Error-Driven Learning in Visual Categorization and Object Recognition: A Common-Elements Model

Psychological Review

Volumn 117, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 349-381

  Soto, Fabian A ^a   Wasserman, Edward A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

animal learning; natural image categorization; Rescorla Wagner theory; stimulus sampling theory

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; COGNITION; LEARNING; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; SEMANTICS;

ANIMALS; COGNITION; LEARNING; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; SEMANTICS;

EID: 77953153827     PISSN: 0033295X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0018695     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Aitken M.R.F., Bennett C.H., McLaren I.P.L., and Mackintosh N.J. Perceptual differentiation during categorization learning by pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 22 (1996) 43-50
2. Ashby F.G. Multidimensional models of categorization. In: Ashby F.G. (Ed). Multidimensional models of perception and cognition (1992), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 449-483
3. Ashby F.G., and Lee W.W. Perceptual variability as a fundamental axiom of perceptual science. In: Masin S.C. (Ed). Foundations of perceptual theory (1993), Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 369-399
4. Astley S.L., and Wasserman E.A. Categorical discrimination and generalization in pigeons: All negative stimuli are not created equal. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 18 (1992) 193-207
5. Astley S.L., and Wasserman E.A. Superordinate category formation in pigeons: Association with a common delay or probability of food reinforcement makes perceptually dissimilar stimuli functionally equivalent. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 25 (1999) 415-432
6. Atkinson R.R., and Estes W.K. Stimulus sampling theory. In: Luce R.D., and Bush R.B. (Eds). Handbook of mathematical psychology (1963), Wiley, New York, NY 212-268
7. Aust U., and Huber L. The role of item- and category-specific information in the discrimination of people versus nonpeople images by pigeons. Animal Learning & Behavior 29 (2001) 107-119
8. Aust U., and Huber L. Target-defining features in a "people-present/people-absent" discrimination task by pigeons. Animal Learning & Behavior 30 (2002) 165-176
9. Aydin A., and Pearce J.M. Prototype effects in categorization by pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 20 (1994) 264-277
10. Baddeley R., Abbott L.F., Booth M.C.A., Sengpiel F., Freeman T., Wakeman E.A., and Rolls E.T. Responses of neurons in primary and inferior temporal visual cortices to natural scenes. Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences 264 B (1997) 1775-1783
11. Bhatt R.S., Wasserman E.A., Reynolds W.F., and Knauss K.S. Conceptual behavior in pigeons: Categorization of both familiar and novel examples from four classes of natural and artificial stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 14 (1988) 219-234
12. Biederman I. Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding. Psychological Review 94 (1987) 115-147
13. Blough D.S. Steady state data and a quantitative model of operant generalization and discrimination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1 (1975) 3-21
14. Bridle J.S. Probabilistic interpretation of feedforward classification network outputs, with relationships to statistical pattern recognition. In: Fougelman-Soulie F., and Herault J. (Eds). Neurocomputing: Algorithms, architectures and applications (1990), Springer-Verlag, New York, NY 227-236
15. Cook R.G. Avian visual cognition (2001). http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/avc/ Retrieved from http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/avc/
16. Cook R.G., and Smith J.D. Stages of abstraction and exemplar memorization in pigeon category learning. Psychological Science 17 (2006) 1059-1067
17. Edwards C.A., and Honig W.K. Memorization and feature-selection in the acquisition of natural concepts in pigeons. Learning and Motivation 18 (1987) 235-260
18. Estes W.K. Array models for category learning. Cognitive Psychology 18 (1986) 500-549
19. Felsen G., and Dan Y. A natural approach to studying vision. Nature Neuroscience 8 (2005) 1643-1646
20. Fetterman J.G. Dimensions of stimulus complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 22 (1996) 3-18
21. Foldiak P., and Young M.P. Sparse coding in the primate cortex. In: Arbib M.A. (Ed). The handbook of brain theory and neural networks (2002), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1064-1068
22. Geisler W.S. Visual perception and the statistical properties of natural scenes. Annual Review of Psychology 59 (2008) 167-192
23. Gibson B.M., Lazareva O.F., Gosselin F., Schyns P.G., and Wasserman E.A. Nonaccidental properties underlie shape recognition in mammalian and nonmammalian vision. Current Biology 17 (2007) 336-340
