Cryptosporidiosis surveillance - United States, 2006-2008

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

Volumn 59, Issue SS-6, 2010, Pages 1-14

  Yoder, Jonathan S ^a   Harral, Courtney ^a   Beach, Michael J ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR EMERGING AND ZOONOTIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE; AGED; ARTICLE; CHILD; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; EPIDEMIC; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; INFANT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SEASON; UNITED STATES; WATER SUPPLY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; SEASONS; UNITED STATES; WATER SUPPLY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77953442599     PISSN: 01492195     EISSN: 1545861X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Chen X-M, Keithly JS, Paya CV, LaRusso NF. Cryptosporidiosis. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1723-31.
2. Hellard ME, Sinclair MI, Hogg GG, Fairley CK. Prevalence of enteric pathogens among community based asymptomatic individuals. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000;15:290-3.
3. Hunter PR, Nichols G. Epidemiology and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002;15:145-54.
4. Kaplan JE, Hanson D, Dworkin MS, et al. Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated opportunistic infections in the United States in the era of highly active antiretrorviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2000 (Suppl);30:S5-S14.
5. Fox LM, Saravolatz LD. Nitazoxanide: a new thiazolide antiparasitic agent. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1173-80.
6. Huang DB, Chappell C, Okhuysen PC. Cryptosporidiosis in children. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 2004;15:253-9.
7. Xiao L, Fayer R, Ryan U, Upton SJ. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004;17:72-97.
8. Cama VA, Bern C, Roberts J, et al. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and clinical manifestations in children, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:1567-74.
9. DuPont HL, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Okhuysen PC, Rose JB, Jakubowski W. The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. N Engl J Med 1995;332:855-9.
10. Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL, Crabb JH, Sterling CR, DuPont HL. Virulence of three distinct Cryptosporidium parvum isolates for healthy adults. J Infect Dis 1999;180:1275-81.
11. Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Sterling CR, DuPont HL. Cryptosporidium parvum: intensity of infection and oocyst excretion patterns in healthy volunteers. J Infect Dis 1996;173:232-6.
12. Jokipii L, Jokipii AMM. Timing of symptoms and oocyst excretion in human cryptosporidiosis. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1643-7.
13. CDC. Cryptosporidiosis prevention. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2010. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/crypto/gen_info/prevent.html. Accessed May 13, 2010.
14. D'Antonio RG, Winn RE, Taylor JP, et al. A waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in normal hosts. Ann Intern Med 1985;103(6 Pt 1):886-8.
15. CDC. Swimming-associated cryptosporidiosis--Los Angeles County. MMWR 1990;39:343-5.
16. Quiroz ES, Bern C, MacArthur JR, et al. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis linked to a foodhandler. J Infect Dis 2000;181:695-700.
17. Millard PS, Gensheimer KF, Addiss DG, et al. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis from fresh-pressed apple cider. JAMA 1994; 272:1592-6.
18. Cordell RL, Addiss DG. Cryptosporidiosis in child care settings: a review of the literature and recommendations for prevention and control. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994;13:310-7.
19. Ashbolt RH, Coleman DJ, Misrachi A, Conti JM, Kirk MD. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with an animal nursery at a regional fair. Commun Dis Intell 2003;27:244-9.
20. Deitz VJ, Roberts JM. National surveillance for infection with Cryptosporidium parvum, 1995-1998: what have we learned? Public Health Rep 2000;115:358-63.
21. Hlavsa MC, Watson JC, Beach MJ. Cryptosporidiosis surveillance-United States, 1999-2002. In: Surveillance Summaries, January 28, 2004. MMWR 2004;54(No. SS-1):1-8.
22. Yoder JS, Beach MJ. Cryptosporidiosis surveillance-United States, 2003-2005. In: Surveillance Summaries, September 7, 2007. MMWR 2007;56(No. SS-7):1-10.
23. CDC. Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium) case definition. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2010. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncphi/disss/nndss/casedef/cryptosporidiosis_2009.htm. Accessed May 13, 2010.
24. Arrowood MJ. Diagnosis. In: Fayer R, ed. Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis. Boca Raton, FL; CRC press; 1997:43.
25. Johnston SP, Ballard MM, Beach MJ, Causer L, Wilkins PP. Evaluation of three commercial assays for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium organisms in fecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:623-6.
26. CDC. Communitywide cryptosporidiosis outbreak--Utah, 2007. MMWR. 2008;57:989-93.
27. Dziuban EJ, Liang JL, Craun GF, et al. Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water-United States, 2003-2004. In: Surveillance Summaries, December 22, 2006. MMWR 2006;55(No. SS-12):1-30.
