Vitamin D and the Pathogenesis of Rickets and Osteomalacia

Vitamin D

Volumn 2, Issue , 2005, Pages 1029-1048

  Michael Parfitt, A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77953362766     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012252687-9/50066-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (148)

1. McLean FC, Urist MR Bone: An Introduction to the Physiology of Skeletal Tissue 1955, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
2. Robinson R The significance of Phosphoric Esters in Metabolism 1932, New York Univ. Press, New York.
3. 45Ca autoradiography in the study of bone tissue. Bone as a Tissue 1960, 262-279. McGraw-Hill, New York. K. Rodahl, J.T. Nicholson, E.M. Brown (Eds.).
4. Frost HM, Villanueva AR Observations on osterid seams. Henry Ford Hospital Med Bull 1960, 8:212-219.
5. Prafitt AM Human bone mineralization studied by in vivo tetracycline labeling: Application to the pathophysiology of osteomalacia. Chemistry and Biology of Mineralized Tissues 1992, 465-474. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam. M. Slavkin, P. Price (Eds.).
6. Parfitt AM Osteomalacia and related disorders. Metabolic Bone Disease and Clinically Related Disorders 1997, 645-662. Academic Press Inc., San Diego. 3rd Ed. L.V. Avioli, S.M. Krane (Eds.).
7. Hansson LI, Menander-Sellman K, Stenstrom A, Thorngren KG Rate of normal longitudinal bone growth in the rat. Calcif Tissue Res 1972, 10:238-251.
8. Thorngren KG, Hansson LI, Menander-Sellman K, Stenstrom A Effect of hypophysectomy on longitudinal bone growth in the rat. Calcif. Tussue Res 1973, 11:281-300.
9. Caplan AI, Boyan BD Endochondral bone formation: The lineage cascade. Bone: A Treatise, Volume 8, Mechanisms of Bone Development and Growth 1994, 1-46. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. B.K. Hall (Ed.).
10. Yamauchi M, Chandler GS, Katz EP Collagen cross-linking and mineralization. Chemistry and Biology of Mineralized Tissues 1992, 39-46. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam. M. Slavkin, P. Price (Eds.).
11. Gerstenfeld LC, Riva A, Hodgens K, Eyre DR, Landis WJ Post-translational control of collagen fibrillogenesis in mineralizing cultures of chick osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 1993, 8:1031-1043.
12. Boskey AL Mineral-matrix interactions in bone and cartilage. Clin Orthop Related Res 1990, 281:244-274.
13. Gorkale JA, Robey PG, Boskey AL The biochemistry of bone. Osteoporosis 2001, 107-188. Academic Press, San Diego. 2 nd Ed.. R. Marcus, D. Feldman, J. Kelsey (Eds.).
14. Marsh ME, Munne AM, Vogel JJ, Cui Y, Franceschi RT Mineralization of Bone-like Extracellular Matrix in the Absence of Functional Osteoblasts. J Bone Min Res 1995, 10:1635-1643.
15. Parfitt AM, Kleerekoper M The divalent ion homeostatic system: Physiology and metabolism of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and bone. Clinical Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Metabolism 1980, 269-398. McGraw-Hill, New York. 3rd Ed. M. Maxwell, C.R. Kleeman (Eds.).
16. Neuman WF Bone material and calcification mechanisms. Fundamental and Clinical Bone Physiology 1980, 83-107. Lippincott, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. M.R. Urist (Ed.).
17. Glimcher MJ The nature of the mineral component of bone and the mechanism of calcification. Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 1992, 265-286. Raven, New York. F.L. Coe, M.J. Favus (Eds.).
18. Glowacki J Mechanisms of Biomineralization. Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 2002, 227-234. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2nd Ed. F.L. Coe, M.J. Favus (Eds.).
19. Parfitt AM Calcium homeostasis. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Volume 107, Physiology and Pharmacology of Bone 1993, 1-65. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. G.R. Mundy, T.J. Martin (Eds.).
20. Brighton CT, Hunt RM The role of mitochondria in growth plate calcification as demonstrated in a rachitic model. J Bone Joint Surg 1978, 60-A:630-639.
