Validation of multiple diagnostic techniques to detect cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp. in free-ranging western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and observations on the prevalence of these protozoan infections in two populations in Gabon

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 210-217

  Van Zijll Langhout, Martine ^a,b,e   Reed, Patricia ^c   Fox, Mark ^d  

^a Mikongo Conservation Centre   (United Kingdom)

^b ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY   (United States)

^d ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

^e Mauricedale Game Ranch   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Cryptosporidium; Giardia; Gorilla gorilla gorilla; ImmunoCard STAT; Merifluor; Western lowland gorilla

Indexed keywords

ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT; ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; APE DISEASE; ARTICLE; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; FECES; GABON; GIARDIA; GIARDIASIS; GORILLA; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; PARASITOLOGY; REPRODUCIBILITY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STAINING;

ANIMALS; APE DISEASES; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; FECES; GABON; GIARDIA; GIARDIASIS; GORILLA GORILLA; REAGENT KITS, DIAGNOSTIC; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STAINING AND LABELING;

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SP.; GIARDIA; GIARDIA SP.; GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA; PRIMATES; PROTOZOA;

EID: 77953552297     PISSN: 10427260     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1638/2009-0051R1.1     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Appelbee, A. J., R. C. A. Thompson, and M. E. Olson. 2005. Giardia and Cryptosporidium in mammalian wildlife-current status and future needs. Trends Parasitol. 21: 370-376.
2. Butynski, T. M. 2001. Africa's great apes. In: Beck, B. B., T. S. Stoinski, M. Hutchins, T. L. Maple, B. Norton, A. Rowan, E. F. Stevens, and A. Arluke (eds.). Great Apes and Humans: The Ethics of Coexistence. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. Pp. 3-56.
3. Cranfield, M. 2008. Mountain gorilla research: the risk of disease transmission relative to the benefit from the perspective of ecosystem health. Am. J. Primatol. 70: 751-754.
4. Cranfield, M., and R. Minnis. 2007. An integrated health approach to the conservation of mountain gorillas Gorilla beringei beringei. Int. Zoo Yb. 41: 110-121.
5. Current, W. L. 1999. Zoonoses, Cryptosporidium species. In: Fowler, M. E., and R. E. Miller (eds.). Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine-Current Therapy 4. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Pp. 121-131.
6. Deem, S. L., W. B. Karesh, and W. Weisman. 2001. Putting theory into practice: wildlife health in conservation. Conserv. Biol. 15: 1224-1233.
7. Dubey, J. P., C. A. Speer, and R. Fayer. 1990. Cryptosporidiosis of Man and Animals. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, USA. Pp. 120-123.
8. Ekanayake, D. K., A. Arulkanthan, N. U. Horadagoda, G. K. Sanjeevani, R. Kieft, S. Gunatilake, and W. P. Dittus. 2006. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and other enteric parasites among wild nonhuman primates in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74: 322-329.
9. Ekanayake, D. K., D. M. Welch, R. Kieft, S. Hajduk, and W. P. J. Dittus. 2007. Transmission dynamics of Cryptosporidium infection in a natural population of non-human primates at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77: 818-822.
10. Fayer, R. 2004. Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite. Vet. Parasitol. 126: 37-56.
11. Freeman, A. S., J. M. Kinsella, C. Cipolletta., S. L. Deem, and W. B. Karesh. 2004. Endoparasites of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. J. Wildl. Dis. 40: 775-781.
12. Garcia, L. S., R. Y. Shimizu, S. Novak, M. Carroll, and F. Chan. 2003. Commercial assay for the detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum antigens in human fecal specimens by rapid solid-phase qualitative immunochromatography. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 209-212.
13. Graczyk, T. K., J. Bosco-Nizeyi, B. Ssebide, B., R. C. Thompson, C. Read, and M. R. Cranfield. 2002. Anthropozoonotic Giardia duodenalis genotype (assemblage) a infections in habitats of free-ranging humanhabituated gorillas, Uganda. J. Parasitol. 88: 905-909.
14. Graczyk, T. K., A. J. DaSilva, M. R. Cranfield, J. B. Nizeyi, G. R. N. N. Kalema, and N. J. Pieniazek. 2001. Cryptosporidium parvum genotype 2 infections in free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) of the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Parasitol. Res. 87: 368-370.
15. Hope, K., M. L. Goldsmith, and T. K. Graczyk. 2004. Parasitic health of olive baboons in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Vet. Parasitol. 122: 165-170.
