Seasonal variation of benzo(a)pyrene in the Spanish airborne PM10. Multivariate linear regression model applied to estimate BaP concentrations

Journal of Hazardous Materials

Volumn 180, Issue 1-3, 2010, Pages 648-655

  Callen M S ^a   Lopez J M ^a   Mastral, A M ^a  

^a INSTITUTO DE CARBOQUÍMICA   (Spain)

Author keywords

BaP; External validation; Internal validation; MLR model; PAH

Indexed keywords

BAP; EXTERNAL VALIDATION; INTERNAL VALIDATION; MLR MODEL; PAH;

FORECASTING; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; LINEAR REGRESSION; PLANTS (BOTANY); SPECTROMETRY; SUN;

CONCENTRATION (PROCESS);

BENZO[A]PYRENE;

AIR QUALITY; AIR TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PARTICULATE MATTER; PYRENE; SEASONAL VARIATION; SOLAR RADIATION; WIND VELOCITY;

AIRBORNE PARTICLE; ARTICLE; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; EXTERNAL VALIDITY; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; INTERNAL VALIDITY; LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA; MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS; PREDICTOR VARIABLE; SEASONAL VARIATION; SOLAR RADIATION; SPAIN; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE; VALIDATION STUDY; WIND; AIR POLLUTANT; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; SEASON;

ARAGON; SPAIN; ZARAGOZA;

AIR POLLUTANTS; BENZO(A)PYRENE; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; SEASONS; SPAIN;

