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1
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66249084258
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note
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Rachel E. Barkow, Institutional Design and the Policing of Prosecutors: Lessons from Administrative Law, 61 STAN. L. REV. 869, 871 (2009); see also Gerard E. Lynch, Our Administrative System of Criminal Justice, 66 FORDHAM L. REV. 2117, 2136-41 (1998) (discussing prosecutorial discretion).
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2
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77953102616
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note
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Bruce A. Green, Why Should Prosecutors "Seek Justice"?, 26 FORDHAM URB. L.J. 607, 619 (1999).
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3
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77953117698
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note
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373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963).
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4
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77953094429
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note
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MODEL RULES OF PROF'L CONDUCT R. 3.8(d) (2009).
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5
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77953094066
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note
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Id. pmbl.
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6
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77953092620
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note
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Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88 (1935).
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7
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64649100453
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note
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See Alafair S. Burke, Revisiting Prosecutorial Disclosure, 84 IND. L.J. 481, 483 (2009) ("After forty-five years of jurisprudence under Brady, the judiciary has failed to provide coherent guidelines to prosecutors who remain uncertain of the scope of their disclosure obligations."); Amir Efrati, It's Rare for Prosecutors To Get the Book Thrown Back at Them, WALL ST. J., Apr. 16, 2009, at A11.
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8
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77953100849
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note
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Neil A. Lewis, Tables Turned on Prosecution in Stevens Case, N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 8, 2009, at A1.
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9
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77953100263
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note
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Memorandum from David W. Ogden, Deputy Att'y Gen., on Issuance of Guidance and Summary of Actions Taken in Response to the Report of the Department of Justice Criminal Discovery and Case Management Working Group for Department Prosecutors (Jan. 4, 2010) [hereinafter Summary of Actions Memorandum], available at http://www.justice.gov/dag/dag-memo.pdf; Press Release, Dep't of Justice, Department Asks Alaska Corruption Cases Be Remanded to District Court, Former State Representatives Be Released 2 (June 4, 2009), available at http://www.justice.gov/ opa/pr/2009/June/09-ag-550.html.
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10
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77953095139
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note
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Memorandum from David W. Ogden, Deputy Att'y Gen., on Guidance for Prosecutors Regarding Criminal Discovery for Department Prosecutors (Jan. 4, 2010) [hereinafter Guidance Memorandum], available at http://www.justice.gov/dag/discovery-guidance.pdf.
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11
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77953092034
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note
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Memorandum from David W. Ogden, Deputy Att'y Gen., on Requirement for Office Discovery Policies in Criminal Matters for Heads of Department Litigating Components Handling Criminal Matters (Jan. 4, 2010) [hereinafter Memorandum on Discovery Policies], available at http://www.justice.gov/dag/dag-to-usas-component-heads.pdf.
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12
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77953087912
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note
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373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963).
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13
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77953097821
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note
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Id.; see Richard A. Rosen, Disciplinary Sanctions Against Prosecutors for Brady Violations: A Paper Tiger, 65 N.C. L. REV. 693, 696 (1987).
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14
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77953113309
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note
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473 U.S. 667, 678-82 (1985).
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15
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77953114318
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note
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Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 435 (1995).
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16
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77953104079
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note
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Id. at 436-37.
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17
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77953112738
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note
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Bennett L. Gershman, The New Prosecutors, 53 U. PITT. L. REV. 393, 438 (1992) (footnote omitted).
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18
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77953109018
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note
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MODEL RULES OF PROF'L CONDUCT R. 3.8(d) (2009). Rule 3.8(d) enjoys the endorsement of most states. In fact, although some states "tweak" its language, no state "has completely abandoned the concepts." Hans P. Sinha, Prosecutorial Ethics: The Duty To Disclose Exculpatory Material, PROSECUTOR, Jan.-Mar. 2008, at 20, 21. Thirty-six states adopted the ABA's language verbatim; twelve jurisdictions "made minor edits"; two jurisdictions included an intent element (Alabama and the District of Columbia); and only California has elected to "go it alone." Id. Colorado has added intent by judicial decision. Id. at 24.
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19
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77953108261
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note
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ABA Standing Comm. on Ethics and Prof'l Responsibility, Formal Op. 09-454, at 1 (2009) [hereinafter ABA Opinion] (discussing prosecutors' duty to disclose favorable information and evidence to the defense).
