Potential use of oldman saltbush (Atriplex nummularia Lindl.) in sheep and goat feeding

Small Ruminant Research

Volumn 91, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 13-28

  Ben Salem, H ^a   Norman, H C ^b   Nefzaoui, A ^c   Mayberry, D E ^b   Pearce, K L ^d   Revell, D K ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CARTHAGE   (Tunisia)

^b CSIRO   (Australia)

^c ICARDA/North Africa Program   (Tunisia)

^d MURDOCH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Atriplex nummularia L.; Fodder potential; Goats; Sheep

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; ATRIPLEX; ATRIPLEX NUMMULARIA; BOVIDAE; CAPRA HIRCUS; OVIS ARIES; SARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS;

EID: 77953358262     PISSN: 09214488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.10.017     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Aazzeh A.Y., and Abu-Zanat M.M. Impact of feeding saltbush (Atriplex sp.) on some mineral concentrations in the blood serum of lactating Awassi ewes. Small Rumin. Res. 54 (2004) 81-88
2. Abdul-Halim R.K., Al-Badri F.R., Yasin S.H., and Ali A.T. Survival and productivity of chenopods in salt-affected lands of Iraq. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 31 (1990) 77-84
3. Abou El Nasr H.M., Kandil H.M., El Kerdawy A., Dawlat, Khamis H.S., and El Shaer H.M. Value of processed saltbush and acacia shrubs as sheep fodders under the arid conditions of Egypt. Small Rumin. Res. 24 (1996) 15-20
4. Abu-Zanat M.W., Al-Hassanat F.M., Alawi M., and Ruyle G.B. Oxalate and tannins assessment in Atriplex halimus L. and Atriplex nummularia L. J. Range Manage. 56 (2003) 370-374
5. Abu-Zanat M.W., Ruyleb G.B., and Abdel-Hamid N.F. Increasing range production from fodder shrubs in low rainfall areas. J. Arid Environ. 59 (2004) 205-216
6. Abu-Zanat M.M.W., and Tabbaa M.J. Effect of feeding Atriplex browse to lactating ewes on milk yield and growth rate of their lambs. Small Rumin. Res. 64 (2006) 152-161
7. Aguer, D., 1973. Compte rendu d'un essai de pâturage d'Atriplex par des béliers à Bou Rebia Août-Septembre 1972. Ministère de l'Agriculture/INRAT, Laboratoire de Zootechnie. 20 pp.
8. Allison M.J., Littledike E.T., and James L.F. Changes in ruminal oxalate degradation rates associated with adaptation to oxalate ingestion. J. Anim. Sci. 45 (1977) 1173-1179
9. Arieli A., Naim E., Benjamin R.W., and Pasternak D. The effect of feeding saltbush and sodium chloride on energy metabolism in sheep. Anim. Prod. 49 (1989) 451-457
10. Barrett-Lennard E.G. The interaction between water logging and salinity in higher plants: causes, consequences and implications. Plant Soil 253 (2003) 35-54
11. Beadle N.C.W., Whalley R.D.B., and Gibson J.B. Studies in halophytes: 2. analytic data on the mineral constituents of three species of Atriplex and their accompanying soils in Australia. Ecology 38 (1957) 340-344
12. Ben Ameur, M., Blomeyer, A., 1974. Composition chimique et valeur alimentaire des fourrages grossiers. INRAT 1974.
13. Ben Salem, H., 1998. Effet de l'Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. sur l'ingestion et la digestion des régimes destinés aux ovins. Rôle des tanins et perspectives d'amélioration de sa valeur alimentaire. Thèse Doctorat, Université de Dijon, France. 252 p.
