Differential diagnosis of T2 hyperintense brainstem lesions: Part 1. focal lesions

Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 246-259

  Guzmán De Villoria, Juan A ^a   Fernández García, Pilar ^a   Ferreiro Argüelles, Concepción ^b  

^a HOSPITAL GENERAL UNIVERSITARIO GREGORIO MARAÑÓN   (Spain)

^b HOSPITAL SEVERO OCHOA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; ARTICLE; BRAIN ABSCESS; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN DEGENERATION; BRAIN HEMANGIOMA; BRAIN METASTASIS; BRAIN STEM INFARCTION; BRAIN STEM INJURY; BRAIN STEM TUMOR; CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA; CEREBROVASCULAR MALFORMATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ONSET AGE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TELANGIECTASIA; TUMOR DIAGNOSIS;

BRAIN ABSCESS; BRAIN DISEASES; BRAIN STEM; BRAIN STEM NEOPLASMS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS; DEMYELINATING AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, CNS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS;

EID: 77952843038     PISSN: 08872171     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2010.03.001     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Gass A., Filippi M., Grossman R.I. The contribution of MRI in the differential diagnosis of posterior fossa damage. J Neurol Sci 2000, 172:S43-S49. (suppl 1).
2. Barkovich A.J., Krischer J., Kun L.E., et al. Brain stem gliomas: A classification system based on magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Neurosurg 1990, 16:73-83.
3. Kwon J.W., Kim I.O., Cheon J.E., et al. Paediatric brain-stem gliomas: MRI, FDG-PET and histological grading correlation. Pediatr Radiol 2006, 36:959-964.
4. Sun B., Wang C.C., Wang J. MRI characteristics of midbrain tumours. Neuroradiology 1999, 41:158-162.
5. Vandertop W.P., Hoffman H.J., Drake J.M., et al. Focal midbrain tumors in children. Neurosurgery 1992, 31:186-194.
6. Guillamo J.S., Doz F., Delattre J.Y. Brain stem gliomas. Curr Opin Neurol 2001, 14:711-715.
7. Zagzag D., Miller D.C., Knopp E., et al. Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the brainstem: Investigation of seven cases. Pediatrics 2000, 106:1045-1053.
8. Caldarelli M., Colosimo C., Di Rocco C. Intra-axial dermoid/epidermoid tumors of the brainstem in children. Surg Neurol 2001, 56:97-105.
9. Obana W.G., Wilson C.B. Epidermoid cysts of the brain stem. Report of three cases. J Neurosurg 1991, 74:123-128.
10. Tsuruda J.S., Chew W.M., Moseley M.E., et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain: Value of differentiating between extraaxial cysts and epidermoid tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1990, 11:925-931. discussion:932-924.
11. Johnson J.D., Young B. Demographics of brain metastasis. Neurosurg Clin North Am 1996, 7:337-344.
12. Nelson J.S., von Deimling A., Perersen I., et al. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Nervous System 2000, 250. IARC Publishing, Lyon. P. Kleihues, W.K. Cavenee (Eds.).
13. Fuentes S., Delsanti C., Metellus P., et al. Brainstem metastases: Management using gamma knife radiosurgery. Neurosurgery 2006, 58:37-42. discussion:37-42.
14. Weil R.J., Lonser R.R., DeVroom H.L., et al. Surgical management of brainstem hemangioblastomas in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease. J Neurosurg 2003, 98:95-105.
15. Lee S.R., Sanches J., Mark A.S., et al. Posterior fossa hemangioblastomas: MR imaging. Radiology 1989, 171:463-468.
16. Choyke P.L., Glenn G.M., Walther M.M., et al. Von Hippel-Lindau disease: Genetic, clinical, and imaging features. Radiology 1995, 194:629-642.
17. Chu B.C., Terae S., Hida K., et al. MR findings in spinal hemangioblastoma: Correlation with symptoms and with angiographic and surgical findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001, 22:206-217.
18. Slater A., Moore N.R., Huson S.M. The natural history of cerebellar hemangioblastomas in von Hippel-Lindau disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003, 24:1570-1574.
19. White H.H. Brain stem tumors occurring in adults. Neurology 1963, 13:292-300.
20. Guillamo J.S., Monjour A., Taillandier L., et al. Brainstem gliomas in adults: Prognostic factors and classification. Brain 2001, 124:2528-2539.
21. Toi H., Uno M., Harada M., et al. Diagnosis of acute brain-stem infarcts using diffusion-weighed MRI. Neuroradiology 2003, 45:352-356.
22. Bogousslavsky J., van Melle G., Regli F. Analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients with first stroke. Stroke 1988, 19:1083-1092. Lausanne Stroke Registry.
23. Roh J.K., Kim K.K., Han M.H., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in brainstem ischemic stroke. J Korean Med Sci 1991, 6:355-361.
24. Kim J.S., Kim J. Pure midbrain infarction: Clinical, radiologic, and pathophysiologic findings. Neurology 2005, 64:1227-1232.
25. Kumral E., Bayulkem G., Akyol A., et al. Mesencephalic and associated posterior circulation infarcts. Stroke 2002, 33:2224-2231.
26. Schmahmann J.D., Ko R., MacMore J. The human basis pontis: Motor syndromes and topographic organization. Brain 2004, 127:1269-1291.
27. Tatu L., Moulin T., Bogousslavsky J., et al. Arterial territories of human brain: Brainstem and cerebellum. Neurology 1996, 47:1125-1135.
28. Cho T.H., Nighoghossian N., Tahon F., et al. Brain stem diffusion-weighted imaging lesion score: A potential marker of outcome in acute basilar artery occlusion. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009, 30:194-198.
29. Oppenheim C., Stanescu R., Dormont D., et al. False-negative diffusion-weighted MR findings in acute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000, 21:1434-1440.