21. Fedde KN, Blair L, Silverstein J, Coburn SP, Ryan LM, Weinstein RS, Waymire K, Narisawa S, Millan JL, MacGregor GR, Whyte MP Alkaline phosphatase knock-out mice recapitulate the metabolic and skeletal defects of infantile hypophosphatasia. J Bone Min Res. 1999, 14:2015-2026.
22. Alcock NW, Shils ME Association of inorganic pyrophosphatase activity with normal calcification of rat costal cartilage in vivo. Biochem J 1968, 112:505-510.
23. Meyer JL, Fleisch H Determination of calcium phosphate inhibitor activity; critical assessment of the methodology. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1984, 10:249-258.
24. Hoshi K, Kemmotsu S, Takeuchi Y, Amizuka N, Ozawa H The Primary Calcification in Bones Follows Removal of Decorin and Fusion of Collagen Fibrils. J Bone Min Res 1999, 14:273-280.
25. Christoffersen J, Landis WJ A contribution with review to the description of mineralization of bone and other calcified tissues in vivo. Anat Rec 1991, 230:435-450.
26. Schenk RK, Hunziker EB Growth plate: Histophysiology, cell, and matrix turnover. Rickets, Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series 1991, Vol. 21:63-78. Raven, New York. F.H. Glorieux (Ed.).
27. Anderson HC, Morris DC Mineralization. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Volune 107, Phydsiology and Pharmacology of Bone 1993, 267-298. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. G.R. Mundy, T.J. Martin (Eds.).
28. Boskey AL, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z Matrix Vesicles Promote Mineralization in a Gelatin Gel. Calcif Tissue Int 1997, 60:309-315.
29. Reinholf, Engfeldt B, Hjerpe A, Jansson K Stereological studies on the epiphyseal growth plate with special reference to the distribution of matrix vesicles. J Ultrastruct Res 1982, 80:270-279.
30. Glorieux FH, Marie PJ, Pettifor JM, Delvin EE Bone response to phosphate salts, ergocalciferol, and calcitriol in hypophosphatemic vitamin D resistant rickets. N Engl J Med 1980, 303:1023-1031.
31. Kember NF, Kirkwood JK Cell kinetics and the study of longitudinal bone growth: A perspective. Fundamentals of Bone Growth: Methodology and Applications 1991, 153-162. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. A.D. Dixon, B.G. Sarnat, D.A. Hoyte (Eds.).
32. Dodds GS, Cameron HC Studies on experimental rickets in rats. I. Structural modifications of the epiphyseal cartilages in the tibia and other bones. Am J Anat 1934, 55:135-165.
33. Park EA Observations on the pathology of rickets with particular reference to the changes at the cartilage-shaft junctions of the growing bones. Bull NY Acad Med 1939, 15:495-543.
34. Bicknell F, Prescott F The Vitamins in Medicine 1973, 529-533. Heinemann, London.
35. Bailie JM, Irving JT Development and healing of rickets in intramembranous bone. Acta Med Sci 1955, 152(Suppl. 306):1-14.
36. Baylink D, Stauffer M, Wergedal J, Rich C Formation, mineralization, and resorption of bone in vitamin D-deficient rats. J Clin Invest 1970, 49:1122-1134.
37. Parfitt AM Genetic effects on bone mass and turnover-relevance to black/white differences. J Amer Coll Nutr 1997, 16:325-333.
38. Schaffler MB, Burr DB, Frederickson RG Morphology of the osteonal cement line in human bone. Anat Rec 1987, 217:223-228.
39. Parfitt AM The physiologic and pathogenetic significance of bone histomorphometric data. Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 1992, 469-485. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia. 2nd Edition 2002. F.L. Coe, M.J. Favus (Eds.).
40. Parfitt AM, Foldes J, Villanueva AR, Shih MS The difference in label length between demethylcholortetracycline and oxytetracycline: Implications for the interpretation of bone histomorphometry. Calcif Tissue Int 1991, 48:74-77.
