Physiological and behavioural responses of laboratory rats housed at different tier levels and levels of visual contact with conspecifics and humans

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

Volumn 125, Issue 1-2, 2010, Pages 69-79

  Cloutier, Sylvie ^a   Newberry, Ruth C ^a  

^a Center for the Study of Animal Well being   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal welfare; Housing; Laboratory rats; Tier level; Venetian blind effect

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL WELFARE; ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; CONSPECIFIC; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; GROWTH RATE; HYPOTHESIS TESTING; LABORATORY METHOD; MEDICINE; PHOTOPERIOD; PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; RODENT;

ANIMALIA; RATTUS; RATTUS NORVEGICUS; RODENTIA;

EID: 77953287149     PISSN: 01681591     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.03.003     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Adamec R.E., and Shallow T. Lasting effects on rodent anxiety of a single exposure to a cat. Physiol. Behav. 54 (1993) 101-109
2. Ader D.N., Johnson S.B., Huang S.-W., and Riley W.J. Group size, cage shelf level, and emotionality in non-obese diabetic mice: impact on onset and incidence of IDDM. Psychosom. Med. 53 (1991) pp. 331-321
3. Anzaldo A.J., Harrison P.C., Maghirang R.-G., and Gonyou H.W. Increasing welfare of laboratory rats with the help of spatially enhanced cages. Anim. Welf. Inf. Center Newslett. 5 (1994) 1-2
4. Augustsson H., Lindberg L., Hoglund A.U., and Dahlborn K. Human-animal interactions and animal welfare in conventionally and pen-housed rats. Lab. Anim. 36 (2002) 271-281
5. Bakken M. The relationship between competition capacity and reproduction in farmed silver fox vixens, Vulpes vulpes. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 110 (1993) 147-155
6. Bakken M. Reproduction in farmed silver fox vixens. Vulpes vulpes, in relation to own competition capacity and that of neighbouring vixens. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 110 (1993) 305-311
7. Bakken M., Moe R.M., Smith A.J., and Selle G.M.E. Effects of environmental stressors on deep body temperature and activity levels in silver fox vixens (Vulpes vulpes). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 64 (1999) 141-151
8. Bamberg E., Palme R., and Meingassner J.G. Excretion of corticosteroid metabolites in urine and faeces of rats. Lab. Anim. 35 (2001) 307-314
9. Barnett J.L., and Hemsworth P.H. Fear of humans by laying hens in different tiers of a battery: behavioural and physiological responses. Br. Poult. Sci. 30 (1989) 497-502
10. Barnett J.L., Hemsworth P.H., Hennessy D.P., McCallum T.M., and Newman E.A. The effects of modifying the amount of human contact on the behavioural, physiological and production responses of laying hens. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 41 (1994) 87-100
11. Bertoglio L.J., and Carobrez A.P. Previous maze experience required to increase open arms avoidance in rats submitted to the elevated plus-maze model of anxiety. Behav. Brain Res. 108 (2000) 197-203
12. Blanchard R.J., Blanchard D.C., Rodgers J., and Weiss S.M. The characterization and modelling of antipredatory defensive behaviour. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 14 (1990) 463-472
13. Blanchard R.J., Blanchard D.C., Weiss S.M., and Meyer S. The effect of ethanol and diazepam on reactions to predatory odors. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 35 (1990) 775-780
14. Blanchard R.J., Yudko E.B., Rodgers R.J., and Blanchard D.C. Defense system psychopharmacology: an ethological approach to the pharmacology of fear and anxiety. Behav. Brain Res. 58 (1993) 155-165
15. Burman O., Owen D., AbouIsmail U., and Mendl M. Removing individual rats affects indicators of welfare in the remaining group members. Physiol. Behav. 93 (2008) 89-96
16. Burn C.C. What is it like to be a rat? rat sensory perception and its implication for experimental design and rat welfare. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 112 (2008) 1-32
17. Carobrez A.P., and Bertoglio L.J. Ethological and temporal analyses of anxiety-like behavior: the elevated plus-maze model 20 years on. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 29 (2005) 1193-1205
18. Castelhano-Carlos M.J., and Baumans V. The impact of light, noise, cage cleaning and in-house transport on welfare and stress of laboratory rats. Lab. Anim. 43 (2009) 311-327
19. Cruz A.P.M., Frei F., and Graeff F.G. Ethopharmacological analysis of rat behavior on the elevated plus-maze. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 49 (1994) 171-176
