Why should population attributable fractions be periodically recalculated?. An example from cardiovascular risk estimation in southern Europe

Preventive Medicine

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 78-84

  Grau, María ^a   Subirana, Isaac ^a,b   Elosua, Roberto ^a,b   Fitó, Montserrat ^a,c   Covas, Maria Isabel ^a,c   Sala, Joan ^d   Masiá, Rafael ^d   Ramos, Rafel ^e   Solanas, Pascual ^e   Cordon, Ferran ^e   Nieto, F Javier ^f   Marrugat, Jaume ^a  

^a INST MUNIC D INVESTIGACIO MEDICA   (Spain)

^b CIBER EPIDEMIOLOGÍA Y SALUD PÚBLICA CIBERESP   (Spain)

^c Instituto de Salud Carlos III   (Spain)

^d HOSPITAL JOSEP TRUETA   (Spain)

^e INSTITUT CATALÀ DE LA SALUT   (Spain)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Cohort Studies; Coronary Disease; Prospective Study; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

ADULT; AGE; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; ARTICLE; ATTRIBUTABLE RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; EUROPE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFESTYLE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING; CORONARY DISEASE; FOLLOW UP; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; INCIDENCE; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; SPAIN;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; CORONARY DISEASE; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; OBESITY; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; SMOKING; SPAIN;