24. Gibson B.M., Wasserman E.A., Frei L., and Miller K. Recent advances in operant conditioning technology: A versatile and affordable computerized touchscreen system. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 36 (2004) 355-362
25. Gibson B.M., Wasserman E.A., Gosselin F., and Schyns P.G. Applying bubbles to localize features that control pigeons' visual discrimination behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 31 (2005) 376-382
26. Gluck M.A. Stimulus generalization and representation in adaptive network models of category learning. Psychological Science 2 (1991) 50-55
27. Gluck M.A. Stimulus sampling and distributed representations in adaptive network theories of learning. In: Healy A., Kosslyn S., and Shiffrin R. (Eds). From learning theory to connectionist theory: Essays in honor of William K. Estes (1992), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 169-199
28. Gluck M.A., and Bower G.H. From conditioning to category learning: An adaptive network model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 117 (1988) 227-247
29. Goldstone R.L. Perceptual learning. Annual Review of Psychology 49 (1998) 585-612
30. Grinstead C.M., and Snell J.L. Introduction to probability (1997), American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI
31. Harris J.A. Elemental representations of stimuli in associative learning. Psychological Review 113 (2006) 584-605
32. Herrnstein R.J. Relative and absolute strength of response as a function of frequency of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 4 (1961) 267-272
33. Herrnstein R.J. On the law of effect. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 13 (1970) 243-266
34. Herrnstein R.J. Levels of stimulus control: A functional approach. Cognition 37 (1990) 133-166
35. Herrnstein R.J., and de Villiers P.A. Fish as a natural category for people and pigeons. In: Bower G.H. (Ed). The psychology of learning and motivation 14 (1980), Academic Press, New York, NY 59-95
36. Herrnstein R.J., and Loveland D.H. Complex visual concept in the pigeon. Science 146 (1964, October 23) 549-551
37. Huber, L. (2001). Visual categorization in pigeons. In R. G. Cook (Ed.), Avian visual cognition. Retrieved from http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/avc/huber/
38. Husband, S., & Shimizu, T. (2001). Evolution of the avian visual system. In R. G. Cook (Ed.), Avian visual cognition. Retrieved from http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/avc/husband
39. Jenkins H.M., and Sainsbury R.S. Discrimination learning with the distinctive feature on positive or negative trials. In: Mostofsky D.I. (Ed). Attention: Contemporary theory and analysis (1970), Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, NY 239-273
40. Kaelbling L.P., Littman M.L., and Moore A.W. Reinforcement learning: A survey. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 4 (1996) 237-285
41. Kamin L.J. Selective association and conditioning. In: Mackintosh N.J., and Honig W.K. (Eds). Fundamental issues in associative learning (1969), Dalhousie University Press, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 42-64
42. Kendrick D.F., Wright A.A., and Cook R.G. On the role of memory in concept learning by pigeons. Psychological Record 40 (1990) 359-371
43. Kirkpatrick, K. (2001). Object recognition. In R. G. Cook (Ed.), Avian visual cognition. Retrieved from http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/avc/kirkpatrick/
44. Konorski J. Conditioned reflexes and neuron organization (1948), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England
45. Kruschke J.K. ALCOVE: An exemplar-based connectionist model of category learning. Psychological Review 99 (1992) 22-44
46. Kruschke J.K. Toward a unified model of attention in associative learning. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 45 (2001) 812-863
47. Kruschke J.K. Attention in learning. Current Directions in Psychological Science 12 (2003) 171-175
48. Kruschke J.K. Models of categorization. In: Sun R. (Ed). The Cambridge handbook of computational psychology (2008), Cambridge University Press, New York, NY 267-301
49. Lazareva O.F., Freiburger K.L., and Wasserman E.A. Effects of stimulus manipulations on visual categorization in pigeons. Behavioural Processes 72 (2006) 224-233
50. Lazareva O.F., and Wasserman E.A. Categories and concepts in animals. In: Byrne J.H. (Ed). Learning and memory: A comprehensive reference (2008), Academic Press, Oxford, England 197-226
51. Lazareva O.F., Wasserman E.A., and Biederman I. Pigeons and humans are more sensitive to nonaccidental than to metric changes in visual objects. Behavioural Processes 77 (2008) 199-209
52. Lea S.E.G., and Wills A.J. Use of multiple dimensions in learned discriminations. Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews 3 (2008) 115-133
