Chlamydia trachomatis strains and virulence: Rethinking links to infection prevalence and disease severity

Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 201, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2010, Pages

  Byrne, Gerald I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL PROTEIN; CYTOTOXIN; GLYCOLIPID; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; MAJOR OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN; POLYMORPHIC OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRULENCE FACTOR; BACTERIAL TOXIN; OMP1 PROTEIN, CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; PORIN;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; CHLAMYDIASIS; DISEASE SEVERITY; GENE TRANSFER; GENETIC DIFFERENCE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PLASMID; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; SEROTYPE; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; TRACHOMA; CLASSIFICATION; GENETICS; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

BACTERIAL PROTEINS; BACTERIAL TOXINS; CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; GLYCOLIPIDS; HUMANS; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; PHENOTYPE; PORINS; PREVALENCE; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL; VIRULENCE FACTORS;

EID: 77953097202     PISSN: 00221899     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/652398     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Millman K, Black CM, Johnson RE, et al. Population-based genetic and evolutionary analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital strain variation in the United States. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:2457-2465.
2. Brunham RC, Plummer FA, Stephens RS. Bacterial antigenic variation, host immune response and pathogen-host co-evolution. Infect Immun 1993;61:2273-2276.
3. Antilla T, Saikku P, Koskela P, et al. Serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis and risk for development of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. JAMA 2001;285:47-51.
4. Brunham RC, Pourbohloul B, Mak S, White, R, Rekart ML. The unexpected impact of a Chlamydia trachomatis infection control program on susceptibility to reinfection. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:1836-1844.
5. Binet R, Maurelli AT. Transformation and isolation of allelic exchange mutants of Chlamydia using DNA introduced by electroporation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:292-297.
6. Wang SP, Grayston JT. Immunologic relationship between genital TRIC, lymphogranuloma venereum and related organisms in a new microtiter indirect immunofluorescence test. Am J Ophthalmol 1970;70:367-374.
7. Stephens RS, Sanchez-Pescador, R, Wager, E, Inouye, C, Urdea M. Diversity of the major outer membrane proteins of Chlamydial trachomatis. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:3879-3885.
8. Baehr, W, Zhang YX, Joseph, T, et al. Mapping antigenic domains expressed by Chlamydia trachomatis outer membrane protein genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:4000-4004.
9. Stothard DR, Boguslawski G, Jones RB. Phylogenetic analysis of the Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein and examination of potential pathogenic determinants. Infect Immun 1998; 66: 3618-3625.
10. Millman KL, Tavare, S, Dean D. Recombination in the MOMP gene but not the omcB gene of chlamydiae contributes to serovar-spedfic differences in tissue. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:5997-6008.
11. Fitch, WM, Peterson EM., de la Maza LM. Phylogenetic analysis of the outer membrane protein genes of Chlamydia and its implication for vaccine development. Mol Biol Evol 1993; 10:892-913.
12. Dean D, Oudens E, Bolan G, Padian N, Schachter J. Major outer membrane protein variants of Chlamydia trachomatis are associated with severe upper genital tract infection and histopathology in San Francisco. J Infect Dis 1995;172:1013-1022.
13. Brunelle, GW, Sensabough, GF. The ompA gene in Chlamydia trachomatis differs in phylogeny and rate of evolution from other regions of the genome. Infect Immun 2006; 74:578-585.
14. Gomes JP, Bruno WJ, Nunes A, et al. Evolution of Chlamydia trachomatis diversity occurs by widespread interstrain recombination involving hotspots. Genome Res 2007;17:50-60.
15. Millman K, Black CM, Stamm WE, et al. Population-based genetic epidemiologic analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes and lack of association between ompA polymorphisms and clinical phenotypes. Microbes Infect 2006;8:604-611.
16. Lampe, MF, Wong KG, Kuehl LM, Stamm WE Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein variants escape neutralization by both monoclonal antibodies and human immune sera. Infect Immun 1997;65:317-319.
17. Stephens RS, Kalman S, Lammel C, et al. Genomic sequence of an obligate intracellular pathogen of humans: Chlamydia trachomatis. Science 1998;282:754-759.