28. Liang JL, Dziuban EJ, Craun GF, et al. Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with drinking water and water not intended for drinking-United States, 2003-2004. In: Surveillance Summaries, December 22, 2006. MMWR 2006;55(No. SS-12):31-65.
29. Yoder JS, Blackburn BG, Craun GF, et al. Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks associated with recreational water-United States, 2001-2002. In: Surveillance Summaries, October 22, 2004. MMWR 2004;53(No. SS-8):1-21.
30. Blackburn BG, Yoder JS, Craun GF, et al. Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks associated with drinking water-United States, 2001-2002. In: Surveillance Summaries, October 22, 2004. MMWR 2004;53(No. SS-8):23-45.
31. Lee SH, Levy DA, Craun GF, Beach MJ, Calderon RL. Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks--United States, 1999-2000. In: Surveillance Summaries, November 22, 2002. MMWR 2002;51(No. SS-8):1-48.
32. Barwick RS, Levy DA, Craun GF, Beach MJ, Calderon RL. Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks-United States, 1997-1998. In: Surveillance Summaries, May 26, 2000. MMWR 2000;49(No. SS-4):1-35.
33. Levy DA, Bens MS, Craun GF, Calderon RL, Herwaldt BL. Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks-United States, 1995-1996. In: Surveillance Summaries, December 11, 1998. MMWR 1998;47(No. SS-5):1-34.
34. Kramer MH, Herwaldt BL, Craun GF, Calderon RL, Juranek DD. Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks-United States, 1993-1994. In: Surveillance Summaries, April 12, 1996. MMWR 1996;45(No. SS-1):1-33.
35. Moore AC, Herwaldt BL, Craun GF, Calderon RL, Highsmith AK, Juranek DD. Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks--United States, 1991-1992. In: Surveillance Summaries, November 11, 1993. MMWR 1993:42(No. SS-5):1-22.
36. Herwaldt BL, Craun GF, Stokes SL, Juranek DD. Waterborne-disease outbreaks, 1989-1990. In: Surveillance Summaries, December 1, 1991. MMWR 1991:40(No. SS-3):1-21.
37. Levine WC, Stephenson WT, Craun GF. Waterborne disease outbreaks, 1986-1988. In: Surveillance Summaries, March 1, 1990. MMWR 1990; 39(No. SS-1):1-13.
38. Yoder JS, Hlavsa M, Craun GF, et. al. Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water use and other aquatic facility-associated health events-United States, 2005-2006. In: Surveillance Summaries, September 12, 2008. MMWR 2008;57(No. SS-9):1-38.
39. Yoder JS, Roberts V, Craun GF, et al. Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with drinking water and water not intended for drinking - United States, 2005-2006. In: Surveillance Summaries, September 12, 2008. MMWR 2008;57 (No. SS-9):39-69.
40. Naumova EN, Chen JT, Griffiths JK, Matyas BT, Estes-Smargiassi SA, Morris RD. Use of passive surveillance data to study temporal and spatial variation in the incidence of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Public Health Rep 2000;115:436-47.
41. Majowicz SE, Michel P, Aramini JJ, McEwen SA, Wilson JB. Descriptive analysis of endemic cryptosporidiosis cases reported in Ontario 1996-1997. Can J Public Health 2001;92:62-6.
42. Aragón TJ, Novotny S, Enanoria W, Vugia DJ, Khalakdina A, Katz MH. Endemic cryptosporidiosis and exposure to municipal tap water in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): a case-control study. BMC Public Health 2003;3:2.
43. Roy SL, DeLong SM, Stenzel S, et al. Risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis among immunocompetent persons in the United States from 1999 to 2001. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:2944-51.
44. Shields JM, Hill VR, Arrowood MJ, Beach MJ. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum under chlorinated recreational water conditions. J Water Health 2008 6:513-20.
45. CDC. Violations identified from routine swimming pool inspections--selected states and counties, United States, 2008. MMWR 2010;59:582-7.
46. Furness BW, Beach MJ, Roberts JM. Giardiasis surveillance, United States, 1992-1997. In: Surveillance Summaries, August 11, 2000. MMWR 2000;49(No. SS-7):1-13.
47. Hlavsa MC, Watson JC, Beach MJ. Giardiasis surveillance-United States, 1998-2002. In: Surveillance summaries, January 28, 2004. MMWR 2004;54(No. SS-1):9-16.