14. Ben Salem H., Abdouli H., Nefzaoui A., El-Mastouri A., and Ben Salem L. Nutritive value, behaviour and growth of Barbarine lambs fed on oldan saltbush (Atriplex nummularia L.) and supplemented or not with barley grains or spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus indica f. inermis) pads. Small Rumin. Res. 59 (2005) 229-238
15. Ben Salem H., Makkar H.P.S., Nefzaoui A., Hassayoun L., and Abidi S. Benefit from the association of small amounts of tannin-rich shrub foliage (Acacia cyanophylla Lindl.) with soya bean meal given as supplements to Barbarine sheep fed on oaten hay. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 122 (2005) 173-186
16. Ben Salem, H., Nefzaoui, A., Ben Salem, L., 2000. Supplementing range goats in central Tunisia with feed blocks or a mixture of Opuntia ficus indica f. inermis and Atriplex nummularia L. Effects on behavioural activities and growth. In: Proc. 7th International Conference on Goats, Tours, France, pp. 988-989.
17. Ben Salem H., Nefzaoui A., and Ben Salem L. Opuntia ficus indica f. inermis and Atriplex nummularia L. Two complementary fodder shrubs for sheep and goats. Acta Horticul. 581 (2002) 333-341
18. Ben Salem H., Nefzaoui A., and Ben Salem L. Supplementing spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus indica f. inermis) based diets with urea-treated straw or oldman saltbush (Atriplex nummularia). Effects on intake, digestion and sheep growth. J. Agric. Sci. Cambr. 138 (2002) 85-92
19. Ben Salem H., Nefzaoui A., and Ben Salem L. Supplementation of Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. foliage-based diets with barley or shrubs from arid areas (Opuntia ficus indica f. inermis and Atriplex nummularia L.) on growth and digestibility in lambs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 96 (2002) 15-30
20. Ben Salem H., Nefzaoui A., and Ben Salem L. Spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus indica f. inermis) and oldman saltbush (Atriplex nummularia L.) as alternative supplements for growing Barbarine lambs given straw-based diets. Small Rumin. Res. 51 (2004) 65-73
21. Benjamin, R.W., Orshan, G., G., Ronen, A., Lavie, Y., Barkai, D., Hefetz, Y., 1990. Effect of water availability (competition from annual vegetation) and seasonal grazing on shrub regrowth. In: Benjamin, R.W., Seligman, N.G., Forti, M., Becker, K. (Eds.), Analysis of animal nutrition in shrub-grassland grazing systems with special reference to semi-arid Africa, semi-annual (August 1989-April 1990) Report, No BGUN-ARI-37-90, pp. 2-45. Beer Sheva: The Institutes for Applied Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev. 77 pp.
22. Benjamin R.W., Lavie Y., Forti M., Barkai D., Yonatan R., and Hefetz Y. Annual regrowth and edible biomass of tow species of Atriplex and of Cassia sturtii after browsing. J. Arid Environ. 29 (1995) 63-84
23. Benjamin R.W., Oren E., Katz E., and Becker K. The apparent digestibility of Atriplex barclayana and its effect on nitrogen balance in sheep. Anim. Prod. 54 (1992) 259-264
24. Bird P.R. Sulphur metabolism and excretion studies in ruminants. 10. Sulphide toxicity in sheep. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 25 (1972) 1087-1098
25. Burritt E.A., and Provenza F.D. Role of toxins in intake of varied diets by sheep. J. Chem. Ecol. 26 (2000) 1991-2005
26. Chadwick M.A., Williams I.H., Vercoe P.E., and Revell D.K. Feeding pregnant ewes a high-salt diet or saltbush suppresses their offspring's postnatal renin activity. Animal 3 (2009) 972-979
27. Chriyaa, A., Boulanouar, B., 2000. Browse foliage as a supplement to wheat straw for sheep. In: Gintzburger G., Bounejmate, M., Nefzaoui, A. (Eds.). 2000. Fodder shrub development in arid and semi arid zones. Proc. workshop on native and exotic fodder shrubs in arid and semi-arid zones, 27 October-2 Nov 1996, Hammamet, Tunisia. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria. Vol II: viii+pp 293-679. pp. 476-484.
