Nanopharmacy: Inorganic nanoscale devices as vectors and active compounds

Pharmacological Research

Volumn 62, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 115-125

  Rivera Gil, Pilar ^a   Hühn, Dominik ^a   del Mercato, Loretta L ^a   Sasse, Daniel ^a   Parak, Wolfgang J ^a  

^a PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Inorganic nanoparticles; Market; Medical devices; Nanopharmacy; Nanoscale medicines; Pharmaceutical preparations

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY; AUROSHELL; BIOMATERIAL; BIOVANT; CALCIUM PHOSPHATE NANOPARTICLE; FERRISTENE; FERUMOXSIL; GOLD NANOPARTICLE; HAFNIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLE; IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLE; NANOPARTICLE; NANOTHERM; SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; DRUG; INORGANIC COMPOUND; NANOMATERIAL;

ABLATION THERAPY; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER THERAPY; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG CONJUGATION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG FORMULATION; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; GLIOBLASTOMA; HEAD AND NECK TUMOR; HUMAN; HYPERTHERMIC THERAPY; IMMUNOASSAY; IONIZING RADIATION; LATERAL FLOW ASSAY; NANOMEDICINE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PARTICLE SIZE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; VACCINATION; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; DIAGNOSTIC USE; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PROCEDURES; UNITED STATES;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; INORGANIC CHEMICALS; NANOMEDICINE; NANOSTRUCTURES; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; UNITED STATES; UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

EID: 77953683244     PISSN: 10436618     EISSN: 10961186     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.01.009     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Farokhzad O.C., Langer R. Nanomedicine: developing smarter therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2006, 58(14):1456-1459.
2. Riehemann K., Schneider S.W., Luger T.A., Godin B., Ferrari M., Fuchs H. Nanomedicine-challenge and perspectives. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 2009, 48(5):872-897.
3. Wagner V., Dullaart A., Bock A.K., Zweck A. The emerging nanomedicine landscape. Nature Biotechnology 2006, 24(10):1211-1217.
4. Nagare S., Sagawa J., Senna M. Chemical and structural properties of drug-protein nanocomposites prepared by pulsed laser deposition from conjugated targets. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2006, 8(1):37-42.
5. Cho K., Wang X., Nie S., Chen Z., Shin D.M. Therapeutic nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer. Clinical Cancer Research 2008, 14(5):1310-1316.
6. Nie S.M., Xing Y., Kim G.J., Simons J.W. Nanotechnology applications in cancer. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2007, 9:257-288.
7. Zhang F, Zulqurnain A, Amin F, Feltz A, Oheim M, Parak WJ. Ion and pH sensing with colloidal nanoparticles-the influence of surface charge on sensing and colloidal properties. Chemistry and Physics Chemical Journal, in press.
8. Shubayev V.I., Pisanic T.R., Jin S.H. Magnetic nanoparticles for theragnostics. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2009, 61(6):467-477.
9. Sun C., Lee J., Zhang M. Magnetic nanoparticles in MR imaging and drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2008, 60(11):1252-1265.
10. Pankhurst Q.A., Connolly J., Jones S.K., Dobson J. Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine. Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics 2003, 36(13):R167-R181.
11. Wormuth K. Superparamagnetic latex via inverse emulsion polymerization. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2001, 241(2):366-377.
12. Tartaj P., Morales M., Veintemillas-Verdaguer S., Gonzalez-Carreno T., Serna C. The preparation of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine. Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics 2003, 36(13):R182-R197.
13. Sun C., Lee J.S.H., Zhang M. Magnetic nanoparticles in MR imaging and drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2008, 60(11):1252.
14. Corot C., Robert P., Idee J.M., Port M. Recent advances in iron oxide nanocrystal technology for medical imaging. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2006, 58(14):1471-1504.
15. Ferrucci J.T., Stark D.D. Iron-oxide enhanced Mr-imaging of the liver and spleen-review of the 1St-5 years. American Journal of Roentgenology 1990, 155(5):943-950.
