High prestige Royal Purple dyed textiles from the Bronze Age royal tomb at Qatna, Syria

Antiquity

Volumn 83, Issue 322, 2009, Pages 1109-1118

  James, Matthew A ^a   Reifarth, Nicole ^b   Mukherjee, Anna J ^a   Crump, Matthew P ^a   Gates, Paul J ^a   Sandor, Peter ^c   Robertson, Francesca ^a,d   Pfälzner, Peter ^e   Evershed, Richard P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BAMBERG   (Germany)

^c Varian GmbH   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Chemical mapping; Excavation technique; Gypsum; Indigoids; Indirubinoids; Qatna; Royal tomb; Sediments; Shellfish purple; Syria; Textiles

Indexed keywords

EID: 77952892702     PISSN: 0003598X     EISSN: 0003598X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0003598X00099397     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. BARBER, E.J.W. 1991. Prehistoric textiles: the development of cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Age with special reference to the Aegean. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.
2. CLARK, R.J.H. & C.J. COOKSEY. 1999. Monobromoindigos: a new general synthesis, the characterization of all four isomers and an investigation into the purple colour of 6,6' -dibromoindigo. New Journal of Chemistry 23: 323-328
3. COOKSEY, C. J. 2001. Tyrian Purple: 6,6-Dibromoindigo and related compounds. Molecules 6: 736-769
4. COOKSEY, C. & R.WITHNALL. 2001. Chemical studies on Nucella lapillus. Dyes in History and Archaeology 16/17: 91-96
5. FAIRBAIRN, A. 2004. Archaeobotany at Kaman-Kalehöyük 2003. Kaman-Kalehöyük [Anatolian Archaeological Studies] 13: 107-120
6. FRIEDLÄNDER, P. 1909. The pigment of antique magenta from Murex brandaris. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 42: 765-770
7. HERZOG, I. 1987. Hebrew porphyrology, in E. Spanier (ed.) The royal purple and the biblical blue: argaman and tekhelet: 17-145. Jerusalem: Keter.
8. JENSEN, L.B. 1963. Royal Purple of Tyre. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 22: 104-118
9. KARAPANAGIOTIS, I. 2006. Identification of indigoid natural dyestuffs used in art objects by HPLC coupled to APCI-MS. American Laboratory 38: 36-40.
10. KARAPANAGIOTIS, I., V. DE VILLEMEREUIL, P. MAGIATIS, P. POLYCHRONOPOULOS, K. VOUGOGIANNOPOULOU & A.-L. SKALTSOUNIS. 2006. Identification of the coloring constituents of four natural indigoid dyes. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 29: 1491-1502.
11. KARMON, N. & E. SPANIER. 1987. Archaeological evidence of the purple dye industry from Israel, in E. Spanier (ed.) The royal purple and the biblical blue: argaman and tekhelet: 147-158 Jerusalem: Keter.
12. KOREN, Z.C. 1995. High-performance liquid-chromatographic analysis of an ancient Tyrian purple dyeing vat from Israel. Israel Journal of Chemistry 35: 117-124
13. - 2005. The first optimal all-murex all-natural purple dyeing in the eastern Mediterranean in a millenium and a half. Dyes in History and Archaeology 20: 136-149
14. LANGE, K.E. 2005. Unearthing ancient Syria's cult of the dead. National Geographic 207: 108-123
15. LEGGETT, W.F. 1944. Ancient and medieval dyes. Brooklyn (NY): Chemical Publishing Co.
16. MCGOVERN, P.E. & R.H.MICHEL. 1990. Royal purple dye: the chemical reconstruction of the ancient Mediterranean industry. Accounts of Chemical Research 23: 152-158
17. MCGOVERN, P.E., J. LAZAR & R.H. MICHEL. 1990. The analysis of indigoid dyes by mass spectrometry. Journal of the Society of Dyers & Colourists 106: 22-25
18. MUKHERJEE, A.J., E. ROSSBERGER, M.A. JAMES, P. PFÄLZNER, C.L. HIGGIT, R. WHITE, D.A. PEGGIE D. AZAR & R.P. EVERSHED. 2007. The Qatna lion: scientific confirmation of Baltic amber in late Bronze Age Syria. Antiquity 82: 49-59.
19. PFÄLZNER, P. 2004. The world of the living and the world of the dead. German Research 2/3: 16-20.
20. REINHOLD, M. 1970. History of purple as a status symbol in antiquity. Collection Latomus 116: 1-73.
21. RENDSBURG, G.A. 1991. A further note on purple dyeing. Biblical Archaeologist 54: 121.
22. ROBINSON, J.P. 1971. Tyrian Purple. Sea Frontiers 17: 76-82.
23. SOTIROPOULOU, S. & I. KARAPANAGIOTIS. 2006. Conchylian purple investigation in prehistoric wall paintings of the Aegean area, in L. Meijer, N. Guyard, L. Skaltsounis & G. Eisenbrand (ed.) Indirubin, the red shade of indigo: 71-78 Roscoff: Editions 'Life in Progress'.
24. SPANIER, E. & N. KARMON. 1987. Muricid snails and the ancient dye industries, in E. Spanier (ed.) The royal purple and the biblical blue: argaman and tekhelet: 179-196 Jerusalem: Keter.
25. STIEGLITZ, R.R.1994. The Minoan origin of Tyrian Purple. Biblical Archaeologist 57: 46-54.
26. VÖLLING, E. 2008. Textiltechnik im Alten Orient: Rohstoffe und Herstellung. Würzburg: Ergon.
27. VOSS, G. 2000. The analysis of indigoid dyes as leuco forms by NMR spectroscopy. Journal of the Society of Dyers & Colourists 116: 87-90.
28. WOUTERS, J. & A. VERHECKEN. 1991. High-performance liquid-chromatography of blue and purple indigoid natural dyes. Journal of the Society of Dyers & Colourists 107: 266-269
29. ZIDERMAN, I. 1990. 'BA' guide to artifacts: seashells and ancient purple dyeing. Biblical Archaeologist 53: 98-101.