20. Clough G., Wallace J., Gamble M.R., Merryweather E.R., and Bailey E. A positive, individually caging system: a local barrier system to protect both animals and personnel. Lab. Anim. 29 (1995) 139-151
21. Cloutier S., and Newberry R.C. Use of a conditioning technique to reduce stress associated with repeated intra-peritoneal injections in laboratory rats. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 112 (2008) 158-173
22. Davis M. The role of the amygdale in fear and anxiety. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 15 (1992) 353-375
23. Denny M.S. The rat's long-term preference for complexity in its environment. Anim. Learn. Behav. 3 (1975) 245-249
24. Dielenberg R.A., and McGregor I.S. Defensive behaviour in rats towards predatory odors: a review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25 (2001) 597-609
25. Doremus T.L., Varlinskaya E.I., and Spear L.P. Factor analysis of elevated plus-maze behavior in adolescent and adult rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 83 (2006) 570-577
26. Duke J.L., Zammit T.G., and Lawson D.M. The effects of routine cage-changing on cardiovascular and behavioral parameters in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. 40 (2001) 17-20
27. Faith R.E., and Hessler J.R. Housing and environment. In: Suckow M.A., Weisbroth S.H., and Franklin C.L. (Eds). The Laboratory Rat. second ed. (2006), Elsevier, New York, USA 303-338 (Chapter 10)
28. Fernandes C., and File S.E. The influence of open arm ledges and maze experience in the elevated plus-maze. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 54 (1996) 31-40
29. File S.E. The interplay of learning and anxiety in the elevated plus-maze. Behav. Brain Res. 58 (1993) 199-202
30. File S.E. Recent development in anxiety, stress and depression. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 54 (1996) 3-12
31. Gallup Jr. G.G., Nash R.F., and Ellison Jr. A.L. Tonic immobility as a reaction to predation: artificial eyes as a fear stimulus for chickens. Psychonomic Sci. 23 (1971) 79-80
32. Harestad A.S. Spatial behaviour of Townsend's chipmunks and habitat structure. Acta Theriologica 36 (1991) 247-254
33. Harestad A.S., and Shackleton D.M. Cover and use of travel route by female Townsend's voles in a laboratory arena. Biol. Behav. 15 (1990) 196-204
34. Harper J.M., and Austad S.N. Fecal glucocorticoids: a noninvasive method of measuring adrenal activity in wild captive rodents. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 73 (2000) 12-22
35. Hemsworth P.H., and Barnett J.L. Relationships between fear of humans, productivity and cage position of laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci. 30 (1989) 505-518
36. Hemsworth P.H., and Barnett J.L. Human-animal interactions and animal stress. In: Moberg G.P., and Mench J.A. (Eds). The Biology of Animal Stress Basic Principles and Implications for Animal Welfare (2000), CABI, New York, USA 309-336 (Chapter 15)
37. Hemsworth P.H., Barnett J.L., and Jones R.B. Situational factors that influence the level of fear of humans by laying hens. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 36 (1993) 197-210
38. Hubbard D.T., Blanchard D.C., Yang M., Markham C.M., Gervacio A., Chun-I L., and Blanchard R.J. Development of defensive behavior and conditioning to cat odor in the rat. Physiol. Behav. 80 (2004) 525-530
39. Hurst J.L., Barnard C.J., Nevison C.M., and West C.D. Housing and welfare in laboratory rats: welfare implications of isolation and social contact among caged males. Anim. Welf. 6 (1997) pp. 329-247
40. Ishii T., Yoshida K., Hasegawa M., Mizuno S., Okamoto M., Tajima M., and Kurosawa T. Invention of a forced-air-ventilated micro-isolation cage and rack system environment within cages: temperature and ammonia concentration. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 59 (1998) 115-123
41. Jones R.B. Reaction of male domestic chickens to two-dimensional eye-like shapes. Anim. Behav. 28 (1980) 212-218
42. Jones R.B. Fear response of individually-caged laying hens as a function of level and aisle. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 14 (1985) 63-74
43. Jones R.B. Fearfulness of hens caged individually or in groups in different tiers of a battery and the effects of translocation between tiers. Br. Poult. Sci. 26 (1985) 399-408
44. Jones R.B. Fearfulness of caged laying hens: the effect of cage level and type of roofing. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 17 (1987) 171-175
45. Jones R.B., Duncan I.J.H., and Hughes B.O. The assessment of fear in domestic hens exposed to a looming human stimulus. Behav. Proc. 6 (1981) 121-133