28. CGIAR, 2006. Science Council Brief, Standing Panel on Impact Assessment, number 12, issue October 2006.
29. Correal, E., Robledo, A., Ripos, S., 1992. Grazing use of shrub plantations. 43rd Annual Meeting of the EAAP, Madrid 14-17 September 1992. pp 98-118.
30. Correal, E., Otal, J., Sotomayor, J.A., 1990. Effects of grazing frequency and cutting height on the production of browsing biomass of oldman saltbush (Atriplex nummularia L.) in southeast Spain. In: Development and preservation of low input Mediterranean pastures and fodder systems. Proc. 6th Meeting of the FAO European Sub-Network on Mediterranean Pastures and fodder crops, 17-19 October, Bari, Italy, pp. 153-156.
31. Correal, E., Stomayor, J.A., 2000. Effect of straw supplementation on intake and browsing of Atriplex nummularia (Oldman saltsbush) by Segurena ewes, Ander pen-feeding and free-grazing conditions. In Gintzburger G., M. Bounejmate, A. Nefzaoui (Eds.) 2000. Fodder shrub development in arid and semi-arid zones. Proc. Workshop on native and exotic fodder shrubs in arid and semi-arid zones, 27 Oct-2 Nov 1996, Hammamet, Tunisia. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria. Vol II: viii + pp 293-679. 551-557
32. Cymbaluk N.F., Miller J.D., and Christensen D.A. Oxalate concentration in feeds and its metabolism by ponies. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 66 (1986) 1107-1116
33. Dalley D.E., Isherwood P., Skyes A.R., and Robson A.B. Effect of intraruminal infusion of potassium on the site of magnesium absorption within the digestive tract in sheep. J. Agric. Sci., Cambr. 129 (1997) 99-105
34. David A.M. The oxalate, tannin, crude fibre, and crude protein composition of young plants of some Atriplex species. J. Range Manage. 34 (1981) 329-331
35. De Kock, G.C., 1980. Drought resistant fodder crops. In: H.N. Le Houérou (Ed.), Browse in Africa. The current state of knowledge. Proc. Int. Symp. Browse in Africa, Addis Ababa, April 8-12, 1980. pp. 1-30.
36. Dumancic, D., Eskileh, M., Le Houérou, H.N., 1982. Study on fodder shrubs consumption by sheep in Wishtata Range Development Project. Report No LIB 18, FAO, Tripoli, Libya. 11 p.
37. Du Toit C.J.L., van Niekerk W.A., Hassan A., Rethman N.F.G., and Coertze R.J. Fermentation in the rumen of sheep fed Atriplex nummularia cv. De Kock supplemented with incremental levels of barley and maize. South Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 36 (2006) 74-77
38. FAO/WHO, 1973. Energy and protein requirements. FAO Nutritional Meeting Rep. Ser. No 52, WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. No 522 FAO, Rome, Italy. 127 p.
39. Franklin-McEvoy J., Bellotti W.D., and Revell D.K. Supplementary feeding with grain improves the performance of sheep grazing saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) in autumn. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 47 (2007) 912-917
40. Franklin-McEvoy, J., Jolly, S., 2006. Towards a better understanding of animal nutrition in pastoral South Australia. Proc. Australian Rangelands Society Conference, Renmark, Australia, pp 155-158.
