Sudan's uncivil war: The global-historical constitution of political violence

Review of African Political Economy

Volumn 37, Issue 124, 2010, Pages 153-171

  Ayers, Alison J ^a  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

'Civil war'; Conflict; Global political economy; Sudan

Indexed keywords

CIVIL WAR; GEOPOLITICS; GLOBAL ECONOMY; POLITICAL ECONOMY; POLITICAL VIOLENCE; POST-COLONIALISM;

SUDAN;

EID: 77953515181     PISSN: 03056244     EISSN: 17401720     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03056244.2010.483888     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Addison, T. and Murshed, S.M., 2002. On the economic causes of contemporary civil wars. In: S.M. Murshed, ed. Issues in positive political economy. London: Routledge, 22-38.
2. el-Affendi, A., 1991. Turabi's revolution: Islam and power in Sudan. London: Grey Seal.
3. Amin, S., 2002. Africa: living on the fringe. Monthly Review, 53, March. Available from: http:// psweb.sbs.ohio-state.edu/faculty/mcooper/ps597readings/Amin.pdf [Accessed 12 March 2008].
4. Amnesty International, 2000. Sudan: the human price of oil. London: Amnesty International.
5. Anghie, A., 2004. Imperialism, sovereignty and the making of international law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6. Ban Ki-moon, 2007. A climate culprit in Darfur. The Washington Post, 16 June, Available from: http:// www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/15/AR2007061501857.html [Accessed 8 December 2009].
7. Barnett, T. and Abdelkarim, A., 1991. Sudan: the Gezira scheme and agricultural transition. Abingdon: Routledge.
8. el-Battahani, A., 2006. A complex web: politics and conflict in Sudan [online]. London: Conciliation Resources. Available from: www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/sudan/politics-conflict.php [Accessed 13 November 2008].
9. Blas, J. and Wallis, W., 2009. US investor buys Sudanese warlord's land. Financial Times, 9 January. Available from: www.twf.org/News/Y2009/0109-Land.html [Accessed 23 January 2010].
10. Brown, M.E., 1996. The international dimensions of internal conflict. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
11. Brown, M.E., 2001. Ethnic and internal conflicts: causes and implications. In: C. Crocker, et al., eds. Turbulent peace. Washington DC: US Institute of Peace, 209-226.
12. Christian, Aid, 2001. The scorched earth: oil and water in Sudan. London: Christian Aid.
13. Collier, P. and Hoeffler, A., 1998. On economic causes of civil war. Oxford Economic Papers, 50, 563-573.
14. Collier, P., 2000. Doing well out of war: an economic perspective. In: M. Berdal and D. Malone, eds. Greed and grievance: economic agendas in civil wars. London: Lynne Reinner, 91-111.
15. Collier, P., et al., 2003. Breaking the conflict trap. Washington, DC: World Bank.
16. Cramer, C., 2006. Violence in developing countries: war, memory, progress. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
17. Crocker, C., Hampson, F.O. and Aall, P., eds., 2001. Turbulent peace. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace.
18. Daly, M.W., 1987. Empire on the Nile: the Anglo-Egyptian condominium, 1898-1934. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19. Daly, M.W., 2007. Darfur's sorrow: a history of destruction and genocide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20. Dixon, N., 2004. Oil profits behind West's tears for Darfur [online]. Counterpunch, 9, August, Available from: http://www.counterpunch.org/dixon08092004.html [Accessed 15 December 2009].
21. Duffield, M., 1990. Sudan at the crossroads. IDS Discussion Paper 275. Brighton: University of Sussex, IDS.
22. Duffield, M., 2001. Global governance and the new wars: the merging of development and security. London: Zed Books.
23. ECOS, 2007. ECOS map. Available from: www.ecosonline.org/back/pdf_reports/2007/Oil/oilfieldmap%20Sudan%20ECOS%20aug2007.pdf [Accessed 19 May 2009].
24. Ellis, S., 1998. Liberia's warlord insurgency. In: C. Clapham, ed. African guerrillas. Oxford: James Currey.
25. Elnur, I., 2009. Contested Sudan: the political economy of war and reconstruction. Abingdon: Routledge.
26. Esses, V.M. and Jackson, L.M., 2008. Applying the unified instrumental model of group conflict. In: V.M. Esses and R. Vernon, eds. Explaining the breakdown of ethnic relations: why neighbours kill. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 223-244.
27. Fearon, J. and Laitin, D., 2003. Ethnicity, insurgency and civil war. American Political Science Review, 97 (1), 75-90.
28. Feher, M., 2000. Powerless by design: the age of the international community. Durham: Duke University Press.
29. Fieldhouse, K., 1999. The West and the Third World. Oxford: Blackwell.
