Extreme Concern: Regulating 'Dangerous Pictures' in the United Kingdom

Journal of Law and Society

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 171-188

  Attwood, Feona ^a   Smith, Clarissa ^b  

^a SHEFFIELD HALLAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SUNDERLAND   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77953317150     PISSN: 0263323X     EISSN: 14676478     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6478.2010.00500.x     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. H. Jenkins, 'Porn 2.0' (2007), at: .
2. Z. Patterson, 'Going on-line: Consuming Pornography in the Digital Era' in Porn Studies, ed. L. Williams (2004) 105-23.
3. Y. Akdeniz, Sex on the Net: The Dilemma of Policing Cyberspace (1999)
4. T. Craig and J. Petley, 'Invasion of the Internet Abusers' in Ill Effects: The Media Violence Debate, eds. M. Barker and J. Petley (2001, 2nd edn.) 186-201
5. A. Hamilton, 'The Net Out of Control - A New Moral Panic: Censorship and Sexuality' in Liberating Cyberspace: Civil Liberties, Human Rights and the Internet, ed. Liberty (1999) 169-86.
6. C. McGlynn and I. Ward, 'Pornography, Pragmatism, and Proscription' (2009) 36 J. of Law and Society 327-51, at 327.
7. id., p. 349.
8. See, for example, 'Memorandum submitted by Dr Clarissa Smith et al. (CJ&I 341)', Criminal Justice and Immigration Bill Committee (2007), available at: .
9. Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c4) Part 5, available at: .
10. 'Cracking down on violent pornography', 30 August 2006, available at: .
11. See various articles available at: .
12. 'Victory for victim's mum in crackdown on web sex violence' Daily Mail, 30 August 2006.
13. J. Petley, 'To the censors, we're all Aboriginals now' Spiked, 2 July 2007, at: .
14. Detective Inspector Winton, quoted in J. Petley, 'Pornography, Panopticism and the Post-Social Democratic State' (2010) 4 Sociology Compass (forthcoming).
15. The responses are no longer available via the Home Office website but see, for example, 'Response from Professor Martin Barker and Dr Ernest Mathijas', at: and others available at: .
16. Home Office/Scottish Executive, Consultation on the Possession of Extreme Pornographic Material (2005), available at: .
17. C. Itzin, A. Taket, and L. Kelly, The Evidence of Harm to Adults Relating to Exposure to Extreme Pornographic Material: A Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) (2007) iii.
18. See, for instance, essays in Barker and Petley, op. cit., n. 3.; D. Gauntlett, 'Ten things wrong with the "effects model"' in Approaches to Audiences: A Reader, eds. R. Dickinson, R. Harindranath, and O. Linne (1998).
19. J. Toynbee, 'Media Making and Social Reality' in The Media & Social Theory, eds. D. Hesmondhalgh and J. Toynbee (2008) 267.
20. Itzin et al., op. cit., n. 16, p. iii.
21. id., p. 1.
22. id., p. 4.
23. See, for example, E. Donnerstein, D. Linz, and S. Penrod, The Question of Pornography: Research Findings and Policy Implications (1987); D. Linz, S. Penrod, and E. Donnerstein, 'The Attorney General's Commission on Pornography: The gaps between "findings" and facts' (1987) Am. Bar Foundation Research J. 713-36.
24. E. Donnerstein and D. Linz, 'Evidence on the causal connection between exposure to Penthouse magazine and anti-social conduct' (1990), prepared for Helen K. Wild, Auckland, New Zealand, quoted in M. Pally, Sex and Sensibility: Reflections on Forbidden Mirrors and the Will to Censor (1994), out of print but available at: .
25. E. Donnerstein, D. Linz, and S. Penrod, The Question of Pornography: Research Findings and Policy Implications (1987) 172.
26. 'A word about censorship', at: .
27. Itzin et al., op. cit., n. 16, p. 20.
28. E. Bell, 'Performing "I do": Weddings, Pornography and Sex' in Sexualities and Communication in Everyday Life, eds. K.E. Lovaas and M.M. Jenkins (2006) 155.
29. 'How Pornography Harms Children' at: .
30. Quoted in Petley, op. cit., n. 11.
31. 'Jane Longhurst: The Verdict' The Argus, 5 February 2004, available at: .
32. C. Itzin, 'Pornography and Civil Liberties: Freedom, Harm and Human Rights' in Pornography: Women, Violence and Civil Liberties, ed. C. Itzin (1992) 558.
33. Quoted in C. Summers, '"Extreme" porn proposals spark row' BBC News, 4 July 2007, available at: .
34. W. Brown, 'American Nightmare: Neoliberalism, Neoconservativism and De-Democratization' (2006) 34 Political Theory 706.
35. C. McGlynn and E. Rackley, 'Criminalising Extreme Pornography: A Lost Opportunity' (2009) Crim. Law Rev. 245.
36. id., p. 249.
37. C. McGlynn and E. Rackley, 'The Politics of Porn' (2007) 157 (issue 7285) New Law J. 1142-3.