16. Lu A.H., Salabas E.L., Schuth F. Magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis, protection, functionalization, and application. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 2007, 46(8):1222-1244.
17. Mornet S., Vasseur S., Grasset F., Duguet E. Magnetic nanoparticle design for medical diagnosis and therapy. Journal of Materials Chemistry 2004, 14(14):2161-2175.
18. Jordan A., Scholz R., Wust P., Fahling H., Felix R. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH): cancer treatment with AC magnetic field induced excitation of biocompatible superparamagnetic nanoparticles. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 1999, 201:413-419.
19. Fretz C.J., Stark D.D., Metz C.E., Elizondo G., Weissleder R., Shen J.H., et al. Detection of hepatic metastases-comparison of contrast-enhanced Ct, unenhanced mr imaging, and iron-oxide enhanced Mr imaging. American Journal of Roentgenology 1990, 155(4):763-770.
20. Weishaupt D., Köchli V.D., Marincek B. How does MRI work 2006, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. second edition.
21. Rohrer M.P., Bauer H.P., Mintorovitch J.P., Requardt M.P., Weinmann H.-J.P. Comparison of magnetic properties of MRI contrast media solutions at different magnetic field strengths [Article] 2003. Investigative Radiology 2005, 40(November (11)):715-724.
22. Bellin M., Webb J., Van der Molen A., Thomsen H., Morcos S. ESUR, and, safety of MR liver specific contrast media. European Radiology 2005, 15(8):1607-1614.
23. Bellin M.F. MR contrast agents, the old and the new. European Journal of Radiology 2006, 60(3):314-323.
24. Broome D.R. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis associated with gadolinium based contrast agents: a summary of the medical literature reporting. European Journal of Radiology 2008, 66(2):230-234.
25. Weinmann H.J., Ebert W., Misselwitz B., Schmitt-Willich H. Tissue-specific MR contrast agents. European Journal of Radiology 2003, 46(1):33-44.
26. Ito K. Hepatocellular carcinoma: conventional MRI findings including gadolinium-enhanced dynamic imaging. European Journal of Radiology 2006, 58(2):186-199.
27. Shapiro M., Atanasijevic T., Faas H., Westmeyer G., Jasanoff A. Dynamic imaging with MRI contrast agents: quantitative considerations. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2006, 24(4):449-462.
28. Wang Y.-X.J., Hussain S.M., Krestin G.P. Superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents: physicochemical characteristics and applications in MR imaging. European Radiology 2001, 11:2319-2331.
29. Jung C., Jacobs P. Physical and chemical-properties of superparamagnetic iron-oxide MR contrast agents-ferumoxides, ferumoxtran, ferumoxsil. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1995, 13(5):661-674.
30. Brust M., Walker M., Bethell D., Schiffrin D.J., Whyman R. Synthesis of thiol-derivatised gold nanoparticles in a two-phase liquid-liquid system. Journal of Chemical Society, Chemical Communications 1994, 1994:801-802.
31. Templeton A.C., Wuelfing W.P., Murray R.W. Monolayer-protected cluster molecules. Accounts of Chemical Research 2000, 33(1):27-36.
32. Turkevich J., Stevenson P.C., Hillier J. A study of the nucleation and growth processes in the synthesis of colloidal golde. Journal of Discussion Faraday Society 1951, 55-75.
33. Sperling R.A., Rivera_Gil P., Zhang F., Zanella M., Parak W.J. Biological applications of gold nanoparticles. Chemical Society Reviews 2008, 37(9):1896-1908.
34. Sonnichsen C., Franzl T., Wilk T., von Plessen G., Feldmann J. Plasmon resonances in large noble-metal clusters. New Journal of Physics 2002, 4.
35. Lal S., Link S., Halas N.J. Nano-optics from sensing to waveguiding. Nature Photonics 2007, 1(11):641-648.
36. Kreibig U., Genzel L. Optical absorption of small metallic particles. Surface Science 1985, 156(2):678-700.
37. Alvarez M.M., Khoury J.T., Schaaff T.G., Shafigullin M.N., Vezmar I., Whetten R.L. Optical absorption spectra of nanocrystal gold molecules. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 1997, 101(19):3706-3712.