41. Freer M., Moore A.D., and Donnelly J.R. GRAZPLAN: decision support systems for Australian enterprises-II. The Animal biology model for feed intake, production and reproduction and the GrazFeed DSS. Agric. Syst. 54 (1997) 77-126
42. Ghassemi F., Jakeman A.J., and Nix H.A. Salinisation of Land and Water resources (1995), CAB International, Wallingford
43. Guevara J.C., Allegretti L.I., Paez J.A., Estevez J.A., Le Houérou H.N., and Silver Colomer J.H. Arid Land Res. Manage 19 (2008) 327-340
44. Hassan N.I., and Abdel-Aziz H.M. Effect of barley supplementation on the nutritive value of saltbush (Atriplex nummularia). World Rev. Anim. Prod. XV (1979) 47-55
45. Hassan N.I., Abdel-Aziz H.M., and El Tabbakh A.E. Evaluation of some forages introduced to newly reclaimed areas in Egypt. World Rev. Anim. Prod. 15 (1979) 31-35
46. Hirsch-Reinshagen P., Cañas R., Bascuñan J., and Lacher E. Alimentos chilenos de uso pecuario contenido en nutrients brutos, digestibles y metabolizables para distintas especies. Ciencia de Investigación Agraria 3 (1986) 1-50
47. INRA, 1978. Alimentation des Ruminants. Ed. INRA Publications (Route de Saint-Cyr), 78000 Versailles. 621 p.
48. James L.F., and Butcher J.E. Halogeton poisoning of sheep: effect of high level oxalate intake. J. Anim. Sci. 35 (1972) 1233-1238
49. James L.F. Oxalate poisoning in livestock. In: Keeler R.F., Van Kampen K.R., and James L.F. (Eds). Effects of Poisonous Plants on Livestock (1977), Academic Press, New York, N.Y. USA 135-145
50. Kaitho R.J., Nsahlai I.V., Williams B.A., Umunna N.N., Tamminga S., and Van Bruchem J. Relationship between preference, rumen degradability, gas production and chemical composition of browses. Agrofor. Syst. 39 (1998) 129-144
51. Kandil, H.M., El Shaer, M.H., 1989. The utilization of Atriplex nummularia by goats and sheep in Sinai. In: E.S.E. Galal, M.B. Aboul-Ela, M.M. Shafie (Eds.), Ruminant production in the dry subtropics: Constraints and potential. Proc. Int. Symp., Cairo, November 1988, EAAP Publications, No 38, Wageningen, Netherlands. pp. 71-73.
52. Khalil J.K., Sawaya W.N., and Hyder S.Z. Nutrient composition of Atriplex leaves grown in Saudi Arabia. J. Range Manage. 39 (1986) 104-107
53. Kumara Mahipala M.B.P., Krebs G.L., McCafferty P., and Gunaratne L.H.P. Chemical composition, biological effects of tannin and in vitro nutritive value of selected browse species grown in the West Australian Mediterranean environment. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. (2009) 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.06.014
54. Laamari A., Boughlala M., Chriyaa A., 2005. Adoption and impact studies in Morocco. In: Shideed Kamil H. and Mohamed El Mourid (eds.). Adoption and impact assessment of improved technologies in crop and livestock production systems in the WANA region. The development of integrated Crop/Livestock Production in Low Rainfall Areas of Mashreq and Maghreb Regions (Mashreq/Maghreb Project). ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, viii+160 pp. En. pp. 107-118.
55. Le Houérou, H.N., 1965. Les cultures fourragères en Tunisie. Document Technique No 13, INRA, Tunis, Tunisia. 81 p.
56. Le Houérou H.N. Salt tolerant plants of economic value in the Mediterranean basin. Reclam. Reveg. Res. 5 (1986) 319-341
57. Le Houérou, H.N., 1991. Feeding shrubs to sheep in the Mediterranean arid zone: intake, performance and feed value. IV Congrès International des Terres de Parcours, Montpellier, France 1991. 623-628.
58. Le Houérou H.N. The role of saltbushes (Atriplex spp.) in arid land rehabilitation in the Mediterranean basin: a review. Agrofor. Syst. 18 (1992) 107-148
59. Le Houérou, H.N., Gintzburger, G., El Khoja, N., 1982. Chemical composition and nutritive value of some range plants and fodder shrubs of Libya. FAO/UTFN/Project LIB/018. Technical Paper N° 44, November 1982.