48. Yoder JS, Beach MJ. Giardiasis surveillance--United States, 2003-2005. In: Surveillance Summaries, September 7, 2007. MMWR 2007;56(No. SS-7):11-8.
49. CDC. Annual listing of foodborne disease outbreaks, United States. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2010. Available at www.cdc.gov/outbreaknet/surveillance_data.html. Accessed May 13, 2010.
50. CDC, National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians. Compendium of measures to prevent disease associated with animals in public settings, 2009. MMWR 2009;58(No. RR-5).
51. Valderrama AL, Hlavsa MC, Cronquist A, et al. Multiple risk factors associated with a large statewide increase in cryptosporidiosis. Epidemiol Infect 2009;137:1781-8.
52. Scallan E, Jones TF, Cronquist A, et al. Factors associated with seeking medical care and submitting a stool sample in estimating the burden of foodborne illness. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2006;3:432-8.
53. Voetsch AC, Van Gilder TJ, Angulo FJ, et al. FoodNet estimate of the burden of illness caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38(Suppl):S127-S134.
54. Berger M, Weintraub JM. Testing patterns for cryptosporidiosis: a survey of physicians in three California counties. San Francisco, CA. San Francisco Department of Public Health; 2005. Available at http://www.sfphes.org/water/crypto/Cryptosporidiosis_Testing_Patterns_Among_Physicians.pdf. Accessed May 13, 2010.
55. Jones JL, Lopez A, Wahlquist SP, Nadle J, Wilson M. Survey of clinical laboratory practices for parasitic diseases. 1. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38(Suppl):S198-S202.
56. Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, et al. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:607-25.
57. Goh S, Reacher M, Casemore DP, et al. Sporadic cryptosporidiosis, North Cumbria, England, 1996-2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10:1007-15.
58. Robertson B, Sinclair MI, Forbes AB, et al. Case-control studies of sporadic cryptosporidiosis in Melbourne and Adelaide, Australia. Epidemiol Infect 2002;128:419-31.
59. Hunter PR, Hughes S, Woodhouse S, et al. Sporadic cryptosporidiosis case-control study with genotyping. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10:1241-9.
60. Hunter PR, Chalmers RM, Syed Q, Hughes LS, Woodhouse S, Swift L. Foot and mouth disease and cryptosporidiosis: possible interaction between two emerging infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:109-12.
61. Feltus DC, Giddings CW, Schneck BL, Monson T, Warshauer D, McEvoy JM. Evidence supporting zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:4303-8.
62. Xiao L, Bern C, Limor J, et al. Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru. J Infect Dis 2001;183:492-7.
63. Leoni F, Amar C, Nichols G, Pedraza-Díaz S, McLauchlin J. Genetic analysis of Cryptosporidium from 2414 humans with diarrhoea in England between 1985 and 2000. J Med Microbiol 2006;55:703-7.
64. Xiao L, Feng Y. Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2008;52:309-23.
65. Blackburn BG, Mazurek JM, Hlavsa M, et al. Cryptosporidiosis associated with ozonated apple cider. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:684-6.
66. Robertson LJ, Gjerde B. Occurrence of parasites on fruits and vegetables in Norway. J Food Prot 2001;64:1793-8.
67. Ortega YR, Roxas CR, Gilman RH, et al. Isolation of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis from vegetables collected in markets of an endemic region in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997;57:683-6.
68. Thurston-Enriquez JA, Watt P, Dowd SE, Enriquez R, Pepper IL, Gerba CP. Detection of protozoan parasites and microsporidia in irrigation waters used for crop production. J Food Prot 2002;65:378-82.
69. Chaidez C, Soto M, Gortares P, Mena K. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in irrigation water and its impact on the fresh produce industry. Int J Environ Health Res 2005;15:339-45.
70. Gale P. Land application of treated sewage sludge: quantifying pathogen risks from consumption of crops. J Appl Microbiol 2005;98:380-96.
71. Mac Kenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, et al. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med 1994;331:161-7. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 1994;331:1035.
72. Lake IR, Nichols G, Bentham G, Harrison FC, Hunter PR, Kovats SR. Cryptosporidiosis decline after regulation, England and Wales, 1989-2005. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:623-5.
73. Sopwith W, Osborn K, Chalmers R, Regan M. The changing epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in North West England. Epidemiol Infect 2005;133:785-93.
74. Turabelidze G, Lin M, Weiser T, Zhu BP. Communitywide outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in rural Missouri associated with attendance at child care centers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007;161:878-83.