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20
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77953117105
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note
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Id. at 4.
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21
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77953109399
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note
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Id. at 2.
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22
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77953105023
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note
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Id. at 4.
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23
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77953096185
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note
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Id. at 8.
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24
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77953091158
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note
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Giglio material refers to information that tends to impeach or undermine the credibility of a government witness. See Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972).
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25
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77953112736
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note
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Van de Kamp v. Goldstein, 129 S. Ct. 855, 864-65 (2009).
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26
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77953108260
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note
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ABA Opinion, supra note 19, at 1.
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27
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77953089859
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note
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MODEL RULES OF PROF'L CONDUCT R. 3.8(d) (2009); see Sinha, supra note 18, at 27-30.
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28
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77953108645
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note
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ABA Opinion, supra note 19, at 5 (internal quotation marks omitted).
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29
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77953099701
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note
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See, e.g., Mastracchio v. Vose, No. CA 98-372T, 2000 WL 303307, at *4, *13 (D.R.I. Nov. 2, 2000), aff'd, 274 F.3d 590 (1st Cir. 2001) (finding that the prosecutor "[came] exceedingly close to violating Rhode Island Rule of Professional Conduct 3.8" for not obtaining impeachment evidence from police files presumably available to him); cf. United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 110 (1976) (finding, in a Brady context, that "[i]f evidence highly probative of innocence is in [the prosecutor's] file, he should be presumed to recognize its significance even if he has actually overlooked it"). Compare In re Attorney C, 47 P.3d 1167, 1174 (Colo. 2002) (imposing an intent element), with In re Jordan, 913 So. 2d 775, 780 (La. 2005) (reversing the disciplinary board's finding that there was no violation because of the prosecutor's "good faith and lack of intent"). As Sinha notes, "Theoretically, in 48 of the 51 jurisdictions a prosecutor could face disciplinary proceedings" for "unintentionally mak[ing] a good faith mistake in failing to turn over exculpatory material." Sinha, supra note 18, at 23.
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30
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77953094975
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note
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See Rosen, supra note 13; Lisa M. Kurcias, Note, Prosecutor's Duty To Disclose Exculpatory Evidence, 69 FORDHAM L. REV. 1205, 1217-20, 1218 n.116 (2000); see also Fred C. Zacharias, The Professional Discipline of Prosecutors, 79 N.C. L. REV. 721 (2001) (providing empirical data on the professional discipline of prosecutors).
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31
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77953096940
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note
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See, e.g., In re Attorney C, 47 P.3d at 1170, 1174 (declining to adopt a materiality standard and concluding that "because the rule was unclear, respondent could not have had an intent to withhold the evidence prior to the preliminary hearing in contravention of ethical mandate"); cf. Read v. Va. State Bar, 357 S.E.2d 544 (Va. 1987) (reversing the disciplinary board's finding of a violation). Sometimes the Brady and 3.8(d) analyses are not sufficiently distinct. In People v. Bryan, for instance, the court found that there was no Brady violation in failing to disclose a victim's comments that the police report was inaccurate because the discrepancies were exposed on cross-examination, and hence, immaterial. The court immediately proceeded to find that Rule 3.8(d) was not violated for this reason either, because the "defendant was provided the police report containing the inconsistencies for use to impeach the victim at trial." People v. Bryan, No. 227578, 2002 WL 1575095, at *2 (Mich. Ct. App. July 16, 2002).
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32
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77953103531
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note
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See Rachel E. Barkow, Organizational Guidelines for the Prosecutor's Office, 31 CARDOZO L. REV. (forthcoming 2010) (manuscript at 18) (suggesting that prosecutors should look to solutions employed in the corporate context, such as audits).
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33
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77953116904
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note
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See, e.g., Barkow, supra note 1; Lynch, supra note 1.
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34
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77953112228
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note
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Lynch, supra note 1, at 2136.
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35
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77953100262
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note
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Id. at 2143.
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36
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77953085309
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note
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The General Accountability Office (GAO) is an example of such a system. About GAO, http://www.gao.gov/about/index.html (last visited Mar. 3, 2010). Internal audit structures, such as Inspector General offices, operate in much the same way, except the independent auditing body is situated internal, rather than external, to the agency or firm under review. See, e.g., Office of Inspector General, http://oig.hhs.gov (last visited Mar. 3, 2010) (Health and Human Services); Office of Inspector General, http://oig.state.gov (last visited Mar. 3, 2010) (State Department).