18. Longbottom D, Russell M, Dunbar, SM, Jones GE, Herring AJ. Molecular cloning and characterization of genes coding for the highly immunogenic cluster of 90 kilodalton envelope proteins from the Chlamydia psittaci subtype that causes abortion in sheep. Infect Immun 1998;66:1317-1324.
19. Rockey DD, Lenart J, Stephens RS. Genome sequencing and our understanding of chlamydiae. Infect Immun 2000; 68:5473-5479.
20. Tan C, Spitznagel JK, Shou HZ, Hsia RC, Bavoil PM. The polymorphic membrane protein gene family of the Chlamydiaceae. In: Bavoil PM, Wyrick PB, eds. Chlamydia genomics and pathogenesis. Norfolk, United Kingdom: Horizon Bioscience, 2006:195-218.
21. Swanson KA, Taylor, LD, Frank SD, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis polymorphic membrane protein D is an oligomeric autotransporter with a higher-order structure. Infect Immun 2009;77:508-516.
22. Henderson IR, Nataro JP. Virulence functions of autotransporter proteins. Infect Immun 2001;69:1231-1243.
23. Henderson IR, Navarro-Garda F, Nataro JP. The great escape: structure and function of autotransporter proteins. Trends Microbiol 1998; 6: 370-378.
24. Stothard DR, Toth GA, Batteiger BE. Polymorphic membrane protein H has evolved in parallel with the three disease-causing groups of Chlamydia trachomatis. Infect Immun 2003;71:1200-1208.
25. Gomes JP, Nunes A, Bruno WJ, Borrego MJ, Florindo C, Dean D. Polymorphisms in the nine polymorphic membrane proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis across all serovars: evidence for serovar Da recombination and correlation with tissue tropism. J Bacteriol 2006; 188: 275-286.
26. Cornelis GR, Van Gijsegem F. Assembly and function of type III secretion systems. Annu Rev Microbiol 2000; 54:735-774.
27. Hsia RC, Pannekoek Y, Ingerowski E, Bavoil PM. Type III secretion genes identify a putative virulence locus of Chlamydia. Mol Microbiol 1997;25:351-359. (Pubitemid 27351586)
28. Rockey DD, Heinzen RA, Hackstadt T. Cloning and characterization of a Chlamydia psittaci gene coding for a protein localized in the indusion membrane of infected cells. Mol Microbiol 1995; 15:617-626.
29. Galan JE, Collmer A. Type III secretion machines: bacterial devices for protein delivery into host cells. Science 1999;284:1322-1328. (Pubitemid 29289652)
30. Mecsas J, Strauss EJ. Molecular mechanisms of bacterial virulence: type III secretion and pathogenicity islands. Emerg Infect Dis 1996; 2: 271-288. (Pubitemid 126444998)
31. Subtil A Blocker A, Dautry-Varsat A. Type III secretion system in Chlamydia species: identified members and candidates. Microbes Infect 2000;2:367-369.
32. Hefty SP, Stephens RS. Chlamydial type III secretion system is encoded on ten operons preceded by sigma 70-like promoter dements. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:198-206.
33. Fields KA, Hackstadt T. Evidence for the secretion of Chlamydia trachomatis CopN by a type III secretion mechanism. Mol Microbiol 2000;38:1048-1060.
34. Betts HJ, Twiggs LE, Sal MS, Wyrick PB, Fields KA. Bioinformatic and biochemical evidence for the identification of the type III secretion system needle protein of Chlamydia trachomatis. J Bacteriol 2008; 190: 1680-1690.
35. Fields KA, Fisher, ER, Mead DJ, Hackstadt T. Analysis of putative Chlamydia trachomatis chaperones Scc2 and Scc3 and their use in the identification of type III secretion substrates. J Bacteriol 2005; 187: 6466-6478.
36. Hackstadt T, Scidmore-Carlson MA, Shaw EI, Fischer ER. Chlamydia trachomatis IncA protein is required for homotypic veside fusion. Cell Microbiol 1999;1:119-130.