60. Le Houérou H.N., and Pontanier R. Les plantations sylvo-pastorales dans la zone aride de la Tunisie. Notes Techniques du MAB 18 (1987) 11-81
61. Makkar H.P.S., francis G., and Becker K. Bioactivity of phytochemicals in some lesser-known plants and their effects and potential applications in livestock and aquaculture production systems. Animal 1 (2007) 1371-1391
62. Masters, D., Tiong, M., Norman, H., Vercoe, P., 2009. The mineral content of river saltbush (Atriplex amnicola) changes when sodium chloride in the irrigation solution is increased. In: T.G. Papachristou, Z.M. Parissi, H. Ben Salem, P. Morand-Fehr (Eds.), Nutritional and foraging ecology of sheep and goats. Zaragoza: CIHEAM, FAO, NAGREF. 2009, 491 p. Options Méditerranéennes, Série A: Mediterranean Seminars, No. 85. pp. 153-164.
63. Masters D.G., Benes S.E., and Norman H.C. Biosaline agriculture for forage and livestock production. Agric., Ecosyst. Environ. 119 (2007) 234-248
64. Masters D.G., Norman H.C., and Barrett-Lennard E.G. Agricultural systems for saline soil: the potential role of livestock. Asian Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 18 (2005) 296-300
65. Masters D.G., Rintoul A.J., Dynes R.A., Pearce K.L., and Norman H.C. Feed intake and production in sheep fed diets high in sodium and potassium. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 56 (2005) 427-434
66. Mayberry, D.E., Masters, D.G., Vercoe, P.E., 2009. Saltbush (Atriplex nummularia L.) reduces efficiency of rumen fermentation in sheep. In: T.G. Papachristou, Z.M. Parissi, H. Ben Salem, P. Morand-Fehr (Eds.), Nutritional and foraging ecology of sheep and goats. Zaragoza: CIHEAM, FAO, NAGREF. 2009, 491 p. Options Méditerranéennes, Série A: Mediterranean Seminars, No. 85. pp. 245-249.
67. McDowell L.R. Minerals in Animal and Human Nutrition (1992), Academic Press Inc, San Diego
68. McDowell L.R. Minerals in Animal and Human Nutrition. second edition (2003), Elsevier 644 p.
69. Morcombe P.W., Young G.E., and Boase K.A. Grazing a saltbush (Atriplex-Maireana) stand by Merino wethers to fill the 'autumn feed-gap' experienced in the Western Australian wheat belt. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 36 (1996) 641-647
70. National Land & Water Resources Audit 2001. Australian Dryland Salinity Assessment 2000. National Land & Water Resources Audit: Canberra, Australia.
71. Nefzaoui, A., 2002. Rangeland management options and individual and community strategies of agropastoralists in central and Southern Tunisia. In: Ngaido, T., McCarthy, N., Di Gregorio, M. (Eds.), International Conference on Policy and Institutional Options for the Management of Rangelands in Dry Areas. Workshop summary paper. CAPRi Working Paper No. 23, Tunisia.
72. Nefzaoui, A., Ben Salem, H., Ben Salem, L., 2000. Nitrogen supplementation of cactus-based diets fed to Barbarine yearlings. In: Gintzburger G., M. Bounejmate, M., A. Nefzaoui (Eds.). 2000. Fodder shrub development in arid and semi arid zones. Proc. workshop on native and exotic fodder shrubs in arid and semi-arid zones, 27 October-2 November 1996, Hammamet, Tunisia. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria. Vol II: viii+pp 293-679. 512-517.