30. Foster, J.B., 2006. Awarning to Africa: The new US imperial grand strategy [online]. Monthly Review, 58 (2). Available from: http://www.monthlyreview.org/0606jbf.htm [Accessed 28 November 2008].
31. Foucault, M., 2003. Society must be defended. New York: Penguin Books.
32. Freund, B., 1998. The making of contemporary Africa: the development of African society since 1800. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
33. Gagnon, G. and Ryle, J., 2001. Report of an investigation into oil development, conflict and displacement in Western Upper Nile, Sudan. London and Ottawa: Canadian Auto Workers Union, Steelworkers Humanity Fund, World Vision, Symons Foundation, Sudan Inter-Agency Reference Group.
34. Grovogui, S.N.'Z., 2002. Regimes of sovereignty: international morality and the African condition. European Journal of International Relations, 8 (3), 315-338.
35. Grovogui, S.N.'Z., 1996. Sovereigns, quasi-sovereigns and Africans: race and self-determination in international law. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
36. Gurr, T., 2001. Minorities and nationalists. In: C. Crocker, F.O. Hampson and P. Aall, eds. Turbulent peace. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 163-188.
37. Hanlon, J., 2006a. External roots of internal war. In: H. Yanacopulos and J. Hanlon, eds. Civil war, civil peace. Oxford: James Currey, 113-136.
38. Hanlon, J., 2006b. Ethnicity and identity. In: H. Yanacopulos and J. Hanlon, eds. Civil war, civil peace. Oxford: James Currey, 95-112.
39. Harir, S., 1994. Arab belt vs African belt. In: S. Harir and T. Tvedt, eds. Short-cut to decay: the case of Sudan. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 144-185.
40. Harker, J., 2000. Human security in Sudan: the report of a Canadian Assessment Mission. Ottawa: Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade.
41. Holt, P.M. and Daly, M.W., 2000. A history of the Sudan: from the coming of Islam to the present day. Harlow: Pearson.
42. Homer-Dixon, T., 1994. Environmental scarcities and violent conflict. International Security, 19 (1), 5-40.
43. Horowitz, D.L., 2000. Ethnic groups in conflict. University of California Press.
44. HRW, 2003. Sudan, oil and human rights. New York: Human Rights Watch.
45. Hunt, B., 2007. Understanding AFRICOM: a contextual reading of empire's new combatant command [online]. Parts I-III, 21-22 February. Available from: http://www.moonofalabama. org/2007/02/understanding_a_1.html [Accessed 18 November 2008].
46. Huntington, S.P., 1993. The clash of civilizations. Foreign Affairs, 72 (3), 22-49.
47. Idris, A., 2004. The racialised and Islamicised Sudanese state and the question of Southern Sudan. In: A. Jalata, ed. State crises, globalisation and national movements in north-east Africa. London: Routledge, 30-44.
48. Jok, M.J., 2007. Sudan: race, religion and violence. Oxford: Oneworld.
49. Johnson, D.H., 2003. The root causes of Sudan's civil wars. Oxford: James Currey.
50. Johnson, D.H., 2006. Darfur: peace, genocide and crimes against humanity in Sudan. In: P. Kaarsholm, ed. Violence, political culture and development in Africa. Oxford: James Currey, 92-104.
51. Kaldor, M., 2001. New wars and old wars. Cambridge: Polity.
52. Kaplan, R.D., 1994. The coming anarchy. Atlantic Monthly, February.
53. Khalid, M., 1990. The government they deserve: the role of the elite in Sudan's political evolution. London: Kegan Paul.
54. Khalid, M., 2003. War and peace in Sudan: a tale of two countries. London: Kegan Paul.
55. Klare, M., 2001. Resource wars: the new landscape of global conflict. New York: Henry Holt.
56. Klare, M., 2004. Blood and oil: how America's thirst for petrol is killing us. London: Penguin.
57. Levy, J.S., 2001. Theories of interstate and intrastate war: a levels-of-analysis approach. In: C. Crocker, et al., eds. Turbulent peace. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 3-27.
58. Lind, W.S., 2004. Fourth generation war in Sudan [online], 16 July. Available from: http://www.antiwar.com [Accessed 21 December 2008].
59. Mahmoud, F.B., 1984. The Sudanese bourgeoisie: vanguard of development? London: Zed Books.
60. Mamdani, M., 1996. Citizen and subject: contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
61. Mamdani, M., 2003. Making sense of political violence in post-colonial Africa. Socialist Register, 132-151.
62. Mamdani, M., 2004. Good Muslim, bad Muslim: America, the cold war and the roots of terror. New York: Three Leaves Press.
63. Mamdani, M., 2007. Culture talk: six debates that shape the discourse of 'good' Muslims. In: M. A. Muqtedar Khan, ed. Debating moderate Islam: the geopolitics of Islam and the West. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 114-123.
64. Mamdani, M., 2009. Saviors and survivors: Darfur, politics, and the war on terror. New York: Pantheon Books.