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37
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77953106217
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note
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Jerry L. Mashaw, The Management Side of Due Process: Some Theoretical and Litigation Notes on the Assurance of Accuracy, Fairness, and Timeliness in the Adjudication of Social Welfare Claims, 59 CORNELL L. REV. 772, 791 (1974). My thanks to Professor Mashaw for his extremely helpful comments and guidance.
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38
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77953105833
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note
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Id.; see JERRY L. MASHAW, BUREAUCRATIC JUSTICE: MANAGING SOCIAL SECURITY DISABILITY CLAIMS 149-55 (1983). Although this description is from the 1970s, the value of Mashaw's research is that it "provides a basic model for a quality control or quality assurance program." Mashaw, supra note 37, at 791-92.
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39
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77953113567
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note
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Mashaw, supra note 37, at 794-95.
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40
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77953114133
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note
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Id. Notably, the Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA), a division of the VA, has retained the core elements of this quality assurance system. See DEP'T OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, FISCAL YEAR 2009 PERFORMANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY REPORT pt. 2, at 127, 127-29 (2009), available at http://www4.va.gov/budget/report (providing a current synopsis of the multitiered quality assurance program that the VBA administers).
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41
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10744227478
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note
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See generally Cary Coglianese & David Lazer, Management-Based Regulation: Prescribing Private Management To Achieve Public Goals, 37 LAW & SOC'Y REV. 691, 692 (2003) ("[A] management-based approach requires firms to engage in their own planning and internal rulemaking efforts that are supposed to aim toward the achievement of specific public goals.").
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42
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77953084375
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note
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Id. at 692, 725-26.
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43
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77953117511
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note
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Incentives for Self-Policing: Discovery, Disclosure, Correction and Prevention of Violations, 65 Fed. Reg. 19,618 (Apr. 11, 2000); see also Cary Coglianese, The Managerial Turn in Environmental Policy, 17 N.Y.U. ENVTL. L.J. 54, 55 (2008) ("Governmental strategies to shape firms' internal management may well achieve environmental goals at lower costs.").
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44
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77953111867
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note
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65 Fed. Reg. at 19,620.
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45
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77953085704
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note
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Mashaw, supra note 37, at 784-85.
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46
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77953092427
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note
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Id. at 785.
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47
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77953115370
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note
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Id. at 791.
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48
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77953107870
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note
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Id.
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49
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33846645025
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note
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Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar, Auditing Executive Discretion, 82 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 227, 253 (2006).
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50
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77953095514
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note
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Id. at 287.
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51
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77953108073
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note
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Id. at 288.
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52
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77953111503
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note
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Guidance Memorandum, supra note 10, at 2.
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53
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77953101050
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note
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See MASHAW, supra note 38, at 149-55.
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54
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77953094065
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note
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Memorandum on Discovery Policies, supra note 11, at 2.
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55
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77953106814
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note
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Coglianese & Lazer, supra note 41, at 726.
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56
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77953089466
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note
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Summary of Actions Memorandum, supra note 9, at 3.
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57
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77953095136
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note
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Miriam Baer, Posting of 15:50:13 EDT, PrawfsBlawg, July 7, 2009, http://prawfsblawg.blogs.com/prawfsblawg/2009/07/brady-and-prosecutorial -compliance.html. Also, as Mashaw cogently argues, "the feedback on trend analysis and on the causes of erroneous decisionmaking must be timely and detailed enough to enable" prosecutors "to perceive how their performance should be improved." MASHAW, supra note 38, at 152.
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58
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77953113097
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note
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See Coglianese & Lazer, supra note 41, at 715 (noting that flexibility is one of the "potential advantages of management-based regulation").
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59
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77953092618
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note
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See MASHAW, supra note 38, at 155-63 (discussing how quality assurance can facilitate cultural engineering).
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60
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77953101049
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note
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Robert H. Jackson, Att'y Gen., The Federal Prosecutor, Address at the Second Annual Conference of the United States Attorneys at the Department of Justice Building (Apr. 1, 1940), reprinted in 24 J. AM. JUDICATURE SOC'Y 18, 20 (1940), available at http://www.roberthjackson.org/files/theman/speeches-articles/files/the-federal -prosecutor.pdf.
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