73. Newton G.L., Fontenot J.P., Tucker R.E., and Polan C.E. Effects of high dietary potassium intake on the metabolism of magnesium by sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 35 (1972) 440-445
74. Norman H.C., Friend C., Masters D.G., Rintoul A.J., Dynes R.A., and Williams I.H. Variation within and between two saltbush species in plant composition and subsequent selection by sheep. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 55 (2004) 999-1007
75. Norman H.C., Masters D.G., Wilmot M.G., and Rintoul A.J. Effect of supplementation with grain, hay or straw on the performance of weaner Merino sheep grazing old man (Atriplex nummularia) or river (Atriplex amnicola) saltbush. Grass and Forage Science 63 (2008) 179-192
76. Norman, H.C, Wilmot, M.G., Thomas, D.T, Barrett-Lennard, E.G., Masters, D.G., 2009a. Sheep production, plant growth and nutritive value of a saltbush-based pasture system subject to rotational grazing or set-stocking. Small Rumin. Res. (This special issue).
77. Norman, H.C., Revell, D.K., Mayberry, D.E., Rintoul, A.J., Wilmot, M.G., Masters, D.G., 2009b. Comparison of in vivo organic matter digestibility of native Australian shrubs to in vitro and in sacco predictions. Small Rumin. Res. (This special issue).
78. Norman H.C., Wilmot M.G., Thomas D.T., Masters D.G., and Revell D.K. Stable carbon isotopes accurately predict diet selection by sheep fed mixtures of C3 annual pastures and saltbush or C4 perennial grasses. Livest. Sci. 121 (2009) 162-172
79. Osman A.E., bahhady F., Hassan N., Ghassali F., and Al Ibrahim T. Livestock production and economic implications from augmenting degraded rangeland with Atriplex halimus and Salsola vermiculata in Northern Syria. J. Arid Environ. 65 (2006) 474-490
80. Otal, J., Belmonte, C., Correal, E., Sotomayor, J.A., 1992. Evaluation of sheep production under continuous rotational grazing of a saltbush plantation (Atriplex spp.) in southeast Spain. Proc. IV Int. Rangeland Congr., Montpellier.
81. Papanastasis V.P., Tiakoulaki M.D., Decandia M., and Dini-Papanastasi O. Integrating woody species into livestock feeding in the Mediterranean areas of Europe. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 140 (2008) 1-17
82. Pearce K.L., Masters D.G., Smith G.M., Jacob R.H., and Pethick D.W. Plasma and tissue α-tocopherol concentrations and meat colour stability in sheep grazing saltbush (Atriplex spp.). Aust J. Agric. Res. 56 (2005) 663-672
83. Playne M.J., Echevarria M.G., and Megarrity R.G. Release of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium from four tropical hays during their digestion in nylon bags in the rumen. J. Sci. Food Agric. 29 (1978) 520-526
84. Plenchette C., and Duponnosis R. Growth response of the saltbush Atriplex nummularia L. to inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. J. Arid Environ. 61 (2005) 535-540
85. Provenza F.D. Post ingestive feedback as an elementary determinant of food preference and intake in ruminants. J. Range Manage. 48 (1995) 2-17
86. Provenza F.D. Acquired aversions as the basis for varied diets of ruminants foraging on rangelands. J Anim. Sci. 74 (1996) 2010-2020
87. Qureshi R.H., and Barrett-Lennard E.G. Saline Agriculture for Irrigated Land in Pakistan: A Handbook (1998), Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra
88. Saadani, Y., Kayouli, C., Narjisse, H., 1989. Valeur nutritive d'un parcours mixte à Acacia cyanophylla, Atriplex nummularia et Medicago arborea. XVI Congrès International des Herbages, Nice, France, 1989. pp 943-944.
89. Silva E.S., and Pereira C.C. Aislacion y composicion de las proteinas de hojas de Atriplex nummularia y Atriplex repanda. Ciencia de Investigación Agraria 3 4 (1976) 169-174
90. Silva-Colomer J., Fonolla J., Raggi L.A., and Boza J. Valoracion nutritiva de Atriplex nummularia en ganado caprina. Rev. Argentina Prod. Anim. 6 (1986) 661-665
91. Standing Committee on Agriculture, 1990. Feeding Standards for Australian Livestock. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne
92. Tazi, M., Birouk, A., Hafidi, B., Aghlabi, M., 2000. Pâturage d'Atriplex nummularia dans la zone aride du sud du Maroc. In: Gintzburger G., M. Bounejmate, M. and A. Nefzaoui (Eds.). 2000. Fodder shrub development in arid and semi arid zones. Proc. workshop on native and exotic fodder shrubs in arid and semi-arid zones, 27 October-2 November 1996, Hammamet, Tunisia. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria. Vol II: viii+pp 293-679. 570-579.