38. Eustis S., El-Sayed M.A. Why gold nanoparticles are more presious than pretty gold: noble metal surface plasmon resonance and its enhancement of the radiative and nonradiative properties of nanocrystals of different shapes. Chemical Society Reviews 2006, 35:209-217.
39. Ghosh S.K., Pal T. Interparticle coupling effect on the surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles: from theory to applications. Chemical Reviews 2007, 107:4797-4862.
40. Skirtach A.G., Karageorgiev P., De_Geest B.G., Pazos-Perez N., Braun D., Sukhorukov G.B. Nanorods as wavelength-selective absorption centers in the visible and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Advanced Materials 2008, 20:506-510.
41. Zharov V.P., Mercer K.E., Galitovskaya E.N., Smeltzer S. Photothermal nanotherapeutics and nanodiagnostics for selective killing of bacteria targeted with gold nanoparticles. Biophysical Journal 2006, 90:619-627.
42. Chen J., Wang D., Xi J., Au L., Siekkinen A., Warsen A., et al. Immuno gold nanocages with tailored optical properties for targeted photothermal destruction of cancer cells. Nano Letters 2007, 7(5):1318-1322.
43. Chithrani B.D., Ghazan A.A., Chan C.W. Determining the size and the shape dependence of gold nanoparticle uptake into mammalian cells. Nano Letters 2006, 6(4):662-668.
44. Patra H.K., Banerjee S., Chaudhuri U., Lahiri P., Dasgupta A.K. Cell selective response to gold nanoparticles. Nanomedicine-Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine 2007, 3(2):111-119.
45. Shukla R., Bansal V., Chaudhary M., Basu A., Bhonde R.R., Sastry M. Biocompatibility of gold nanoparticles and their endocytotic fate inside the cellular compartment: a microscopic overview. Langmuir 2005, 21:10644-10654.
46. Goodman C.M., McCusker C.D., Yilmaz T., Rotello V.M. Toxicity of gold nanoparticles functionalized with cationic and anionic side chains. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2004, 15(4):897-900.
47. Pan Y., Neuss S., Leifert A., Fischler M., Wen F., Simon U., et al. Size-dependent cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles. Small 2007, 3(11):1941-1949.
48. Qu Y., Lü X. Aqueous synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their cytotoxicity in human dermal fibroblasts-fetal. Biomedical Materials 2009, 4:1-5.
49. Pernodet N., Fang X.H., Sun Y., Bakhtina A., Ramakrishnan A., Sokolov J., et al. Adverse effects of citrate/gold nanoparticles on human dermal fibroblasts. Small 2006, 2(6):766-773.
50. Tsoli M., Kuhn H., Brandau W., Esche H., Schmid G. Cellular uptake and toxicity of Au55 clusters. Small 2005, 1(8-9):841-844.
51. Chen Y.-S., Hung Y.-C., Liau I., Huang G.S. Assessment of the in vivo toxicity of gold nanoparticles. Nanoscale Research Letters 2009, 4:858-864.
52. Bar-Ilan O., Albrecht R.M., Fako V.E., Furgeson D.Y. Toxicity assessments of multisized gold and silver nanoparticles in Zebrafish embryos. Small 2009, 5(16):1897-1910.
53. Davis P. Gold therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Canadian Family Physician 1988, 34:445-452.
54. Semmler-Behnke M., Kreyling W.G., Lipka J., Fertsch S., Wenk A., Takenaka S., et al. Biodistribution of 1.4-and 18-nm gold particles in rats. Small 2008, 4(12):2108-2111.
55. Levy L, Hochepied JF, Balencie J, Prasad PN, Bergey EJ. X-ray and/or UV activable particles, their preparation and their therapeutic or diagnostic uses, in European Patent Office, E.P. Office, Editor; 2008.
56. Novo E., Parola M. Redox mechanisms in hepatic chronic wound healing and fibrogenesis. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 2008, 1(1):5.