EID: 77953223805     PISSN: 03043894     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.085     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Mastral A.M., Callén M.S. A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from energy generation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34:3051-3057.
2. Pohjola S.K., Lappi M., Honkanen M., Rantanen L., Savela K. DNA binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a human bronchial epithelial cell line treated with diesel and gasoline particulate extracts and benzo(a)pyrene. Mutagenesis 2003, 18:429-438.
3. Deng W.J., Louie P.K.K., Liu W.K., Bi X.H., Fu J.M., Wong M.H. Atmospheric levels and cytotoxicity of PAHs and heavy metals in TSP and PM2.5 at an electronic waste recycling site in southeast China. Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40:6945-6955.
4. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) Benzo(a)pyrene, in: IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of the chemical to man. Certain Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heterocyclic Compounds 1973, vol. 3. World Health Organization, Lyon, France, 91-136.
5. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) Benzo[a]pyrene, in: IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds. Part 1. Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data 1983, vol. 32. World Health Organization, Lyon, France, 33-224.
6. CERCLA Priority List of hazardous substances. Available at: (accessed November 18, 2009). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cercla/.
7. Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC. Available at: (accessed November 25, 2009). http://www.euwfd.com/.
8. Directive 76/464/EEC of 4 May 1976 on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment of the Community.
9. Helsinki Convention, Convention on the protection of the marine environment of the Baltic Sea area, 1992.
10. UN-ECE Protocol to the 1979 convention on long range transboundary air pollution on persistent organic pollutants and executive body decision 1998/2 on information to be submitted and the procedure for adding substances to annexes I II or III to the protocol on persistent organic pollutants 1998, (ECE/EB.AIR/60).
11. Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and PAH in ambient air.
12. Callén M.S., de la Cruz M.T., López J.M., Murillo R., Navarro M.V., Mastral A.M. Long-range atmospheric transport and local pollution sources on PAH concentrations in a South European urban area, fulfilling of the European Directive. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2008, 190:1-4.
13. Callén M.S., de la Cruz M.T., López J.M., Murillo R., Navarro M.V., Mastral A.M. Some inferences on the mechanism of atmospheric gas/particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) at Zaragoza (Spain). Chemosphere 2008, 73:1357-1365.
14. Rehwagen M., Müller A., Massolo L., Herbarth O., Ronco A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with particles in ambient air from urban and industrial areas. Sci. Total Environ. 2005, 348:199-210.
15. Possanzini M., Di Palo V., Gigliucci P., Concetta M., Sciano T., Cecinato A. Determination of phase-distributed PAH in Rome ambient air by denuder/GC-MS. Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38:1727-1734.
16. Prevedouros K., Brorström-Lundén E., Halsall C.J., Jones K.C., Lee R.G.M., Sweetman A.J. Seasonal and long-term trends in atmospheric PAH concentrations: evidence and implications. Environ. Pollut. 2004, 128:17-27.
17. Mastral A.M., López J.M., Callén M.S., García T., Murillo R., Navarro M.V. Spatial and temporal PAH concentrations in Zaragoza, Spain. Sci. Total Environ. 2003, 307:111-124.
18. Lee W.-J., Wang Y.-F., Lin T.-C., Chen Y.-Y., Lin W.-C., Ku C.-C., Cheng J.-T. PAH characteristics in the ambient air of traffic-source. Sci. Total Environ. 1995, 159:185-200.
19. Akyüz M., Çabuk H. Meteorological variations of PM2.5/PM10 concentrations and particle-associated PAH in the atmospheric environment of Zonguldak, Turkey. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 170:13-21.
20. Lobscheid A.B., McKone T.E., Vallero D.A. Exploring relationships between outdoor air particulate associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and PM2.5: a case study of benzo(a)pyrene in California metropolitan regions. Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41:5659-5672.
21. López J.M., Callén M.S., Murillo R., Garcia T., Navarro M.V., de la Cruz M.T., Mastral A.M. Levels of selected metals in ambient air PM10 in an urban site of Zaragoza (Spain). Environ. Res. 2005, 99:58-67.
22. SIAR network, Servicio de Información Agroclimática para el Regadío. Available at: (accessed November 3, 2009). http://www.mapa.es/siar.
23. Hocking R.R. The analysis and selection of variables in linear regression. Iometrics 1976, 32.
24. Draper N., Smith H. Applied Regression Analysis 1981, John Wiley & Sons, New York. second ed.
25. SAS Institute Inc. SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6 1989, vol. 2. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. fourth ed.
26. Ericsson L., Jaworska J., Worth A.P., Cronin M.T.D., McDowell R.M., Gramatica P. Methods for reliability and uncertainty assessment and for applicability evaluations of classification and regression-based QSARs. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111:1361-1375.
27. Ross S.M. Introduction to Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists 1987, John Wiley & Sons, USA.
28. Chaloulakou A., Saisana M., Spyrellis N. Comparative assessment of neural networks and regression models for forecasting summertime ozone in Athens. Sci. Total Environ. 2003, 313:1-13.
29. Gardner M.W., Dorling S.R. Statistical surface ozone models: an improved methodology to account for non-linear behaviour. Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34:21-34.
30. Sousa S.I.V., Martins F.G., Pereira M.C., Alvim-Ferraz M.C.M. Prediction of ozone concentrations in Oporto city with statistical approaches. Chemosphere 2006, 64:1141-1149.
31. Kahn I., Fara D., Karelson M., Maran U., Andersson P.L. QSPR treatment of the soil sorption coefficients of organic pollutants. J. Chem. Inform. Model. 2005, 45:94-105.
32. OC prediction. J. Mol. Graph. Model. 2007, 25:755-766.
33. Wold S. Validation of QSAR's. Quant. Struct. -Act. Relat. 1991, 10:191-193.
34. Shi L.M., Fang H., Tong W., Wu J., Perkings R., Blair R.M., Branham W.S., Dial S.L., Moland C.L., Sheehan D.M. QSAR models using a large diverse set of estrogens. J. Chem. Inform. Comput. Sci. 2001, 41:186-195.
35. Directive 1999/30/EC of 22 April 1999 relating to limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air. (1999), OJL 163, 29.6.1999, p.41.
36. Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe.
37. M. Viana, Levels, composition and origin of the atmospheric particulate matter in the North and East of the Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands (in Spanish), Doctoral Thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2003.
38. Manoli E., Voutsa D., Samara C. Chemical characterization and source identification/apportionment of fine and coarse air particles in Thessaloniki, Greece. Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36:949-961.
39. Artiñano B., Querol X., Salvador P., Rodríguez S., Alastuey A. Assessment of airborne particulate matter in Spain in response to the new EU-directive. Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35:S43-S53.
40. López J.M., Callén M.S., García T., Murillo R., Navarro M.V., Mastral A.M. Spatial and temporal evolution of atmospheric PAH concentration in Zaragoza, Spain. Sci. Total Environ. 2003, 307:111-124.
41. M.T. de la Cruz, Study of the organic and inorganic components of the PM10 in Zaragoza city. Application of receptor models (in Spanish), Doctoral Thesis, Universidad de Zaragoza, 2008.
42. Salvador P., Artiñano B., Alonso D.G., Querol X., Alastuey A. Identification and characterisation of sources of PM10 in Madrid (Spain) by statistical methods. Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38:435-447.
43. Rodríguez S., Querol X., Alastuey A., Mantilla E. Origin of high summer PM10 and TSP concentrations at rural sites in Eastern Spain. Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36:3101-3112.
44. Tsitouridou R., Voutsa D., Kouimtzis Th. Ionic composition of PM10 in the area of Thessaloniki, Greece. Chemosphere 2003, 52:883-891.
45. Gustafson K.E., Dickhut R.M. Particle/gas concentrations and distributions of PAHs in the atmosphere of southern Chesapeake Bay. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1997, 31:140-147.
46. Harrison R.M., Smith D.J.T., Luhana L. Source apportionment of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham, UK. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30:825-832.