EID: 77953682792     PISSN: 00917435     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.03.012     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Baba S., Iso H., Mannami T., Sasaki S., et al. Cigarette smoking and risk of coronary heart disease incidence among middle-aged Japanese men and women: the JPHC Study Cohort I. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 2006, 13:207-213.
2. Bogers R.P., Bemelmans W.J., Hoogenveen R.T., et al. Association of overweight with increased risk of coronary heart disease partly independent of blood pressure and cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies including more than 300 000 persons. Arch. Intern. Med. 2007, 167:1720-1728.
3. Chobanian A.V., Bakris G.L., Black H.R., et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003, 42(6):1206-1252.
4. Daviglus M.L., Lloyd-Jones D.M., Pirzada A. Preventing cardiovascular disease in the 21st century: therapeutic and preventive implications of current evidence. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs 2006, 6:87-101.
5. Elosua R., Marrugat J., Molina L., Pons S., Pujol E. Validation of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire in Spanish men. The MARATHOM Investigators. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1994, 139:1197-1209.
6. Elosua R., Garcia M., Aguilar A., Molina L., Covas M.I., Marrugat J. Validation of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire in Spanish Women. Investigators of the MARATDON Group. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2000, 32:1431-1437.
7. Emberson J.R., Whincup P.H., Morris R.W., Walker M. Re-assessing the contribution of serum total cholesterol, blood pressure and cigarette smoking to the aetiology of coronary heart disease: impact of regression dilution bias. Eur. Heart J. 2003, 24:1719-1726.
8. Evans A., Tolonen H., Hense H.W., Ferrario M., Sans S., Kuulasmaa K. Trends in coronary risk factors in the WHO MONICA project. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2001, 30(Suppl 1):S35-40. WHO MONICA Project.
9. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001, 285:2486-2497.
10. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary Eur. Heart J. 2007, 28:2375-2414.
11. Gabriel R., Alonso M., Segura A., et al. Prevalence, geographic distribution and geographic variability of major cardiovascular risk factors in Spain. Pooled analysis of data from population-based epidemiological studies: the ERICE Study. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 2008, 61:1030-1040.
12. Gil M., Marti H., Elosua R., et al. Analysis of trends in myocardial infarction case-fatality, incidence and mortality rates in Girona, Spain, 1990-1999. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 2007, 60:349-356.
13. Grau M., Marrugat J. Risk functions and the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 2008, 61:404-416.
14. Grau M., Subirana I., Elosua R., et al. Trends in cardiovascular risk factor prevalence (1995-2000-2005) in northeastern Spain. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 2007, 14:653-659.
15. Greenland S. Attributable fractions: bias from broad definition of exposure. Epidemiology 2001, 12:518-520.
16. Hanley J.A. A heuristic approach to the formulas for population attributable fraction. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2001, 55:508-514.
17. Howard G., Cushman M., Prineas R.J., Howard V.J., Moy C.S., Sullivan L.M., et al. Advancing the hypothesis that geographic variations in risk factors contribute relatively little to observed geographic variations in heart disease and stroke mortality. Prev. Med. 2009, 49:129-132.
18. Kannel W.B., D'Agostino R.B., Sullivan L., Wilson P.W. Concept and usefulness of cardiovascular risk profiles. Am. Heart J. 2004, 148:16-26.
19. Lloyd-Jones D.M., Leip E.P., Larson M.G., et al. Prediction of lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease by risk factor burden at 50years of age. Circulation 2006, 113:791-798.
20. Mähönen M.S., McElduff P., Dobson A.J., Kuulasmaa K.A., Evans A.E., Project W.H.O.M.O.N.I.C.A. Current smoking and the risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction in the WHO MONICA Project populations. Tob. Control 2004, 13:244-250.
21. Mamun A.A., Peeters A., Barendregt J., Willekens F., Nusselder W., Bonneux L. Smoking decreases the duration of life lived with and without cardiovascular disease: a life course analysis of the Framingham Heart Study. Eur. Heart J. 2004, 25:409-415. NEDCOM, The Netherlands Epidemiology and Demography Compression of Morbidity Research Group.
22. Marrugat J., Arboix A., García-Eroles L., et al. The estimated incidence and case fatality rate of ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease in 2002 in Catalonia. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 2007, 60:573-580.
23. Masiá R., Pena A., Marrugat J., et al. High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Gerona, Spain, a province with low myocardial infarction incidence. REGICOR Investigators. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 1998, 52:707-715.
24. Medrano M.J., Cerrato E., Boix R., Delgado-Rodríguez M. Cardiovascular risk factors in Spanish population: metaanalysis of cross-sectional studies. Med. Clin. (Barc). 2005, 124:606-612.
25. Medrano M.J., Pastor-Barriuso R., Boix R., et al. Coronary disease risk attributable to cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish population. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 2007, 60:1250-1256.
26. Menotti A., Lanti M. Coronary risk factors predicting early and late coronary deaths. Heart 2003, 89:19-24.
27. Menotti A., Lanti M., Puddu P.E., Kromhout D. Coronary heart disease incidence in northern and southern European populations: a reanalysis of the seven countries study for a European coronary risk chart. Heart 2000, 84:238-244.
28. Menotti A., Lanti M., Kromhout D., Kafatos A., Nedeljkovic S., Nissinen A. Short and long term association of a single serum cholesterol measurement in middle-aged men in prediction of fatal coronary and other cardiovascular events: a cross-cultural comparison through Europe. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2005, 20:597-604.
29. Nilsson P.M., Nilsson J.A., Berglund G. Population-attributable risk of coronary heart disease risk factors during long-term follow-up: the Malmö Preventive Project. J. Intern. Med. 2006, 260:134-141.
30. Northridge M.E. Public health methods-attributable risk as a link between causality and public health action. Am. J. Public Health 1995, 85:1202-1204.
31. Ramos R., Marrugat J., Basagaña X., Sala J., Masiá R., Elosua R., Investigators R.E.G.I.C.O.R. The role of age in cardiovascular risk factor clustering in non-diabetic population free of coronary heart disease. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2004, 19:299-304.
32. Reina A., Colmenero M., Aguayo de Hoyos E., et al. Gender differences in management and outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Int. J. Cardiol. 2007, 116:389-395.
33. Rockhill B., Newman B., Weinberg C. Use and misuse of population attributable fractions. Am. J. Public Health 1998, 88:15-19.
34. Rose G. Incubation period of coronary heart disease. Br. Med. J. (Clin Res Ed) 1982, 284:1600-1601.
35. Rowe A.K., Powell K.E., Flanders W.D. Why population attributable fractions can sum to more than one. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2004, 26:243-249.
36. Schnohr P., Jensen J.S., Scharling H., Nordestgaard B.G. Coronary heart disease risk factors ranked by importance for the individual and community. A 21year follow-up of 12 000 men and women from The Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur. Heart J. 2002, 23:620-626.
37. Singh-Manoux A., Nabi H., Shipley M., et al. The role of conventional risk factors in explaining social inequalities in coronary heart disease: the relative and absolute approaches to risk. Epidemiology 2008, 19:599-605.
38. Tanuseputro P., Manuel D.G., Schultz S.E., Johansen H., Mustard C.A. Improving population attributable fraction methods: examining smoking-attributable mortality for 87 geographic regions in Canada. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2005, 161:787-798.
39. Vollset S.E., Tverdal A., Gjessing H.K. Smoking and deaths between 40 and 70years of age in women and men. Ann. Intern. Med. 2006, 144:381-389.
40. Wacholder S., Benichou J., Heineman E.F., Hartge P., Hoover R.N. Attributable risk: advantages of a broad definition of exposure. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1994, 140:303-309.
41. Walter S.D. The estimation and interpretation of attributable risk in health research. Biometrics 1976, 32:829-849.
42. Wilson P.W., D'Agostino R.B., Sullivan L., Parise H., Kannel W.B. Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience. Arch. Intern. Med. 2002, 162:1867-1872.
43. Woodward M., Martiniuk A., Ying Lee C.M., et al. Elevated total cholesterol: its prevalence and population attributable fraction for mortality from coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke in the Asia-Pacific region. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 2008, 15:397-401.
44. World Health Statistics, WHO Global Infobase. Website, 2009. Available at: http://www.who.int/ncd_surveillance/infobase/web/ InfoBaseCommon/, accessed June, 2009.
45. Yusuf S., Hawken S., Ounpuu S., et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004, 364:937-952.