Male Sex Work: Exploring Regulation in England and Wales

Journal of Law and Society

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 125-144

  Whowell, Mary ^a  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77953224741     PISSN: 0263323X     EISSN: 14676478     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6478.2010.00498.x     Document Type: Note

References (78)

1. Home Office, Paying the Price: A Consultation Paper on Prostitution (2004).
2. Home Office, A Coordinated Prostitution Strategy and Summary of Responses to Paying the Price (2006). See, also, B. Brooks-Gordon, The Price of Sex: Prostitution Policy and Society (2006).
3. Home Office, op. cit., n. 1, p. 12.
4. Home Office, Tackling Street Prostitution: Towards a Holistic Approach (2004) v. Emphasis added.
5. Home Office, op. cit., n. 2, p. 9.
6. Brooks-Gordon, op. cit., n. 2.
7. 'Walk in a punter. Walk out a rapist', Crimestoppers (2008), at: ; Home Office, op. cit., n. 1; Home Office, op. cit., n. 2; T. Sanders, Paying for Pleasure, Men Who Buy Sex (2008).
8. Sanders, id.
9. D. Kulick, 'Four hundred thousand Swedish perverts' (2005) 99 GLQ: A J. of Lesbian and Gay Studies 205.
10. id., p. 206.
11. R. Campbell and M. Storr, 'Challenging the kerb crawler rehabilitation programme' (2001) 67 Feminist Rev. 94.
12. T. Sanders, Sex Work: A Risky Business (2005); Sanders, op. cit., n. 8.
13. Capitalizations of AIDS is incorrect in the original Home Office (2004) publication.
14. Home Office, op. cit., n. 1, p. 67.
15. L. Cusick and L. Berney, 'Prioritising punitive responses over public health: Commentary on the Home Office consultation document Paying the Price' (2005) 25 Critical Social Policy 596; S. Kingston, 'Sexual abuse discourse: men who buy sex and prostitution policy', paper presented at 'Sex Work' research postgraduate conference, Leeds University, 22 January 2009; Kulick, op. cit., n. 10; United Kingdom Network of Sex Projects (UKNSWP), Response to 'Paying the Price' (2004), available at: .
16. Sanders, op. cit., n. 8.
17. Crimestoppers, op. cit., n. 8.
18. UKNSWP, op. cit., n. 16.
19. Home Office, op. cit., n. 2. p. 9
20. At the time of writing (August 2009) guidelines are yet to be produced.
21. See 'I pay a man for regular sex' Times, 5 December 2007, available at: . It is important to note that published research on women who buy sex is very sparse.
22. J. Gaffney, 'A co-ordinated prostitution strategy and response to Paying the Price - but what about the men?' (2007) 6 Community Safety J. 27, at 2.
23. Brooks-Gordon, op. cit., n. 2; M. Whowell and J. Gaffney, 'Male sex work in the UK: forms, practices and policy implications' in The Prostitution Strategy: Implications for Community Safety, ed. J. Phoenix (2009).
24. P. Hubbard, 'Out of touch and out of time? The contemporary policing of sex work' in Sex Work Now, eds. R. Campbell and M. O'Neill (2006) 1; J. Lewis and E. Maticka-Tyndale, Escort services in a border town: transmission dynamics of sexually transmitted infections within and between communities (1999), Literature and Policy Summary, available at ;
25. J. Lewis and E. Maticka-Tyndale, 'Licensing sex work: public policy and women's lives' (2000) xxxvi Can. Public Policy 437
26. J. Lowman, 'Submission to the subcommittee on solicitation laws of the standing committee of Justice. Human rights, public safety and emergency preparedness' (undated), available at .
27. Manchester City Council, 'Manchester Prostitution Strategy 2007/2008' (2007), available at: .
28. Known hereafter as 'the Village'.
29. J. Binnie and B. Skeggs, 'Cosmopolitan knowledge and the production and consumption of sexualised space: Manchester's gay village' (2004) 52 Sociological Rev. 39; B. Skeggs, 'Matter out of place: visibility and sexualities in leisure spaces' (1999) 18 Leisure Studies 213; I. Taylor, K. Evans, and P. Fraser, A Tale of Two Cities: A Study in Manchester and Sheffield (1996).
30. Marketing Manchester, 'Visit Manchester - gay and lesbian', at: .
31. Taylor et al., op. cit., n. 28.
32. Not the real name of the premises.
33. Author interview with Charity Worker 1.
34. The Blue Room, Practice Evaluation: Blue Wednesday, unpublished Project Report (2008).
35. Manchester City Council, op. cit., n. 26.
36. E. Bernstein, Temporarily Yours, Intimacy, Authenticity, and the Commerce of Sex (2007); S. Oerton, and J. Phoenix, 'Sex/bodywork: discourses and practices' (2001) 4 Sexualities 387; A. Wilcox and K. Christmann, '"Getting paid for sex is my kick': a qualitative study of male sex workers' in Sex as Crime, eds. G. Letherby, K. Williams, P. Birch, and M. Cain (2008) 118.
37. M. O'Neill, R. Campbell, P. Hubbard, J. Pitcher, and J. Scoular, 'Living with the other: street sex work, contingent communities and degrees of tolerance' (2008) 4 Crime, Media and Culture 73