53. Lea S.E.G., Wills A.J., and Ryan C.M.E. Why are artificial polymorphous concepts so hard for birds to learn?. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 59 (2006) 251-267
54. Loidolt M., Aust U., Meran I., and Huber L. Pigeons use item-specific and category-level information in the identification and categorization of human faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 29 (2003) 261-276
55. Lubow R.E. High-order concept formation in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 21 (1974) 475-483
56. Luce R.D. Individual choice behavior: A theoretical analysis (1959), Wiley, New York, NY
57. Mackintosh N.J. Categorization by people and pigeons: The 22nd Bartlett Memorial Lecture. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology 48 A (1995) 193-214
58. Mackintosh N.J. Abstraction and discrimination. In: Heyes C., and Huber L. (Eds). The evolution of cognition (2000), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 123-141
59. McLaren I.P.L., Bennett C.H., Guttmannahir T., Kim K., and Mackintosh N.J. Prototype effects and peak shift in categorization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21 (1995) 662-673
60. McLaren I.P.L., and Mackintosh N.J. An elemental model of associative learning: I. Latent inhibition and perceptual learning. Animal Learning & Behavior 28 (2000) 211-246
61. McLaren I.P.L., and Mackintosh N.J. Associative learning and elemental representation: II. Generalization and discrimination. Animal Learning & Behavior 30 (2002) 177-200
62. Medin D.L., Dewey G.I., and Murphy T.D. Relationships between item and category learning: Evidence that abstraction is not automatic. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 9 (1983) 607-625
63. Medin D.L., and Schaffer M.M. Context theory of classification learning. Psychological Review 85 (1978) 207-238
64. Miller R.R., Barnet R.C., and Grahame N.J. Assessment of the Rescorla-Wagner model. Psychological Bulletin 117 (1995) 363-386
65. Navarro D.J., and Griffiths T.L. Latent features in similarity judgments: A nonparametric Bayesian approach. Neural Computation 20 (2008) 2597-2628
66. Neimark E.D., and Estes W.K. Stimulus sampling theory (1967), Holden-Day, San Francisco, CA
67. Nosofsky R.M. Choice, similarity, and the context theory of classification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 10 (1984) 104-114
68. Nosofsky R.M. Attention, similarity, and the identification-categorization relationship. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 115 (1986) 39-57
69. Nosofsky R.M., Kruschke J.K., and McKinley S.C. Combining exemplar-based category representations and connectionist learning rules. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18 (1992) 211-233
70. Olshausen B.A., and Field D.J. Sparse coding of sensory inputs. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 14 (2004) 481-487
71. Palmeri T.J., and Gauthier I. Visual object understanding. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5 (2004) 291-303
72. Pavlov I.P. Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex (1927), Oxford University Press, London, England
73. Pearce J.M. A model for stimulus generalization in Pavlovian conditioning. Psychological Review 94 (1987) 61-73
74. Pearce J.M. Similarity and discrimination: A selective review and a connectionist model. Psychological Review 101 (1994) 587-607
75. Pearce J.M. Evaluation and development of a connectionist theory of configural learning. Animal Learning & Behavior 30 (2002) 73-95
76. Pearce J.M., and Hall G. A model for Pavlovian learning: Variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli. Psychological Review 87 (1980) 532-552
77. Posner M.I., and Keele S.W. On the genesis of abstract ideas. Journal of Experimental Psychology 77 (1968) 353-363
78. Reed S.K. Pattern recognition and categorization. Cognitive Psychology 3 (1972) 382-407
79. Rescorla R.A. Stimulus generalization: Some predictions from a model of Pavlovian conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2 (1976) 88-96
80. Rescorla R.A. Pavlovian conditioning: It's not what you think it is. American Psychologist 43 (1988) 151-160
81. Rescorla R.A., and Wagner A.R. A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In: Black A.H., and Prokasy W.F. (Eds). Classical conditioning II: Current theory and research (1972), Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, NY 64-99
82. Rumelhart D.E., Hinton G.E., and Williams R.J. Learning internal representations by error propagation. In: Rumelhart D.E., and McClelland J.L. (Eds). Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition 1 (1986), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 318-362
83. Sainsbury R.S. Feature-positive effect and simultaneous discrimination learning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 11 (1971) 347-356
