Cr-bearing tourmaline associated with emerald deposits from Swat, NW Pakistan: Genesis and its exploration significance

American Mineralogist

Volumn 95, Issue 5-6, 2010, Pages 799-809

  Arif, Mohammad ^a   Henry, Darrell J ^b   Moon, Charlie J ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR   (Pakistan)

^b LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Chemistry; Emerald exploration; Genesis; NW pakistan; Tourmaline

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM; CARBONATION; CHEMISTRY; DEPOSITS; MAGNESIA; MAGNESITE; MICA; NICKEL; QUARTZ; ROCKS; TALC;

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC; CHEMICAL VARIABILITY; GENESIS; HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS; OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE; PAKISTAN; TOURMALINE; ULTRAMAFIC HOSTED;

GEMS;

CARBONATE; CHROMIUM; CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; CRYSTALLIZATION; EMERALD; MINERAL EXPLORATION; MUSCOVITE; QUARTZ VEIN; TOURMALINE;

NORTH WEST FRONTIER; PAKISTAN; SWAT VALLEY;

EID: 77953207982     PISSN: 0003004X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2138/am.2010.3349     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. th Himalaya-Karamoram-Tibet Workshop, Peshawar, Pakistan. Geological Bulletin University of Peshawar, 31, 7-9.
2. Arif, M. (1994) Studies of ultramafic rocks from Swat, northwestern Pakistan: Implications for the genesis of emerald and nickeliferous phases, 300 p. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Leicester, U.K.
3. - (2003) Sulphides and sulpharsenides in the emerald-hosting rocks from the Indus suture zone in Swat, NW Pakistan. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mittelungen, 83, 261-271.
4. Arif, M. and Moon, C.J. (1996) Textural and chemical characteristics of olivine and pyroxene in the ultramafic rocks from the Indus suture zone in Swat, NW Pakistan: Implications for petrogenesis and alteration. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 76, 47-56.
5. - (2007) Nickel-rich chromian muscovite from the Indus suture ophiolite, NW Pakistan: Implication for emerald genesis and exploration. Geochemical Journal, 41, 475-482.
6. Arif, M., Fallick, A.E., and Moon, C.J. (1996) The genesis of emeralds and their host rocks from Swat, northwestern Pakistan: A stable-isotope investigation. Mineralium Deposita, 31, 255-268.
7. Baksheev, I.A. and Kudryavtseva, O.E. (2004) Nickeloan tourmaline from the Berezovskoe gold deposit, Middle Urals, Russia. Canadian Mineralogist, 42, 1065-1078.
8. Barbieri, M., Caggianelli, A., Di Florio, M.R., and Lorenzoni, S. (1994) Plagiogranites and gabbroic rocks from the Mingora ophiolitic melange, Swat valley, NW Frontier Province, Pakistan. Mineralogical Magazine, 58, 553-566.
9. Brand, A.A., Groat, L.A., Linnen, R.L., Garland, M.I., Breaks, F.W., and Giuliani, G. (2009) Emerald mineralization associated with the Mavis Lake pegmatite group, near Dryden, Ontario. Canadian Mineralogist, 47, 315-336.
10. Challis, A., Grapes, R., and Palmer, K. (1995) Chromian muscovite, uvarovite, and zincian chromite: Products of regional metasomatism in NW Nelson, New Zealand. Canadian Mineralogist, 33, 1263-1284.
11. DiPietro, J.A. (1991) Metamorphic pressure-temperature conditions of Indian plate rocks south of the Main Mantle thrust, lower Swat, Pakistan. Tectonics, 10, 742-757.
12. - (2008) Addressing tectonic and metamorphic controversy in the Pakistan Himalaya. Himalayan Journal of Sciences, 5, 45-46.
13. DiPietro, J.A. and Isachsen, C.E. (2001) U-Pb zircon ages from the Indian plate in the northwest Pakistan and their significance to Himalayan and pre-Himalayan geologic hitsory. Tectonics, 20, 510-525.
14. DiPietro, J.A., Pogue, K.R., Lawrence, R.D., Baig, M.S., Hussain, A., and Ahmad, I. (1993) Stratigraphy south of the Main Mantle thrust, lower Swat, Pakistan. In P.J. Treloar and M.P. Searle, Eds., Himalayan Tectonics, 74, p. 207-220. Geological Society of London, Special Publication.
15. DiPietro, J.A., Pogue, K.R., Hussain, A., and Ahmad, I. (1999) Geological map of the Indus syntaxis and surrounding area, northwest Himalaya, Pakistan. In Macfarlane, A. and Sorkhabi, R.B., Eds., Himalaya and Tibet: Mountain Roots to Mountain Tops. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 328, 159-178.
16. Dutrow, B.L. and Henry, D.J. (2000) Complexly zoned fibrous tourmaline, Cruzeiro mine, Minas Gerais, Brazil: A record of evolving magmatic and hydrothermal fluids. Canadian Mineralogist, 38, 131-143.
17. Foord, E.E. (1976) Mineralogy and petrogenesis of layered pegmatite-aplite dikes in the Mesa Grande district, San Diego County, California. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, California.