41. Eriksen EF Normal and pathological remodeling of human trabecular bone: Three-dimensional reconstruction of the remodeling sequence in normals and in metabolic bone disease. Endocr Rev 1986, 4:379-408.
42. Parfitt AM The cellular mechanisms of osteoid accumulation in metabolic bone disease. Mineral Metabolism Research in Italy 1984, Vol. 4:3-9. Wichtig Editore, Milano.
43. Parfitt AM Accelerated cortical bone loss: Primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Current Concepts of Bone Fragility 1986, 279-285. Springer-Verlag, New York. H. Uhthoff (Ed.).
44. Meunier PJ, Van Linthoudt D, Edouard C, Charhon S, Arlot M Histological analysis of the mechanisms underlying pathogenesis and healing of osteomalacia. Abstracts 1981, 33:771-774.
45. Peacock M Osteomalacia and rickets. Metabolic Bone and Stone Disease 1993, 83-118. Churchill Livingstone, London. 3rd Ed. B.E.C. Nordin, A.G. Need, H.A. Morris (Eds.).
46. Parfitt AM, Qui S, Rao DS. The Mineralization Index: A new approach to the histomorphometric appraisal of osteomalacia (in press).
47. Parfitt AM The Evolution of Vitamin D related Bone Disease: The Importance of an Early State of Increased Bone Turnover Without Impaired Mineralization. Nutritional Aspects of Osteoporosis 2001, 197-208. Academic Press, San Diego. P. Burkhardt, R. Heaney, B. Dawson-Hughes (Eds.).
48. Stanbury SW Vitamin D and calcium metabolism. Vitamin D. Molecular Biology and Clinical Nutrition 1980, 251-319. Dekker, New York. A.W. Norman (Ed.).
49. Fraser D, Kooh SW, Scriver CR Hyperparathyroidism as the cause of hyperaminoaciduria and phosphaturina in human vitamin D deficiency. Pediatr Res 1967, 1:425-435.
50. David L Common vitamin D-deficiency rickets. Rickets, Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series 1991, Vol 21:107-122. Raven, New York. F.H. Glorieux (Ed.).
51. Vainsel M, Manderlier T, Corvilain J, Vis HL Study of the secondary hyperparathyroidism in vitamin D-deficiency rickets. I. Aspects of mineral metabolism. Biomedicine 1974, 21:368-371.
52. Stanbury SW, Mawer EB Metabolic Disturbances in Acquired Osteomalacia. The Metabolic and Molecular Basis of Acquired Disease 1990, 1717-1782. Bailliere Tindall, London. R.D. Cohen, B. Lewis, K.G.M.M. Alberti, A.M. Denman (Eds.).
53. Rao DS, Villanueva A, Mathews M, Pumo B, Frame B, Kleerekoper M, Parfitt AM Histologic evolution of vitamin depletion in patients with intestinal malabsorption or dietary deficiency. Clinical Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 1983, 224-226. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam. B. Frame, J.T. Potts (Eds.).
54. Arnaud CD Parathyroid hormone and its role in the pathophysiology of the common forms of rickets and osteomalacia. Rickets, Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series 1991, Vol. 21:47-61. Raven, New York. F.H. Glorieux (Ed.).
55. Rao DS, Parfitt AM, Kleerekoper M, Pumo BS, Frame B Dissociation between the effects of endogenous parathyroid hormone on cAMP generation and on phosphate reabsorption in hypocalcemia due to vitamin D depletion: An acquired disorder resembling pseudohypoparathyroidism type II. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985, 61:285-290.
56. Brazier M, Kamel S, Maamer M, Agbomson F, Elesper I, Garabedian M, Desmet G, Sebert JL Markers of bone remodeling in the elderly subject: Effects of vitamin D insufficiency and its correction. J Bone Miner Res 1995, 10:1753-1761.
57. Parfitt AM, Kleerekoper M, Cruz C Reduced phosphate reabsorption unrelated to parathyroid hormone after renal transplantation: Implications for the patho genesis of hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1986, 12:356-362.