93. Thomas D.T., Rintoul A.J., and Masters D.G. Sheep select combinations of high and low sodium chloride, energy and crude protein feed that improve their diet. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 105 (2007) 140-153
94. Thomas D.T., Rintoul A.J., and Masters D.G. Increasing dietary sodium chloride increases wool growth but decreases in vivo organic matter digestibility in sheep across a range of diets. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 58 (2007) 1023-1030
95. Ulyatt M.J. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Herbage (1973), Academic Press, London pp. 131-178
96. Underwood E.J., and Suttle N.F. The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock. 3rd edition (1999), CAB International, New York
97. Van der Baan A., van Niekerk W.A., Rethman N.F.G., and Coertze R.J. The determination of digestibility of Atriplex nummularia cv. De Kock (Oldman's saltbush) using different in vitro techniques. South Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 34 (2004) 95-97
98. Van Niekerk W.A., Sparks C.F., Rethman N.F.G., and Coertze R.J. Qualitative characteristics of some Atriplex species and Cassia sturtii at two sites in South Africa. South Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 34 (2004) 108-110
99. Van Niekerk W.A., Sparks C.F., Rethman N.F.G., and Coertze R.J. Mineral composition of certain Atriplex species and Cassia sturtii. South Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 34 (2004) 105-107
100. Warren B.E., Bunny C.L., and Bryant E.R. A preliminary examination of the nutritive value of four saltbush (Atriplex) species. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 18 (1990) 424-427
101. Warren B.E., and Casson T. Perfromance of sheep grazing salt tolerant forages on revegetated saltland. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 19 (1992) 237
102. Watson M.C., Banuelos G.S., O'Leary J.W., and Riley J.J. Trace element composition of Atriplex grown with saline drainage water. Agric. Ecosyst. Env. 48 (1994) 157-162
103. Watson M.C., O'Leary J.W., and Glenn E.P. Evaluation of Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats. and Atriplex nummularia Lindl. as irrigated forage crops. J Arid Environ. 13 (1987) 293-303
104. Watson M.C., and O'Leary W.O. Performance of Atriplex species in the San Joaquin valley, California, under irrigation and with mechanical harvests. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 43 (1993) 255-266
105. Wehren, W., 1976. Eignung und futterwert, besonders aminosäurenzusammensetzung von unkonventionellen proteinquellen in semi-ariden gebieten Tunesiens. PhD. Thesis, University of Bohn, Bonn, Germany.
106. Weston, R.H., Hogan, J.P., Hemsley, J.A., 1970. Some aspects of the digestibility of Atriplex nummularia (saltbush) by sheep. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. Vol. II, 517-521.
107. White C.L., and Rewell L. Vitamin E and selenium status of sheep during autumn in Western Australia and its relationship to the incidence of apparent white muscle disease. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 47 (2007) 535-543
108. Wilmot, M., Norman, H., 2006. Saltbush biomass in a saline grazing system--use it or lose it. In: Adams, N. (Ed.), Animal Production in Australia. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. Biannual Conf., Perth Australia.
109. Wilson A.D. The value of Ariplex (Saltbush) and Kochia (Bluebush) species as food for sheep. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 17 (1966) 147-153
110. Wilson A.D. Water consumption and water turnover of sheep grazing semi arid pasture communities in New South Wales. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 25 (1974) 339-347
111. Wilson A.D. The digestibility and voluntary intake of the leaves of trees and shrubs by sheep and goats. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 28 (1977) 501-508