38. C. McGlynn and E. Rackley, 'Striking a balance: arguments for the criminal regulation of extreme pornography' (2007) Crim. Law Rev. 690, fn. 67.
39. McGlynn and Ward, op. cit., n. 36, p. 349.
40. id., p. 350.
41. S. Maddison, 'Online Obscenity and Myths of Freedom: Dangerous Images, Child Porn and Neoliberalism' in porn.com: Making Sense of Online Pornography, ed. F. Attwood (2010) 17-33.
42. M. Barker, Plenary Speech at the IAMHIST Conference, 'Media Panics and Social Fears', Aberystwyth, 8-11 July 2009.
43. C. Smith, One for the Girls! The Pleasures and Practices of Reading Women's Porn (2007) 47.
44. E. Johnson, 'Appearing Live on Your Campus!: Porn-Education Roadshows' (1997) 41 Jump Cut 30.
45. Director, J. Wan (2004).
46. Director, E. Roth (2005).
47. Director, G. Mclean (2005).
48. 'Now Playing at your Local Multiplex: Torture Porn' New York, 28 January 2006, available at: .
49. See, for example, J. Baudrillard, 'War Porn' (2005) 2 International J. of Baudrillard Studies 15-19, available at: ; and J. Harkin, 'War porn', Guardian Comment is Free, 12 August 2006, available at: .
50. For discussion, see K. Andén-Papadopoulos, 'US Soldiers Imaging the War on YouTube' (2009) 7 Popular Communication: The International J. of Media and Culture 17-27.
51. S. Jones and S. Mowlabocus, 'Hard Times and Rough Rides: The Legal and Ethical Impossibilities of Researching "Shock" Pornographies' (2009) 12 Sexualities 613-28.
52. Director, T. Hooper (1974).
53. Everywoman, Pornography and Sexual Violence: Evidence of the Links (1988) 19; see Jones and Mowlabocus, op. cit., n. 52 for a discussion.
54. Forced Entry was directed by L. Borden (2002), the original by S. Costello (1973).
55. C. Kleinhans, 'Introduction: Prior Constraints' (2007) 46 Cinema J. 96-101.
56. T. Cronin 'Guilty Pleasures: Media Effects and Technologies of the Self, paper to the IAMHIST Conference, 'Media Panics and Social Fears', Aberystwyth, 8-11 July 2009.
57. Backlash, '"Extreme" Pornography Proposals: Ill-Conceived and Wrong' in Positions on the Politics of Porn: A debate on government plans to criminalise the possession of extreme pornography, eds. C. McGlynn, E. Rackley, and N. Westmarland (2007) 9-14, available at: .
58. J. Radford, 'The Politics of Pornography: A Feminist Perspective' in McGlynn et al., id., pp. 5-8.
59. C. Phillipson, 'The Reality of Pornography' in McGlynn et al., id. pp. 20-3.
60. A. Dworkin, Pornography: Men Possessing Women (1979/1999) 201.
61. Itzin et al., op. cit., n. 16, p. 37 (originally, C. Itzin, 'Pornography and the construction of misogyny' (2002) 8 J. of Sexual Aggression 4-42).
62. Home Office, op. cit., n. 15, p. 9.
63. J. Petley, 'Matters of Decency' Index on Censorship, 18 January 2008, available at: .
64. B. McNair, Striptease Culture (2002).
65. F. Attwood, '"Other" or "one of us"?: the porn user in public and academic discourse' (2007) 4 Participations: J. of Audience and Reception Studies, available at: ; Smith, op. cit., n. 44.
66. 'Pornification of our Kids' Sun, 30 March 2009, available at: .
67. L. Haines, 'Watchdog bites Mattesons saucy sausage ad; Housewife boasts of her "big sausage hotpot"' Register, 22 July 2009, available at: .
68. W. Brown, 'American Nightmare: Neoliberalism, Neoconservativism and De-Democratization' (2006) 34 Political Theory 707.
69. W. Kendrick, The Secret Museum: Pornography in Modern Culture (1996) xiii.
70. L. Segal, 'Introduction' in Sex Exposed: Sexuality and the Pornography Debate, eds. L. Segal and M. McIntosh (1992) 11.
71. C. Kleinhans, 'Virtual Child Porn: The Law and the Semiotics of the Image' in More Dirty Looks: Gender, Pornography and Power, ed. P. Church Gibson (2004) 71.
72. W. Brown, States of Injury (1995).
73. L. Williams, 'Second Thoughts on Hard Core: American Obscenity and the Scapegoating of Deviance' in Church-Gibson, op. cit., n. 73, p. 165.
74. L. Williams, 'Pornographies on/scene, or diff'rent strokes for diff'rent folks' in Segal and McIntosh, op. cit., n. 72, p. 233.
75. Williams, op. cit., n. 75, p. 166.
76. id., p. 170.
77. D. Lockwood, 'All Stripped Down: The Spectacle of "Torture Porn"' (2009) 7 Popular Communication: The International J. of Media and Culture 40-8.
78. Jones and Mowlabocus, op. cit., n. 52, p. 622.
79. Lockwood, op. cit., n. 80.
80. C. Carter and C.K. Weaver, Violence and the Media (2003) 65.
81. M. Presdee, Cultural Criminology and the Carnival of Crime (2001) 70.
82. McGlynn and Rackley, op. cit., n. 39, p. 683.
83. McGlynn and Rackley, op. cit., n. 36, pp. 245-60.
84. McGlynn and Rackley, op. cit., n. 39, p. 687.