58. Fraser DR The physiological economy of vitamin D. Lancet 1983, 1:969-972.
59. Fraser DR Physiology of vitamin D and calcium homeostasis. Rickets, Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series 1991, Vol 21:23-34. Raven, New York. F.H. Glorieux (Ed.).
60. Mawer EF, Davies M Vitamin D nutrition and bone disease in adults. Reviews Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders 2001, 2:153-164.
61. Parfitt AM Adult hypoparathyroidism: Treatment with calcifediol. Arch Intern Med 1978, 138:874-881.
62. Clements MR, Chalmers TM, Fraser DR Enterohepatic circulation of vitamin D: A reappraisal of the hypothesis. Lancet 1984, 1:1376-1379.
63. Clements MR, Johnson L, Fraser DR A new mechanism for induced vitamin D deficiency in calcium deprivation. Nature 1987, 325:62-65.
64. Bisballe S, Eriksen EF, Melsen F, Mosekilde L, Sorensen OH, Hessov I Osteopenia and osteomalacia after gastrectomy: Interrelations between biochemical markers of bone remodeling, vitamin D metabolites, and bone histomorphometry. Gut 1991, 32:1303-1307.
65. Clements MR, Davies M, Hayes ME, Hickey CD, Lumb GA, Mawer EB, Adams PH The role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the mechanism of acquired vitamin D deficiency. Clin Endocrinol 1992, 37:17-27.
66. Davies M, Heys SE, Selby PL, Berry JL, Mawer EB Increased catabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with partial gastrectomy and elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels. Implications for metabolic bone disease. J Clin Endocrinol 1997, 82:209-212.
67. 3 corrects osteomalacia in hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism. Acta Endocrinol 1993, 103:241-247.
68. 3. Endocr Rev 1985, 6:491-511.
69. Norman AW, Roth J, Orci L The vitamin D endocrine system: Steroid metabolism, hormone receptors, and biological response (calcium binding proteins). Endocr Rev 1982, 3:331-366.
70. Nagant de Deuxchaisnes C, Rombouts-Lindemans C, Huaux JP, Withofs H, Meersseman F 1979 Healing of vitamin D-deficient osteomalacia by the administration of 1,25(OH) 2D 3. In: MacIntyre I, Szelke M (eds) Molecular Endocrinology, pp. 375-404.
71. 3 or 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol. Lancet 1980, 2:612-615.
72. Parfitt AM, Mathews CHE, Brommage R, Jarnagin K, DeLuca HF Calcitriol but no other metabolite of vitamin D is essential for normal bone growth and development in the rat. J Clin Invest 1984, 73:576-586.
73. Lund B, Charles P, Egsmose C, Lund BJ, Melson F, Mosekilde L, Storm T, Sondergard H, Thode J, Sorensen OH Changes in vitamin D metabolites and bone histology in rats during recovery from rickets. Calcif Tissue Int 1985, 37:478-483.
74. 3 is not the only D metabolite involved in the pathogenesis of osteomalacia. Am J Med 1980, 69:360-368.
75. St Amaud R, Glorieux FH Editorial: 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D-Active Metabolite or Inactive Catabolite?. Endocrinol 1998, 39:3371-3374.
76. St.Amaud R, Arabian A, Travers R, Barletta F, Raval-Pandya M, Chapin K, Depovere J, Mathieu C, Christakos S, Demay MB, Glorieux FH Deficient mineralization of intramembranous bone in vitamin D-24-hydroxylase-ablated mice is due to elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and not to the absence of 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Endocrinology 2000, 141:2658-2666.
77. Wronski TJ, Halloran BP, Bikle DD, Globus RK, Morey-Holton ER Chronic administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: increased bone but impaired mineralization. Endocrinology 1986, 119:2580-2585.
78. Popovtzer MM, Mathay R, Alfrey AC, Block M, Beck P, Miles J, Reeve EB Vitamin D deficiency osteomalacia-Healing of the bone disease in the absence of vitamin D with intravenous calcium and phosphorus infusions. Clinical Aspects of Metabolic Bone Disease 1973, 382-387. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam. B. Frame, A.M. Parfitt, H. Duncan (Eds.).