57. Vittadello M., Negro E., Lavina S., Pace G., Safari A., Di Noto V. Vibrational studies and properties of hybrid inorganic-organic proton conducting membranes based on nafion and hafnium oxide nanoparticles. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2008, 112(51):16590-16600.
58. Rauwel E., Clavel G., Willinger M.G., Rawel P., Pinna N. Non-aqueous routes to metal oxide thin films by atomic layer deposition. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 2008, 47(19):3592-3595.
59. Balencie J., Levy L., Hochepied J.F. Synthesis of hafnium gen-nanate (HfGeO4) by co-precipitation routes. Thin Solid Films 2007, 515(16):6298-6301.
60. Dorozhkin S.V., Epple M. Biological and medical significance of calcium phosphates. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 2002, 41(17):3130-3146.
61. Wang S., McDonnell E.H., Sedor F.A., Toffaletti J.G. pH effects on measurements of ionized calcium and ionized magnesium in blood. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 2002, 126(8):947-950.
62. Alberts B., Johnson A., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K., Walter P. Molecular biology of the cell 2008, Garland Science, New York. fifth edition.
63. Roy I., Mitra S., Maitra A., Mozumdar S. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles as novel non-viral vectors for targeted gene delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 2003, 250(1):25-33.
64. Maitra A. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles: second-generation nonviral vectors in gene therapy. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 2005, 5(6):893-905.
65. Muddana H.S., Morgan T.T., Tabouillot T., Adair J.H., Butler P.J. Single molecule fluorescence techniques to evaluate calcium phosphate nanoparticles as potential drug carriers. Biorheology 2008, 45(1-2):134-1134.
66. Alti{dotless}noĝlu E.I., Russin T.J., Kaiser J.M., Barth B.M., Eklund B.C., Kester M., et al. Near-infrared emitting fluorophore-doped calcium phosphate nanoparticles for in vivo imaging of human breast cancer. ACS Nano 2008, 2:2075-2084.
67. Kester M., Heakal Y., Fox T., Sharma A., Robertson G.P., Morgan T.T., et al. Calcium phosphate nanocomposite particles for in vitro imaging and encapsulated chemotherapeutic drug delivery to cancer cells. Nano Letters 2008, 8(12):4116-4121.
68. Jiang D.P., Premachandra G.S., Johnston C., Hem S.L. Structure and adsorption properties of commercial calcium phosphate adjuvant. Vaccine 2004, 23(5):693-698.
69. Sadasivan S., Khushalani D., Mann S. Synthesis of calcium phosphate nanofilaments in reverse micelles. Chemistry of Materials 2005, 17(10):2765-2770.
70. Bisht S., Bhakta G., Mitra S., Maitra A. pDNA loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles: highly efficient non-viral vector for gene delivery. International journal of pharmaceutics 2005, 288(1):157-168.
71. Welzel T., Radtke I., Meyer-Zaika W., Heumann R., Epple M. Transfection of cells with custom-made calcium phosphate nanoparticles coated with DNA. Journal of Materials Chemistry 2004, 14(14):2213-2217.
72. Tang R.K., Wang L.J., Nancollas G.H. Size-effects in the dissolution of hydroxyapatite: an understanding of biological demineralization. Journal of Materials Chemistry 2004, 14(14):2341-2346.
73. Morgan T.T., Muddana H.S., Altinoglu E.I., Rouse S.M., Tabakovic A., Tabouillot T., et al. Encapsulation of organic molecules in calcium phosphate nanocomposite particles for intracellular imaging and drug delivery. Nano Letters 2008, 8(12):4108-4115.
74. Panyam J., Labhasetwar V. Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2003, 55(3):329-347.
75. Prakash K.H., Kumar R., Ooi C.P., Cheang P., Khor K.A. Apparent solubility of hydroxyapatite in aqueous medium and its influence on the morphology of nanocrystallites with precipitation temperature. Langmuir 2006, 22(26):11002-11008.
76. Tromsdorf U.I., Bigall N.C., Kaul M., Bruns O.T., Nikolic M.S., Mollwitz B., et al. Size and surface effects on the MRI relaxivity of manganese ferrite nanoparticle contrast agents. Nanoletters 2007, 7(8):2422-2427.