37. Suchland RJ, Rockey DD, Bannantine, JP, Stamm WE. Isolates of Chlamydia trachomatis that occupy nonfusogenic inclusions lack IncA, a protein localized to the inclusion membrane. Infect Immun 2000; 68: 360-367.
38. Scidmore-Carlson MA, Shaw EI, Dooley CA, Fischer ER, Hackstadt T. Identification and characterization of a Chlamydia trachomatis early operon encoding four novel inclusion membrane proteins. Mol Microbiol 1999;33:753-765.
39. Geisler, WM, Suchland RJ, Rockey DD, Stamm WE. Epidemiology and dinical manifestations of unique Chlamydia trachomatis isolates that occupy nonfusogenic inclusions. J Infect Dis 2001;184:879-884.
40. Clifton DR, Fields KA, Grieshaber, SS, et al A chlamydial type III translocated protein is tyrosine-phosphorylated at the site entry and associated with recruitment of actin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:10166-10171.
41. Jewett TJ, Fischer, ER, Mead DJ, Hackstadt T. Chlamydial TARP is a bacterial nucleator of actin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 15599-15604.
42. Lane BJ, Mutchler C, Al Khodor S, Grieshaber SS, Carabeo RA. Chlamydial entry involves TARP binding of guanine nucleotide exchange factors. PloS Pathog 2008;4:e1000014.
43. Belland RJ, Scidmore, MA, Crane, DD, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis cytotoxicity associated with complete and partial cytotoxin genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:13984-13989.
44. Rake, G, Jones HP. Studies on lymphogranuloma venereum. II. The association of specific toxins with agents of the lymphogranulornapsittacosis group. J Exp Med 1944;79:463-485.
45. Fan B, Van Der Pol B, Nelson DE. Do chlamydial cytotoxins mediate IFN-g immune evasion. Proc Eur Soc Chlamydia Res 2008;6:165-171.
46. Thalman J, Hofmann F, Sommer K, Janik K, Bartling G, Klos A. The Chlamydia trachomatis protein CT166 glucosylates the small GTPase Rac1 and induces reorganization of the host cell actin cytoskeleton. Proc Eur Soc Chlamydia Res 2008; 6:172.
47. Carlson JH, Hughes, S, Hogan D, et al. Polymorphisms in the Chlamydia trachomatis cytotoxin locus associated with ocular and genital isolates. Infect Immun 2004; 72:7063-7072.
48. Witkin SS, Jeremias J, Toth M, Ledger WJ. Cell-mediated immune response to the recombinant 57 kDa heat shock-protein of Chlamydia trachomatis in women with salpingitis. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 1379-1383.
49. Toye, B, Laferriere, C, Claman P, Jessaminen P, Peeling R. Association between antibody to the chlamydial heat shock protein and tubal infertility. J Infect Dis 1993; 168:1236-1240. (Pubitemid 23317141)
50. LaVerda D, Albanese, LN, Rüther PE, et al. Seroreactivity to Chlamydia trachomatis HSP10 correlates with disease severity in women. Infect Immun 2000;68:303-309.
51. Kinnunen A, Molander P, Morrison R, et al. Chlamydial heat shock protein 60-specific T cells in inflamed salpingeal tissue. Fertil Steril 2002; 77:162-172. (Pubitemid 34093910)
52. Kol A, Lichtman AH, Finberg RW, Libby P, Kurt-Jones, E. Heat shock protein (HSP)60 activates the innate immune response: CD14 is an essential receptor for HSP60 activation of mononuclear cells. J Immunol 2000; 164:13-17. (Pubitemid 30012965)
53. Vora GJ, Stuart ES. A role for the glycolipid exoantigen (GLXA) in chlamydial infectivity. Curr Microbiol 2003; 46:217-223.
54. Nurminen M, Rietschel ET, Brade, H. Chemical characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun 1985; 48: 573-575.
55. Qureshi N, Kaltashov I, Walker K, et al. Structure of the monophosphoryl lipid A moiety obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of Chlamydia trachomatis. J Biol Chem 1997;272:10594-10600.