79. Sakati N, Woodhouse NJY, Niles N, Harfl H, de Grange DA, Marx S Hereditary resistance to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D: Clinical and radiological improvement during high-dose oral calcium therapy. Horm Res 1986, 24:280-287.
80. Weisman Y, Bab I, Gazit D, Spirer Z, Jaffe M, Hochberg Z Long-term intracaval calcium infusion therapy in endorgan resistance to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Am J Med 1987, 83:984-990.
81. Balsan S, Garabedian M, Larchet M, Gorski AM, Cournot G, Tau C, Bourdeau A, Silve C, Ricour C Long-term nocturnal calcium infusions can cure rickets and promote normal mineralization in hereditary resistance to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. J Clin Invest 1986, 77:1661-1667.
82. Underwood JR, DeLuca H Vitamin D is not directly necessary for bone growth and mineralization. Am J Physiol 1984, 246:493-498.
83. Weinstein RS, Underwood JL, Hutson MS, DeLuca HF Bone histomorphometry in vitamin D-deficient rats infused with calcium and phosphorus. Am J Physiol 1984, 246:E499-E505.
84. Compston JE, Vedi S, Merrett AL, Clemens TL, O'Riordan JLH, Woodhead JS Privational and malabsorption metabolic bone disease: Plasma vitamin D metabolite concentrations and their relationship to quantitative bone histology. Metab Bone Dis Related Res 1981, 3:165-170.
85. 2D and low 25-OHD. Hiroshima J Med Sci 1981, 30:61-63.
86. Chesney RW, Zimmerman J, Hamstra A, DeLuca MF, Mazess RB Vitamin D metabolite concentrations in vitamin D deficiency. Are calcitriol levels normal?. Am J Dis Children 1981, 135:1025-1028.
87. Markestad T, Halvorsen S, Halvorsen KS, et al. Plasma concentrations of vitamin D metabolites before and during treatment of vitamin D deficiency rickets in children. Acta Paediatr Scand 1984, 73:225-231.
88. Stanbury SW, Taylor CM, Lumb GA, Mawer B, Berry J, Hann J, Wallace J Formation of vitamin D metabolites following correction of human vitamin D deficiency. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1981, 5:212-227.
89. Wahl TO, Gobuty AH, Lukert BP Long-term anticonvulsant therapy and intestinal calcium absorption. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981, 30:506-516.
90. Demiaux B, Arlot ME, Chapuy M-C, Meunier PJ, Delmas PD Serum osteocalcin is increased in patients with osteomalacia: Correlations with biochemical and histomorphometric findings. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992, 74:1146-1151.
91. Stanbury SW Vitamin D and hyperparathyroidism. J R Coll Phys Lond 1981, 15:205-217.
92. Clements MR, Davies M, Fraser DR, Lumb GA, Mawer EB, Adams PH Metabolic inactivation of vitamin D is enhanced in primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Sci 1987, 73:659-664.
93. Stamp TCB, Walker PG, Perry W, Jenkins MW Nutritional osteomalacia and late rickets in greater London 1974-1979: Clinical and metabolic studies in 45 patients. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980, 9:81-105.
94. Raisz LG, Trummel CL, Holick MF, DeLuca HF 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol: A potent stimulator of bone resorption in tissue culture. Science 1972, 175:768-869.
95. Bouillon R, Van Baelen H Transport of vitamin D: Significance of free and total concentrations of the vitamin D metabolites. Calcif Tissue Int 1981, 33:451-453.
96. 3 to the chick intestinal receptor. FEBS Lett 1984, 170:239-242.
97. 3. J Biol Chem 1981, 256:7738-7740.
98. 3, into 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Bone. 1995, 16:129-135.
99. 3 in culture. Endocrinology 1983, 112:378-380.
100. 3-1 α- and 24-hydroxylases. Histochemistry 1990, 95:37-42.
101. 3 in the rat. Am J Physiol 1985, 248:G633-G638.
102. Trummel CL, Raisz LG, Blunt JW, DeLuca HF 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Stimulation of bone resorption in tissue culture. Science 1969, 163:1450-1451.