65. Markakis, J., 1987. National and class conflict in the Horn of Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
66. Medani, K., 1993. Sudan's human and political crisis. Current History, 42 (574), 203-207.
67. Mutua, M., 2004. Racism at root of Sudan's Darfur crisis. The Christian Science Monitor, 14 July, p. 10.
68. Nafziger, E.W. and Auvinen, J., 2002. Economic development, inequality, war and state violence. World Development, 30 (2), 153-163.
69. Niblock, T., 1987. Class and power in Sudan: the dynamics of Sudanese politics, 1898-1985. Albany: State University of New York Press.
70. O'Fahey, R.S., 1993. Islamic hegemonies in the Sudan: Sufism, Mahdism and Islamism. In: L. Brenner, ed. Muslim identity and social change in sub-Saharan Africa. London: Hurst, 21-35.
71. Pantuliano, S., 2006. Comprehensive peace? An analysis of the evolving tension in Eastern Sudan. Review of African Political Economy, 33 (110), 709-720.
72. Patey, L.A., 2007. State rules: oil companies and armed conflict in Sudan. Third World Quarterly, 28 (5),997-1016.
73. Peterson, S., 2000. Me against my brother: at war in Somalia, Sudan and Rwanda. New York: Routledge.
74. Reno, W., 1998. Warlord politics and African states. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner.
75. Ross, M., 1999. The political economy of the resource curse. World Politics, 51 (2), 297-322.
76. Sachs, J.D., 2006. Sustainable developments: ecology and political upheaval [online]. Scientific American, 295 (37). Available from: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=ecology-and-political-uph [Accessed 28 November 2009].
77. Salih, M.A. and Harir, S., 1994. Tribal militias: the genesis of national disintegration. In: S. Harir and T. Tvedt, eds. Short-cut to decay: the case of Sudan. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 186-203.
78. Salih, K.O., 1990. British policy and the accentuation of inter-ethnic divisions: the case of the Nuba Mountains region of Sudan, 1920-1940. African Affairs, 89, July, 417-436.
79. Sharkey, H.J., 2004. Sudan: oil and water. In: C. Legum, ed. Africa Contemporary Record, 27, 1998-2000. New York: Africana/Holmes and Meier, B651-B67.
80. Sharkey, H.J., 2008. Arab identity and ideology in Sudan: the politics of language, ethnicity and race. African Affairs, 107 (426), 21-43.
81. Sidahmed, A.S., 2004. Politics and Islam in contemporary Sudan. London: Routledge.
82. Silverstein, K., 2005. Official pariah Sudan valuable to America's war on terrorism [online]. Los Angeles Times, 29 April, Available from: http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/154/26759.html [Accessed 12 November 2007].
83. de Soysa, I., 2000. The resource curse: are civil wars driven by rapacity or paucity? In: M. Berdal and D. Malone, eds. Greed and grievance: economic agendas in civil wars. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner.
84. Suliman, M., 1993. Civil war in the Sudan: from ethnic to ecological conflict. The Ecologist, 23 (3), 104-109.
85. Suliman, M., 1994. Civil war in Sudan: the impact of ecological degradation [online]. London: Institute For African Alternatives (IFAA), www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/cvlw_env_sdn. html [Accessed 4 November 2008].
86. Suliman, M., 1998. Resource access: a major cause of the armed conflict in the Sudan - the case of the Nuba Mountains [online]. International Workshop on Community-Based Natural Resource Management, 10-14 May 1998, Washington, DC. Available from: http://srdis.ciesin.colombia. edu/cases/Sudan-Paper.html [Accessed 4 November 2008].
87. Suliman, M., 2001a. Eighteen years of civil war in the Sudan [online]. London: IFAA. Available from: www.ifaanet.org/ifaapr/18_years.htm [Accessed 15 April 2008].
88. Suliman, M., ed., 2001b. Oil and the civil war in the Sudan [online]. London: IFAA. Available from: www.ifaanet.org/ifaapr/oil_sudan.htm [Accessed 16 November 2008].
89. Suliman, M., 2008. The war in Darfur: the resource dimension. Paper presented at The American University in Cairo, 5 April 2008. Available from: www.ifaanet.org/warinDarfur.pdf [Accessed 15 April 2008].
90. Taylor, I., 2009. China's new role in Africa. London: Lynne Reinner.
91. Walter, B., 1999. Conclusion. In: B. Walter and J. Snyder, eds. Civil wars, insecurity and intervention. New York: Columbia University Press, 303-310.
92. Woodward, P., 1988. Sudan since Independence. London: Gower.
93. Woodward, P., 2006. US foreign policy and the Horn of Africa. Aldershot: Ashgate.
94. Yohannes, O., 1997. The United States and the Horn of Africa: an analytical study of pattern and process. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
95. Yohannes, O., 2008. Water resources and inter-riparian relations in the Nile Basin. Albany: State University of New York Press.