38. J. Pitcher, R. Campbell, P. Hubbard, M. O'Neill, and J. Scoular, Living and Working in Areas of Street Sex Work (2006).
39. K. Gregory, The Everyday Life of Sex Workers in the Netherlands (2005).
40. T. Cresswell, In Place/Out of Place: Geography, Ideology and Transgression (1996).
41. H. Bech, When Men Meet: Homosexuality and Modernity (1997); D. Bell, 'Fragments for a queer city' in Pleasure Zones: Bodies, Cities, Spaces, eds. D. Bell, J. Binnie, R. Holliday, R. Longhurst, and R. Peace (2004) 84; G. Brown, 'Ceramics, clothing and other bodies: affective geographies of homoerotic cruising encounters' (2008) 9 Social and Cultural Geography 915; L. Humphreys, Tearoom Trade: Impersonal Sex in Public Places (1970); M. Turner, Backward Glances: Cruising the Queer Streets of New York and London (2003).
42. A public sex environment is a public space used by men for sexual activity. Such spaces can include canal towpaths, swimming pools, beaches, cinemas, toilets, and a multiplicity of other spaces. See J. Gaffney, 'Guidelines for development of outreach work with men who sell sex' in Manual: Tips, tricks and models of good practice for service providers considering, planning or implementing services for male sex workers, ed. K. Schiffer (2002) 8.
43. Turner, op. cit., n. 39, p. 9.
44. Author interview with Outreach Worker 5.
45. F.M. Wunderlich, 'Walking and rhythmicity: sensing urban space' (2008) 13 J. of Urban Design 125, at 126-27.
46. P. Hubbard and T. Sanders, 'Making space for sex work: female street prostitution and the production of urban space' (2003) 27 International J. of Urban and Regional Research 75; P. Hubbard, 'Community action and the displacement of street prostitution: Evidence from British cities' (1998) 29 Geoforum 269; S. Tani, 'Whose place is this space? Life in the street prostitution area of Helsinki, Finland' (2002) 26 International J. of Urban and Regional Research 343.
47. During the last 12 months of the fieldwork, the Blue Room, a creative arts based project for men who sell sex to men, took up residence in premises on Richardson Street and offered an outreach service from there.
48. Author interview with Sex Worker 4.
49. M. Turner, Backward Glances. Cruising the Queer Streets of New York and London (2003) at 9.
50. id., at 10.
51. Author interview 1 with Sex Worker 1.
52. M. Atkins, 'Objects that look: how is ambiguity of body and self maintained in the public sex encounter?', unpublished MA thesis, University of Manchester (2007); see, also, Brown, op. cit., n. 39.
53. See, also, on beats: N. McKeganey and M. Barnard, Sex Work on the Streets: Prostitutes and Their Clients (1996); S. Tani, 'Whose place is this space? Life in the street prostitution area of Helsinki, Finland' (2002) 26 International J. of Urban and Regional Research 343.
54. For example, see K. Hayward, and M. Yar, 'The "chav" phenomenon: consumption, media and the construction of a new underclass' (2006) 2 Crime, Media, Culture 9.
55. Burberry is a designer brand with a trademark tartan, often worn by those identified as 'chavs' by the British media.
56. Author interview 2 with Sex Worker 1.
57. J. Entwistle, The Fashioned Body (2000).
58. J. Beynon, Masculinities and Culture (2002)
59. P. Johnson, 'Rude boys: the homosexual eroticization of class' (2008) 42 Sociology 65; M.S. Kimmel, 'Masculinity as homophobia; fear, shame and silence in the construction of gender identity' in Theorizing Masculinities, eds. H. Brod and M. Kaufman (1994) 213.
60. Author interview 2, with Sex Worker 2.
61. G. Brown, 'Urban (homo)sexualities: ordinary cities, ordinary sexualities' (2008) 2 Geography Compass 1215
62. P. Hubbard, 'Here, there, everywhere: The ubiquitous geographies of heteronormativity' (2008) 2 Geography Compass 640.
63. Author interview with Police Officer 3.
64. Author interview Sex Worker 1.
65. Rockport is a brand of shoe.
66. In this case clients refers to the men accessing the sex work projects not the clients of the sex workers.
67. Author interview with Outreach Worker 2.
68. See, also, Binnie and Skeggs, op. cit., n. 28.
69. Author interview with Outreach Worker.
70. Turner, op. cit., n. 47, p. 7.
71. Author interview with ex-Door Staff.
72. M. O'Neill and R. Campbell, Walsall Prostitution Consultation Research: A Participatory Action Research Project. Full Report (2004)' available at .
73. Industry Street is a public sex environment but it is also used by male sex workers to solicit commercial custom.
74. Author interview with Police Officer 4.
75. Author interview 2 with Sex Worker 1.
76. Author interview with Police Officer 4.
77. Author interview with Police Officer 1.
78. Author interview with Police Officer 4.