103. Olson EB, DeLuca HF 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol: Direct effect on calcium transport. Science 1969, 165:405-407.
104. Parfitt AM, Gallagher JC, Heaney RP, Johnston CC, Neer R, Whedon GD Vitamin D and bone health in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 1982, 36:1014-1031.
105. 3 in the osteomalacia of chronic renal failure. Clin Sci Mol Med 1976, 52:499-508.
106. Howland J, Kramer B Calcium and phosphorus in the serum in relation to rickets. Am J Dis Chldren 1921, 22:105-119.
107. Howland J, Kramer B A study of the calcium and inorganic phosphorus of the serum in relation to rickets and tetany. Monatschrift fur Kinderheilkd 1923, 25:279-293.
108. Shipley PG, Kramer B, Howland J Studies upon calcification in vitro. Biochem J 1926, 20:379-387.
109. Nordin BEC, Smith DA Pathogenesis and treatment of osteomalacia. L'Osteomalacie 1967, 374-399. Masson & Cie, Paris. D.J. Hioco (Ed.).
110. Kaplan FS, August CS, Fallon MD, Gannon F, Haddad JG Osteopetrorickets-The paradox of plenty. Pathophysiology and treatment. Clin Orthop Related Res 1993, 294:64-78.
111. Stanbury SW Osteomalacia. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1962, 29:883-892.
112. Yendt ER, Connor TB, Howard JE In vitro calcification of rachitic rat cartilage in normal and pathological human sera with some observations on the pathogenesis of renal rickets. Bull Johns Hopkins Hospital 1955, 96/97:1-19.
113. Dean DD, Boyan BD, Muniz OE, Howell DS, Schwartz Z Vitamin D Metabolites Regulate Matrix Vesicle Metalloproteinase content in a Cell Maturation-Dependent Manner. Calci Tiss Internat. 1996, 59:109-116.
114. Bordier PH, Hioco D, Roquier, Hepner GW, Thompson GR Effects of intravenous vitamin D on bone and phosphate metabolism in osteomalacia. Calcif Tissue Res 1969, 4:78-83.
115. 3. N Engl J Med 1974, 291:866-871.
116. Bordier P, Rasmussen H, Marie P, Miravet L, Gueris J, Ryckwaert A Vitamin D metabolites and bone mineralization in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978, 46:284-294.
117. 3. Gut 1979, 20:133-136.
118. 3. Br Med J 1979, 309-312.
119. 3. Gut 1980, 21:669-674.
120. Parfitt AM, Villanueva AR Hypophosphatemia and osteoblast function in human bone disease. Adv Exp Med Biol 1982, 151:209-216. S.G. Masry, J.M. Letteri, E. Ritz (Eds.).
121. Markowitz ME, Rosen JF, Laxminarayan S, Mizruchi M Circadian rhythms of blood minerals during adolescence. Pediatr Res 1984, 18:456-462.
122. De Vernejoul MC, Marie PJ, Miravet L, Ryckewaert A Chronichypophosphatemia without osteomalacia. Clinical Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 1983, 232-236. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam. B. Frame, J.T. Potts (Eds.).
123. Oginni LM, Sharp CA, Worsfold M, Badru OS, Davie JWJ Healing of rickets after calcium supplementation. Lancet 1999, 353:296.
124. McKenna MJ, Kleerekoper M, Ellis BI, Dao BS, Parfitt AM, Frame B Atypical insufficiency fractures confused with Looser zones of osteomalacia. Bone 1987, 8:71-78.
125. Parfitt AM The clinical and radiographic manifestations of renal osteodystrophy. Perspectives in Hypertension and Nephrology: Calcium Metabolism in Renal Failure and Nephrolithiasis 1977, 145-195. Wiley, New York. D.G. David (Ed.).
126. Wergedal JE, Baylink JE Factors affecting bone enzymatic activity in vitamin D-deficient rats. Am J Physiol 1971, 220:406-409.
127. Howard GA, Baylink DJ Matrix formation and osteoid maturation in vitamin D-deficient rats made normocalcemic by dietary means. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1980, 3:44-50.