16. Hunter, P. R., and R. C. Thompson. 2005. The zoonotic transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Int. J. Parasitol. 35: 1181-1190.
17. Johnston. S. P., M. M. Ballard, M. J. Beach, L. Causer, and P. P. Wilkins. 2003. Evaluation of three commercial assays for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium organisms in faecal specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 623-626.
18. Kutz, S. J., R. C. Andrew Thompson, and L. Polley. 2009. Wildlife with Giardia: villain, or victim and vector? In: Ortega-Pierres, M. G., S. Cacciò, R. Fayer, T. G. Mank, H. V. Smith, and R. C. Andrew Thompson. Giardia and Cryptosporidium, From Molecules to Disease. C.A.B. International, Cambridge, Massachusetts. P. 100.
19. Landsoud-Soukate, J., C. E. G. Tutin, and M. Fernandez. 1995. Intestinal parasites of sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 89: 73-79.
20. Lilly, A. A., P. T. Mehlman, and D. Doran. 2002. Intestinal parasites in gorillas, chimpanzees and humans at Mondika Research Site, Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic. Int. J. Primatol. 23: 555-573.
21. Loomis, M. R. 2003. Great apes. In: Fowler, M. E., and R.E. Miller (eds.). Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. Saunders, Elsevier Science, New York, New York, USA. Pp. 381-397.
22. Muriuki, S. M., R. K. Murugu, E. Munene, G. M. Karere, and D. C. Chai. 1998. Some gastrointestinal parasites of zoonotic (public health) importance commonly observed in old world non-human primates in Kenya. Acta Trop. 71: 73-82.
23. Nizeyi, J. B., M. R. Cranfield, and T. K. Graczyk. 2002. Cattle near the Bwindi Imprenetrable National Park, Uganda, as a reservoir of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis for local community and free-ranging gorillas. Parasitol. Res. 88: 380-385.
24. Nizeyi, J. B., R. Mwebe, A. Nanteza, M. R. Cranfield,G. R.Kalema, and T.K.Graczyk. 1999.Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp. infections in mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) of the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. J. Parasitol. 85: 1084-1088.
25. Nizeyi, J. B., D. Sebunya, A. J. Dasilva, M. R. Cranfield, N. J. Pieniazek, and T. K. Graczyk. 2002. Cryptosporidiosis in people sharing habitats with freeranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei), Uganda. Am J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 66: 442-444.
26. O'Donoghue, P. J. 1995. Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in man and animals. Int. J. Parasitol. 25: 139-195.
27. Ott-Joslin, J. E. 1993. Zoonotic diseases of nonhuman primates. In: Fowler, M. E. and R. E. Miller (eds.). Zoo and Wildlife Animal Medicine: Current Therapy 3. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Pp. 358-373.
28. Petrie, A., and P. Watson. 1999. Measuring agreement. In: Statistics for Veterinary and Animal Science. Blackwell Science, Oxford, United Kingdom, Pp. 173-174.
29. Quinn, P. J., B. K. Markey, M. E. Carter, W. J. Donnelly, and F. C. Leonard. 2002. Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial diseases. In: Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease. Blackwell Science, Oxford, United Kingdom, Pp. 23-27.
30. Sleeman, J. M., L. L. Meader, A. B. Mudakikwa, J. W. Foster, and S. Patton. 2000. Gastrointestinal parasites of mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in the Parc National de Volcans, Rwanda. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 31: 322-328.
31. Tutin, C. E. G. 1996. Ranging and social structure of lowland gorillas in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. In: McGrew, W. C., L. F. Marchant, and T. Nishida (eds.). Great Ape Societies. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Pp. 58-70.
32. Tutin, C. E. and M. Fernandez. 1985. Foods consumed by sympatric populations of Gorilla g. gorilla and Pan t. troglodytes in Gabon: Some preliminary data. Int. J. Primatol. 6: 27-43.
33. Tutin, C. E. G., and M. Fernandez. 1984. Nationwide census of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan t. troglodytes) populations in Gabon. Am. J. Primatol. 6: 313-336.
34. Tzipori, S., and H. Ward. 2002. Cryptosporidiosis: biology, pathogenesis and disease. Microbes Infect. 4: 1047-1058.
35. Von Holst, D. 1998. The concept of stress and its relevance for animal behaviour. Adv. Study Behav. 27: 1-131.
36. Wallis, J. 2000. Prevention of disease transmission in primate conservation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 91: 691-693.
37. Walsh, P. D., C. E. G. Tutin, J. F. Oates, J. E. M. Baillie, F. Maisels, E. J. Stokes, S. Gatti, R. A. Bergl, J. Sunderland-Groves, and A. Dunn. 2007. Gorilla gorilla. In: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, United Kingdom, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
38. Woodford, M. H., T. M. Butynski, and W. B. Karesh. 2002. Habituating the great apes: the disease risks. Oryx. 36: 153-160.