84. Sattath S., and Tversky A. On the relation between common and distinctive feature models. Psychological Review 94 (1987) 16-22
85. Serre T., Kouh M., Cadieu C., Knoblich U., Kreiman G., and Poggio T. A theory of object recognition: Computations and circuits in the feedforward path of the ventral stream in primate visual cortex (MIT AI Memo No. 2005-036/CBCL) (2005). http://www.ai.mit.edu/publications/browse/2005browse.shtml Retrieved from http://www.ai.mit.edu/publications/browse/2005browse.shtml
86. Serre T., Oliva A., and Poggio T. A feedforward architecture accounts for rapid categorization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 104 (2007) 6424-6429
87. Shanks D.R. Categorization by a connectionist network. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 17 (1991) 433-443
88. Shepard R.N., and Arabie P. Additive clustering: Representation of similarities as combinations of discrete overlapping properties. Psychological Review 86 (1979) 87-123
89. Shimizu T., and Bowers A.N. Visual circuits of the avian telencephalon: Evolutionary implications. Behavioural Brain Research 98 (1999) 183-191
90. Siegel S., and Allan L.G. The widespread influence of the Rescorla-Wagner model. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 3 (1996) 314-321
91. Simoncelli E.P., and Olshausen B.A. Natural image statistics and neural representation. Annual Review of Neuroscience 24 (2001) 1193-1216
92. Smith J.D., and Minda J.P. Prototypes in the mist: The early epochs of category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 24 (1998) 1411-1436
93. Spence K.W. The differential response in animals to stimuli varying within a single dimension. Psychological Review 44 (1937) 430-444
94. Sutton J.E., and Roberts W.A. Failure to find evidence of stimulus generalization within pictorial categories in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 78 (2002) 333-343
95. Sutton R.S., and Barto A.G. Toward a modern theory of adaptive networks: Expectation and prediction. Psychological Review 88 (1981) 135-170
96. Vinje W.E., and Gallant J.L. Sparse coding and decorrelation in primary visual cortex during natural vision. Science 287 (2000, February 18) 1273-1276
97. Vogel E.H., Castro M.E., and Saavedra M.A. Quantitative models of Pavlovian conditioning. Brain Research Bulletin 63 (2004) 173-202
98. Wagner A.R. SOP: A model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior. In: Spear N.E., and Miller R.R. (Eds). Information processing in animals: Memory mechanisms (1981), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 5-47
99. Wagner A.R. Context-sensitive elemental theory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Comparative and Physiological Psychology 56 B (2003) 7-29
100. Wagner A.R., Logan F.A., Haberlandt K., and Price T. Stimulus selection in animal discrimination learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology 76 (1968) 171-180
101. Wagner A.R., and Rescorla R.A. Inhibition in Pavlovian conditioning: Application of a theory. In: Boakes R.A., and Holliday M.S. (Eds). Inhibition and learning (1972), Academic Press, New York, NY 301-336
102. Wasserman E.A. Stimulus-reinforcer predictiveness and selective discrimination learning in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology 103 (1974) 284-297
103. Wasserman E.A. Comparative cognition: Toward a general understanding of cognition in behavior. Psychological Science 4 (1993) 156-161
104. Wasserman E.A. The conceptual abilities of pigeons. American Scientist 83 (1995) 246-255
105. Wasserman E.A., and Bhatt R.S. Conceptualization of natural and artificial stimuli by pigeons. In: Honig W.K., and Fetterman J.G. (Eds). Cognitive aspects of stimulus control (1992), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 203-223
106. Wasserman E.A., DeVolder C.L., and Coppage D.J. Non-similarity-based conceptualization in pigeons via secondary or mediated generalization. Psychological Science 3 (1992) 374-378
107. Wasserman E.A., Kiedinger R.E., and Bhatt R.S. Conceptual behavior in pigeons: Categories, subcategories, and pseudocategories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 14 (1988) 235-246
108. Widrow G., and Hoff M.E. Adaptive switching circuits. 1960 IRE WESCON convention record (1960), Institute of Radio Engineers, New York, NY 96-104
109. Wills A.J., Reimers S., Stewart N., Suret M., and McLaren I.P.L. Tests of the ratio rule in categorization. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology 53 A (2000) 983-1011
110. Young M.E., and Wasserman E.A. Limited attention and cue order consistency affect predictive learning: A test of similarity measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 28 (2002) 484-496
111. Zentall T.R., Wasserman E.A., Lazareva O.F., Thompson R.K.R., and Rattermann M.J. Concept learning in animals. Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews 3 (2008) 13-45