18. Foord, E.E., Heyl, A.V., and Conklin, N.M. (1981) Chromian minerals at the Line Pit, State Line chromite district, Pennsylvania and Maryland. Mineralogical Record, 12, 149-156.
19. Franz, G. and Morteani, G. (2002) Be-minerals: Synthesis, stability, and occurrence in metamorphic rocks. In E.S. Grew, Eds., Beryllium: Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry, 50, p. 551-589. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia.
20. Galbraith, C.G., Clarke, D.B., Trumbull, R.B., and Wiedenbeck, M. (2009) Assessment of tourmaline compositions as an indicator of emerald mineralization at the Tsa da Glisza Prospect, Yukon Territory, Canada. Economic Geology, 104, 713-731.
21. Gansser, A. (1964) Geology of the Himalaya, 289 p. Wiley Interscience, New York.
22. - (1980) The significance of the Himalayan suture zone. Tectonophysics, 62, 37-52.
23. Groat, L.A., Marshall, D.D., Giuliani, G., Murphy, D.C., Piercey, S.J., Jambor, J.L., Mortensen, J.K., Ercit, T.S., Gault, R.A., Mattey, D.P., Schwarz, D., Maluski, H., Wise, M.A., Wengzynowski, W., and Eaton, D.W. (2002) Mineralogical and geochemical study of the Regal Ridge emerald showing, southeastern Yukon. Canadian Mineralogist, 40, 1313-1338.
24. Groat, L.A., Giuliani, G., Marshall, D.D., and Turner, D. (2008) Emerald deposits and occurrences: A review. Ore Geology Reviews, 34, 87-112.
25. Hammarstrom, J.M. (1989) Mineral chemistry of emeralds and some associated minerals from Pakistan and Afghanistan: an electron microprobe study. In A.H. Kazmi and L.W. Snee, Eds., Emeralds of Pakistan, p. 125-150. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
26. Hawthorne, F.C. and Henry, D.J. (1999) Classification of the minerals of the tourmaline group. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11, 201-215.
27. Henry, D.J. and de Brodtkorb, M.K. (2009) Mineral chemistry and chemical zoning in tourmalines, Pampa del Tamboreo, San Luis, Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 28, 121-130.
28. Henry, D.J. and Dutrow, B.L. (1992) Tourmaline in a low-grade clastic metasedimentary rock: an example of the petrogenetic potential of tourmaline. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 112, 203-218.
29. - (1996) Metamorphic tourmaline and its petrologic applications. In E.S. Grew and L.M. Anovitz, Eds., Boron: Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, 33, p. 503-557. Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia.
30. - (2001) Compositional zoning and element partitioning in nickeloan tourmaline from a metamorphosed karstbauxite from Samos, Greece. American Mineralogist, 86, 1130-1142.
31. Henry, D.J. and Guidotti, C.V. (1985) Tourmaline as a petrogenetic indicator mineral: an example from the staurolite-grade metapelites of NW Maine. American Mineralogist, 70, 1-15.
32. Henry, D.J., Kirkland, B.L., and Kirkland, D.W. (1999) Sector-zoned tourmaline from the cap rock of a salt dome. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11, 263-280.
33. Henry, D.J., Dutrow, B.L., and Selverstone, J. (2002) Compositional polarity in replacement tourmaline-An example from the Tauern Window, Eastern Alps. Geological Materials Research, 4, 1-23.
34. Henry, D.J., Sun, H., Slack, J.F., and Dutrow, B.L. (2008) Tourmaline in meta-evaporites and highly magnesian rocks: Perspectives from Namibian tourmalinites. European Journal of Mineralogy, 20, 889-904.
35. Jan, M.Q., Kempe, D.R.C., and Symes, R.F. (1972) Chromian tourmaline from Swat, West Pakistan. Mineralogical Magazine, 38, 756-759.
36. Jolliff, B.L., Papike, J.J., and Shearer, C.K. (1986) Tourmaline as recorder of magmatic evolution: Bob Ingersoll pegmatite, Black Hills, South Dakota. American Mineralogist, 71, 472-500.
37. - (1987) Fractionation trends in mica and tourmaline as indicators of pegmatite internal evolution: Bob Ingersoll pegmatite, Black Hills, South Dakota. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51, 519-534.
38. Kazmi, A.H., Lawrence, R.D., Dawood, H., Snee, L.W., and Hussain, S.S. (1984) Geology of the Indus suture zone in the Mingora-Shangla area of Swat. Geological Bulletin of the University of Peshawar, 17, 127-144.
39. King, R.W. and Kerrich, R. (1989) Chromian dravite associated with ultramafic rock-hosted Archean gold deposits, Timmins Porcupine district, Ontario. Canadian Mineralogist, 27, 419-426.
40. Laurs, B.M., Dilles, J.H., and Snee, L.W. (1996) Emerald mineralization and metasomatism of amphibolite, Khaltaro granitic pegmatite-hydrothermal vein system, Haramosh Mountains, northern Pakistan. Canadian Mineralogist, 34, 1253-1286.