46. Manser C.E., Broom D.M., Overend P., and Morris T.H. Investigations into the preferences of laboratory rats for nest-boxes and nesting materials. Lab. Anim. 32 (1998) 23-35
47. Martin P., and Bateson P. Measuring Behaviour An Introductory Guide. first ed. (1986), Cambridge University Press, New York, USA
48. Mason G., Wilson D., Hampton C., and Wurbel H. Non-invasively assessing disturbance and stress in laboratory rats by scoring chromodacryorrhoea. Altern. Lab. Anim. 32 (2004) 153-159
49. Newberry R.C., and Shackleton D.M. Use of visual cover by domestic fowl: a Venetian blind effect?. Anim. Behav. 54 (1997) 387-395
50. National Research Council. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (1996), National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA
51. New South Wales Animal Research Review Panel. ARRP Guideline 20: Guidelines for the Housing of Rats in Scientific Institutions (2004), Animal Welfare Branch, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW, AU
52. Olsson I.A.S., and Dahlborn K. Improving housing conditions for laboratory mice: a review of 'environmental enrichment'. Lab. Anim. 36 (2002) 243-270
53. Olsson I.A.S., Nevison C.M., Patterson-Kane E.G., Sherwin C.M., Van de Weerd H.A., and Würbel H. Understanding behaviour: the relevance of ethological approaches in laboratory animal science. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 81 (2003) 245-264
54. Patterson-Kane E.G. Shelter enrichment for rats. Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. 42 (2003) 46-48
55. Pekow C. Defining, measuring, and interpreting stress in laboratory animals. Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. 44 2 (2005) 41-45
56. Porter G., Lane-Better W., and Horne N. A comparison between transparent and opaque cages for breeding mice. J. Anim. Tech. Assoc. 13 (1963) 84-86
57. Rodger R.J., and Johnson N.T.J. Factor analysis of spatiotemporal and ethological measures in the murine elevated plus-maze test of anxiety. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 52 (1995) 297-303
58. Roy V., and Chapillon P. Further evidence that risk assessment and object exploration behaviours are useful to evaluate emotional reactivity in rodents. Behav. Brain Res. 154 (2004) 439-448
59. Saibaba P., Sales G.D., Stodulski G., and Hau J. Behaviour of rats in their home cages: daytime variations and effects of routine husbandry procedures analysed by time sampling techniques. Lab. Anim. 30 (1996) 13-21
60. SAS Institute Inc., 1999. SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 8. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
61. Sharp J.L., Zammit T.G., Azar T.A., and Lawson D.M. Stress-like responses to common procedures in male rats housed alone or with other rats. Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. 41 (2002) 8-14
62. Sherwin C.M., and Glen E.F. Cage colour preferences and effects of home cage colour on anxiety in laboratory mice. Anim. Behav. 66 (2003) 1085-1092
63. Sorensen D.B., Ottensen J.L., and Hansen A.K. Consequences of enhancing environmental complexity for laboratory rodents-a review with emphasis on the rat. Anim. Welf. 13 (2004) 194-204
64. Touma C., Sachser N., Mostl E., and Palme R. Effects of sex and time of day on metabolism and excretion of corticosterone in urine and feces of mice. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 130 (2003) 267-278
65. Treit D., Menard J., and Royan G. Anxiogenic stimuli in the elevated plus-maze. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 44 (1993) 463-469
66. Weiss S.M., Wadsworth G., Fletcher A., and Dourish C.T. Utility of ethological analysis to overcome locomotor confounds in elevated maze models of anxiety. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 23 (1998) 265-271
67. Wells D.L. A review of environmental enrichment for kennelled dogs, Canis familiaris. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 85 (2004) 307-317
68. Williams C.M., Riddell P.M., and Scott L.A. Comparison of preferences for object properties in the rat using paired- and free-choice paradigms. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 112 (2008) 146-157
69. Wilson L.M., and Baldwin A.L. Effects of environmental stress on the architecture and permeability of the rat mesenteric microvasculature. Microcirculation 5 (1998) 299-308
70. Zangrossi H., and File S.E. Behavioral consequences in animal tests of anxiety and exploration of exposure to cat odor. Brain Res. Bull. 29 (1992) 381-388
71. Zar J.H. Biostatistical Analysis. third ed. (1999), Prentice Hall, NJ, USA