53. G. A. Cohen, "On the Currency of Egalitarian Justice", Ethics 99(1989):906-44.
54. Cohen in "On the Currency"
55. and in G. A. Cohen, "Expensive Taste Rides Again", in Dworkin and His Critics, ed. J. Burley (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 3-29