41. Lister, C.J. (1979) Quartz-cored tourmaline from Cape Cornwall and other localities. Proceedings of the Ussher Society, 4, 402-418.
42. Lum, T.Y. (1972) Geochemistry of the chromium tourmaline from Kaavi, Finland. Malaysia Geological Survey Annual Report, 1970, 157-168.
43. 40Ar method. Tectonophysics, 3, 1-18.
44. Manning, D.A.C. (1982) Chemical and morphological variation in tourmalines from the Hub Kapong batholith of peninsular Thailand. Mineralogical Magazine, 45, 139-147.
45. 3+ interactions in tourmaline. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 14, 163-171.
46. Medaris, L.G., Fournelle, J.H., and Henry, D.J. (2003) Tourmaline-bearing quartz veins in the Baraboo Quartzite, Wisconsin: Occurrence and significance of foitite and "oxy-foitite." Canadian Mineralogist, 41, 749-758.
47. Neiva, A.M.R. (1974) Geochemistry of tourmaline (schorlite) from granites, aplites, and pegmatites from northern Portugal. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 38, 1307-1317.
48. Peltola, E., Vuorelainen, Y., and Hakli, T.A. (1968) A chromian tourmaline from Outokumpu, Finland. Geological Society of Finland Bulletin, 40, 35-38.
49. Petterson, M.G. and Windley, B.F. (1985) Rb-Sr dating of the Kohistan arc-batholith in the Trans-Himalayas of Pakistan, and tectonic implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 74, 45-57.
50. Pirajno, F. and Schlogl, H.U. (1987) The alteration of the Krantzberg tungsten deposit, South West Africa/Namibia. South African Journal of Geology, 90, 499-508.
51. Pirajno, F. and Smithies, R.H. (1992) The FeO/(FeO+MgO) ratio of tourmaline: A useful indicator of spatial variations in granite-related hydrothermal mineral deposits. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 42, 371-381.
52. Power, G.M. (1968) Chemical variations in tourmaline from southwest England. Mineralogical Magazine, 36, 1078-1089.
53. Robinson, G.D. (1989) Stream sediment tourmaline geochemistry in massive sulphide exploration: example from Virginia, U.S.A. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 34, 173-188.
54. Robinson, G.D., Healey, K., and Kelly, V.C. (1988) Use of tourmaline in stream sediment to determine submarine exhalative sulphide deposits: example from central Virginia, U.S.A. Applied Geochemistry, 3, 225-230.
55. Searle, M.P. (1991) Geology and Tectonics of the Karakorum Mountains, 358 p. Wiley, New York.
56. Slack, J.F. (1982) Tourmaline in Appalachian-Caledonian massive sulphide deposits and its exploration significance. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy Section B: Applied Earth Science, 91, B81-B89.
57. - (1996) Tourmaline associations with hydrothermal ore deposits. In E.S. Grew and L.M. Anovitz, Eds., Boron: Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, 33, p. 559-643. Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralogial Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia.
58. Snee, L.W. and Kazmi, A.H. (1989) Origin and classification of emerald deposits. In A.H. Kazmi and L.W. Snee, Eds., Emeralds of Pakistan, p. 229-236. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
59. Staatz, M.H., Murata, K.J., and Glass, J.J. (1955) Variation of composition and physical properties of tourmaline with its position in the pegmatite. American Mineralogist, 40, 789-804.
60. Sullivan, M. (1992) The geology of the roof zone of the Kohistan batholith, northwestern Pakistan. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Leicester, U.K.
61. Taylor, R.P., Ikingura, J.R., Fallick, A.E., Huang, Y., and Watkinson, D.H. (1992) Stable isotope composition of tourmalines from granites and related hydrothermal rocks of the Karagwe-Ankolean belt, northwest Tanzania. Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section), 94, 215-227.
62. Treloar, P.J., Broughton, R.D., Williams, M.P., Coward, M.P., and Windley, B.F. (1989) Deformation, metamorphism, and imbrication of the Indian plate, south of the Main Mantle Thrust, North Pakistan. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 7, 111-125.
63. Trumbull, R., Krienitz, M.S., Grundmann, G., and Wiedenbeck, M. (2009) Tourmaline geochemistry and δ11B variations as a guide to fluid-rock interaction in the Habachtal emerald deposit, Tauern Window, Austria. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 157, 411-427.
64. Zeitler, P.K. (1988) Ion microprobe dating of zircon from the Malakand granite, NW Himalaya, Pakistan: A constraint on the timing of Tertiary metamorphism in the region. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 20, 323.