56. Heine, H, Muller-Loennies, S, Brade L, Lindner B, Brade H. Endotoxic activity and chemical structure of lipopolysaccharides from Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes E and L2 and Chlamydophila psittaci 6BC. Eur J Biochem 2003; 270:440-450.
57. Erridge, C, Pridmore, A, Eley A, Stewart J, Poxton IR. Lipopolysaccharides of Bacteroides fragilis, Chlamydia trachomatis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa signal via Toll-like receptor 2. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53: 735-740.
58. Dhir SP, Hakomori S, Kenny GE, Grayston JT. Immunochemical studies on chlamydial group antigen: presence of a 2-keto-3-deoxycarbohydrate as immunodominant group. J Immunol 1972;109:116-122.
59. Peterson EM, Markoff BA, Schachter J, de la Maza LM. The 7.5 kb plasmid present in Chlamydia trachomatis is not essential for the growth of this microorganism. Plasmid 1990;23:144-148.
60. Stothard DR, Williams, JA, Van Der Pol B, Jones, RB. Identification of a Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E urogenital isolate which lacks the cryptic plasmid. Infect Immun 1998;66:6010-6013.
61. O'Connell CM, Ingalls RR, Andrews CW Jr, Scurlock AM, Darville T. Plasmid-defieient Chlamydia muridarum fail to induce immune pathology and protect against oviduct disease. J Immunol 2007; 179: 4027-4034.
62. Carlson JH, Whitmore WM, Crane DD, et al. The Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid is a transcriptional regulator of chromosomal genes and a virulence factor. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2273-2283.
63. Comanducci M, Cevenini R, Moroni A, et al. Expression of a plasmid gene of Chlamydia trachomatis encoding a novel 28 kDa antigen. J Gen Microbiol 1993;139:1083-1092.
64. Ripa T, Nilsson PA. A Chlamydia trachomatis strain with a 377-bp deletion in the cryptic plasmid causing false-negative nucleic acid amplification tests. Sex Transm Dis 2007;34:255-256.
65. Schachter J. The Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid deletion mutant: what does it mean to us? Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34:257.
66. Koo IC, Stephens, RS. A developmentally regulated two-component signal transduction system in Chlamydia. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 17314-17319.
67. Koo IC, Walthers D, Hefty PS, Kenney LJ, Stephens RS. ChxR is a transcriptional activator in Chlamydia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:750-755.
68. Grieshaber NA, Grieshaber SS, Fischer ER, Hackstadt T. A small RNA inhibits translation of the histone-like protein Hc1 in Chlamydia trachomatis. Mol Microbiol 2006;59:541-550.
69. Tacchini L, Gammella E, De Ponti C, Recalcati S, Cairo G. Role of HIF-1 and NF-kB transcription factors in the modulation of transferrin receptor by inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals. J Biol Chem 2008;283:20674-20686.
70. Rau A, Wyllie S, Whitimore J, Raulston JE. Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis genomic sequences recognized by chlamydial divalent cation-dependent regulator A (DcrA). J Bacteriol 2005;187:443-448.
71. Dill BD, Raulston JE. Examination of an inducible expression system for limiting iron availability during Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Microbes Infect 2007;9:947-953.
72. Shaw AC, Christiansen G, Roepstorff P, Birklund S. Genetic differences in the Chlamydia trachomatis tryptophan synthase a-subunit can explain variations in serovar pathogenesis. Microbes Infect 2000; 2: 581-592.
73. Byrne, GI, Lehmann L, Landry GJ. Induction of tryptophan catabolism is the mechanism for gamma-interferon-mediated inhibition of intracellular Chlamydia psittaci replication in T24 cells. Infect Immun 1986;53:347-351.
74. Caldwell HD, Wood H, Crane, D, et al. Polymorphisms in Chlamydia trachomatis tryptophan synthase genes differentiate between genital and ocular isolates. J Clin Investig 2003;111:1757-1769.
75. Neff L, Dahar S, Muzzin P, et al. Molecular characterization and subcellular localization of macrophage infectivity potentiator, a Chlamydia trachomatis lipoprotein. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:4739-4748.