128. Sebert JL, Meunier PJ Role physiopathologique de la vitamine D et de ses metabolites dans l'osteomalacie. Vitamine D et Maladies des Os et du Metabolisme Mineral 1984, 109-145. Masson, Paris. R. Bouillon, B. Boudailliez, A. Marie (Eds.).
129. Bordier PJ, Marie P, Miravet L, et al. Morphological and morphometrical characteristics of the mineralization front. A vitamin D regulated sequence of the bone remodeling. Bone Histomorphometry. Second International Workshop 1976, 335-354. Armour Montagu, Paris. P.J. Meunier (Ed.).
130. Weinstein Rs Clinical use of bone biopsy. Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 2002, 449-468. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 2nd Ed. F.L. Coe, M.J. Favus (Eds.).
131. Meunier PJ, Edouard C, Arlot M, et al. Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D on bone mineralization. Molecular Endocrinology 1979, 283-292. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam. I. Maclntyre, M. Szelke (Eds.).
132. Marie PJ, Glorieux FH Histomorphometric study of bone remodeling in hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resistant rickets. Metab Bone Dis Related Res 1981, 3:31-38.
133. 3 receptor-like macromolecule in rat osteogenic sarcoma cell lines. J Biol Chem 1980, 255:4414-4417.
134. 3 identified by thaw-mount autoradiography. Hormonal Control of Calcium Metabolism 1981, 222-229. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam. D.V. Cohn, R.V. Talmage, J.L. Matthews (Eds.).
135. 3 stimulates the alkaline phosphatase activity of osteoblastlike cells. J Biol Chem 1981, 256:7115-7117.
136. Lian JB, Coutts M, Canalis E Studies of hormonal regulation of osteocalcin sysnthesis in cultured fetal rat calvariae. J Biol Chem 1985, 260:8706-8710.
137. 3 stimulates sodium-dependent phosphate transport in osteoblast-like cells. Bone 1997, 21:41-47.
138. 3 on bone matrix and mineral appositional rates in the mouse. Metabolism 1985, 34:777-783.
139. Krempien B, Klimpel F Action of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on cartilage mineralization and on endosteal lining cells of bone. Virch Arch [A] 1980, 388:335-347.
140. Stern PH The D vitamins and bone. Pharmacol Rev 1980, 32:47-80.
141. Dickson IR, Roughley PJ The effects of vitamin D deficiency on proteoglycan and hyaluronate constituents of chick bone. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993, 1181:15-22.
142. Tulpule PG, Patwardhan VN Mode of action of vitamin D. The effect of vitamin D deficiency on the rate of anaerobic glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation by epiphyseal cartilage. Biochem J 1954, 58:61-65.
143. Klein GL, Simmons DJ Nutritional rickets: Thoughts about pathogenesis. Ann Med 1993, 25:379-384.
144. Eastwood JB, Bordier PJ, Clarkson EM, Tun Chot S, De Wardener HE The contrasting effects on bone histology of vitamin D and of calcium carbonate in the osteomalacia of chronic renal failure. Clin Sci Mol Med 1973, 47:23-42.
145. Stauffer M, Baylink D, Wergedal J, Rich C Decreased bone formation, mineralization, and enhanced resorption in calcium-deficient rats. Am J Physiol 1975, 225:269-276.
146. Ecarot B, Glorieux FH, Desbarats M, Travers R, Labelle L Defective bone formation by Hyp mouse bone cells transplanted into normal mice: Evidence in favor of an intrinsic osteoblast defect. J Bone Miner Res 1992, 7:215-220.
147. Parfitt AM, Qui S, Rao DS. The Mineralization Index: A new approach to the histomorphometric appraisal of osteomalacia (in press).
148. Nagant de Deuxchaisnes C, Rombouts-Lindemans C, Huaux JP, Withofs H, Meersseman F 1979 Healing of vitamin D-deficient osteomalacia by the administration of 1,25(OH) 2D 3. In: MacIntyre I, Szelke M (eds) Molecular Endocrinology, pp. 375-404.