77. Hildebrandt B., Wust P., Ahlers O., Dieing A., Sreenivasa G., Kerner T., et al. The cellular and molecular basis of hyperthermia. Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology 2002, 43(1):33-56.
78. Choi M.R., Stanton-Maxey K.J., Stanley J.K., Levin C.S., Bardhan R., Akin D., et al. A cellular Trojan horse for delivery of therapeutic nanoparticles into tumors. Nano Letters 2007, 7(12):3759-3765.
79. Westermann A.M., Jones E.L., Schem B.C., van der Steen-Banasik E.M., Koper P., Mella O., et al. First results of triple-modality treatment combining radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hyperthermia for the treatment of patients with stage IIB, III, and IVA cervical carcinoma. Cancer 2005, 104(4):763-770.
80. 4 nanoparticle "Nano-Pearl-Necklaces" for simultaneous targeting. dual-mode imaging, and photothermal ablation of cancer cells. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 2009, 48(15):2759-2763.
81. Huff T.B., Tong L., Zhao Y., Hansen M.N., Cheng J.X., Wei A. Hyperthermic effects of gold nanorods on tumor cells. Nanomedicine 2007, 2(1):125-132.
82. Huang X.H., Jain P.K., El-Sayed I.H., El-Sayed M.A. Determination of the minimum temperature required for selective photothermal destruction of cancer cells with the use of immunotargeted gold nanoparticles. Photochemistry and Photobiology 2006, 82(2):412-417.
83. Lowery A.R., Gobin A.M., Day E.S., Halas N.J., West J.L. Immunonanoshells for targeted photothermal ablation of tumor cells. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2006, 1(2):149-154.
84. Hiergeist R., Andrä W., Buske N., Hergt R., Hilger I., Richter U., et al. Application of magnetite ferrofluids for hyperthermia. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 1999, 201:420-422.
85. Wust P., Hildebrandt B., Sreenivasa G., Rau B., Gellermann J., Riess H., et al. Hyperthermia in combined treatment of cancer. Lancet Oncology 2002, 3(8):487-497.
86. Lepock J.R. Cellular effects of hyperthermia: relevance to the minimum dose for thermal damage. International Journal of Hyperthermia 2003, 19(3):252-266.
87. Huang X., Jain P., El-Sayed I., El-Sayed M. Plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) using gold nanoparticles. Lasers in Medical Science 2007, 23(3):217-228.
88. Schwartz J.A., Shetty A.M., Price R.E., Stafford R.J., Wang J.C., Uthamanthil R.K., et al. Feasibility study of particle-assisted laser ablation of brain tumors in orthotopic canine model. Cancer Research 2009, 69(4):1659-1667.
89. O'Neal D.P., Hirsch L.R., Halas N.J., Payne J.D., West J.L. Photo-thermal tumor ablation in mice using near infrared-absorbing nanoparticles. Cancer Letters 2004, 209(2):171-176.
90. Hirsch L.R., Stafford R.J., Bankson J.A., Sershen S.R., Rivera B., Price R.E., et al. Nanoshell-mediated near-infrared thermal therapy of tumors under magnetic resonance guidance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 2003, 100(23):13549-13554.
91. Rivera_Gil P., Parak W.J. Composite nanoparticles take aim at cancer. ACS Nano 2008, 2(11):2200-2205.
92. Govorov A.O., Richardson H.H. Generating heat with metal nanoparticles. Nano Today 2007, 2(1):30-38.
93. Letfullin R.R., Joenathan C., George T.F., Zharov V.P. Laser-induced explosion of gold nanoparticles: potential role for nanophotothermolysis of cancer. Nanomedicine 2006, 1(4):473-480.
94. West J.D., Marnett L.J. Endogenous reactive intermediates as modulators of cell signaling and cell death. Chemical Research in Toxicology 2006, 19(2):173-194.
95. Harrison L.B., Chadha M., Hill R.J., Hu K., Shasha D. Impact of tumor hypoxia and anemia on radiation therapy outcomes. Oncologist 2002, 7(6):492-508.
96. Sonnichsen C., Reinhard B.M., Liphardt J., Alivisatos A.P. A molecular ruler based on plasmon coupling of single gold and silver nanoparticles. Nature Biotechnology 2005, 23(6):741-745.
97. Ghosh P., Han G., De M., Kim C.K., Rotello V.M. Gold nanoparticles in delivery applications. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2008, 60(11):1307-1315.
98. Polyak B., Friedman G. Magnetic targeting for site-specific drug delivery: applications and clinical potential. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 2009, 6(1):53-70.
99. He Q., Mitchell A.R., Johnson S.L., Wagner-Bartak C., Morcol T., Bell S.J.D. Calcium phosphate nanoparticle adjuvant. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 2000, 7(6):899-903.
100. Mizushima Y., Ikoma T., Tanaka J., Hoshi K., Ishihara T., Ogawa Y., et al. Injectable porous hydroxyapatite microparticles as a new carrier for protein and lipophilic drugs. Journal of Controlled Release 2006, 110(2):260-265.
101. El-Ghannam A. Bone reconstruction: from bioceramics to tissue engineering. Expert Review of Medical Devices 2005, 2(1):87-101.
102. Frayssinet P, Ciocca D, Rouquet N. Calcium phosphate powder for cancer vaccination. Bioceramics 20(Pts 1 and 2) 2008:361-63, p. 1207-10.
103. Joyappa D.H., Kumar C.A., Banumathi N., Reddy G.R., Suryanarayana V.V.S. Calcium phosphate nanoparticle prepared with foot and mouth disease virus P1-3CD gene construct protects mice and guinea pigs against the challenge virus. Veterinary Microbiology 2009, 139(1-2):58-66.
104. Feldkamp J.R., White J.L., Hem S.L. Effect of surface charge and particle size on gel structure of aluminum hydroxycarbonate gel. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1982, 71(1):43-46.
105. Kreuter J., Haenzel I. Mode of action of immunological adjuvants: some physicochemical factors influencing the effectivity of polyacrylic adjuvants. Infection and Immunity 1978, 19(2):667-675.
106. Pellegrino T., Manna L., Kudera S., Liedl T., Koktysh D., Rogach A.L., et al. Hydrophobic nanocrystals coated with an amphiphilic polymer shell: a general route to water soluble nanocrystals. Nanoletters 2004, 4(4):703-707.
107. Sperling R.A., Pellegrino T., Li J.K., Chang W.H., Parak W.J. Electrophoretic separation of nanoparticles with a discrete number of functional groups. Advanced Functional Materials 2006, 16(7):943-948.
108. Parak W.J., Pellegrino T., Micheel C.M., Gerion D., Williams S.C., Alivisatos A.P. Conformation of oligonucleotides attached to gold nanocrystals probed by gel electrophoresis. Nano Letters 2003, 3(1):33-36.
109. Farokhzad O.C., Cheng J., Teply B.A., Sherifi I., Jon S., Kantoff P.W., et al. Targeted nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates for cancer chemotherapy in vivo. PNAS 2006, 103(16):6315-6320.
110. Rudolph C., Plank C., Lausier J., Schillinger U., Muller R.H., Rosenecker J. Oligomers of the arginine-rich motif of the HIV-1 TAT protein are capable of transferring plasmid DNA into cells. Journal Of Biological Chemistry 2003, 278(13):11411-11418.
111. de la Fuente J.M., Berry C.C. Tat peptide as an efficient molecule to translocate gold nanoparticles into the cell nucleus. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2005, 16(5):1176-1180.
112. Nativo P., Prior I.A., Brust M. Uptake and intracellular fate of surface-modified gold nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2008, 2(8):1639-1644.
113. Boccaccini A.R., Blaker J.J. Bioactive composite materials for tissue engineering scaffolds. Expert Review of Medical Devices 2005, 2(3):303-317.
114. Wlodarski K.H., Wlodarski P.K., Galus R. Bioactive composites for bone regeneration. Review. Ortopedia, Traumatologia, Rehabilitacja 2008, 10(3):201-210.