30. Frey L.C., Sung G.Y., Tanabe J. Early false-negative diffusion-weighted imaging in brainstem infarction. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2002, 11:51-53.
31. Axer H., Grassel D., Bramer D., et al. Time course of diffusion imaging in acute brainstem infarcts. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007, 26:905-912.
32. Barr R.M., Dillon W.P., Wilson C.B. Slow-flow vascular malformations of the pons: Capillary telangiectasias?. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996, 17:71-78.
33. Campeau N.G., de Lane J.I. Novo development of a lesion with the appearance of a cavernous malformation adjacent to an existing developmental venous anomaly. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005, 26:156-159.
34. Lee C., Pennington M.A., Kenney C.M. MR evaluation of developmental venous anomalies: Medullary venous anatomy of venous angiomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996, 17:61-70.
35. Blackmore C.C., Mamourian A.C. Aqueduct compression from venous angioma: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996, 17:458-460.
36. Giannetti A.V., Rodrigues R.B., Trivelato F.P. Venous lesions as a cause of sylvian aqueductal obstruction: Case report. Neurosurgery 2008, 62:E1167-E1168. discussion: E1168.
37. Labauge P., Brunereau L., Laberge S., et al. Prospective follow-up of 33 asymptomatic patients with familial cerebral cavernous malformations. Neurology 2001, 57:1825-1828.
38. Kupersmith M.J., Kalish H., Epstein F., et al. Natural history of brainstem cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery 2001, 48:47-53. discussion:53-44.
39. Ferroli P., Sinisi M., Franzini A., et al. Brainstem cavernomas: Long-term results of microsurgical resection in 52 patients. Neurosurgery 2005, 56:1203-1212. discussion:1212-1204.
40. Hauck E.F., Barnett S.L., White J.A., et al. Symptomatic brainstem cavernomas. Neurosurgery 2009, 64:61-70. discussion:70-61.
41. Wang C.C., Liu A., Zhang J.T., et al. Surgical management of brain-stem cavernous malformations: Report of 137 cases. Surg Neurol 2003, 59:444-454. discussion:454.
42. Zabramski J.M., Wascher T.M., Spetzler R.F., et al. The natural history of familial cavernous malformations: Results of an ongoing study. J Neurosurg 1994, 80:422-432.
43. Lehnhardt F.G., von Smekal U., Ruckriem B., et al. Value of gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of familial cerebral cavernous malformation. Arch Neurol 2005, 62:653-658.
44. Lee R.R., Becher M.W., Benson M.L., et al. Brain capillary telangiectasia: MR imaging appearance and clinicohistopathologic findings. Radiology 1997, 205:797-805.
45. Huddle D.C., Chaloupka J.C., Sehgal V. Clinically aggressive diffuse capillary telangiectasia of the brain stem: A clinical radiologic-pathologic case study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999, 20:1674-1677.
46. Guibaud L., Pelizzari M., Guibal A.L., et al. Slow-flow vascular malformation of the pons: Congenital or acquired capillary telangiectasia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996, 17:1798-1799. author reply:1799-1800.
47. Finkenzeller T, Fellner FA, Trenkler J, et al: Capillary telangiectasias of the pons. Does diffusion-weighted MR increase diagnostic accuracy? Eur J Radiol, in press.
48. Scaglione C., Salvi F., Riguzzi P., et al. Symptomatic unruptured capillary telangiectasia of the brain stem: Report of three cases and review of the literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001, 71:390-393.
49. Yoshida Y., Terae S., Kudo K., et al. Capillary telangiectasia of the brain stem diagnosed by susceptibility-weighted imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2006, 30:980-982.
50. Pozzati E., Marliani A.F., Zucchelli M., et al. The neurovascular triad: Mixed cavernous, capillary, and venous malformations of the brainstem. J Neurosurg 2007, 107:1113-1119.
51. Clatterbuck R.E., Elmaci I., Rigamonti D. The juxtaposition of a capillary telangiectasia, cavernous malformation, and developmental venous anomaly in the brainstem of a single patient: Case report. Neurosurgery 2001, 49:1246-1250.
52. Nozaki K., Hashimoto N., Kikuta K., et al. Surgical applications to arteriovenous malformations involving the brainstem. Neurosurgery 2006, 58:ONS-270-ONS-278. discussion:ONS-278-ONS-279.
53. Kurita H., Kawamoto S., Sasaki T., et al. Results of radiosurgery for brain stem arteriovenous malformations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000, 68:563-570.
54. Yousry T.A., Grossman R.I., Filippi M. Assessment of posterior fossa damage in MS using MRI. J Neurol Sci 2000, 172:S50-S53. (suppl 1).
55. Sastre-Garriga J., Tintore M., Rovira A., et al. Conversion to multiple sclerosis after a clinically isolated syndrome of the brainstem: Cranial magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid and neurophysiological findings. Mult Scler 2003, 9:39-43.
56. Ormerod I.E., Miller D.H., McDonald W.I., et al. The role of NMR imaging in the assessment of multiple sclerosis and isolated neurological lesions. A quantitative study. Brain 1987, 110:1579-1616.
57. Yousry T.A., Filippi M., Becker C., et al. Comparison of MR pulse sequences in the detection of multiple sclerosis lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997, 18:959-963.
58. Bastianello S., Bozzao A., Paolillo A., et al. Fast spin-echo and fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery versus conventional spin-echo sequences for MR quantification of multiple sclerosis lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997, 18:699-704.
59. Gass A., Filippi M., Rodegher M.E., et al. Characteristics of chronic MS lesions in the cerebrum, brainstem, spinal cord, and optic nerve on T1-weighted MRI. Neurology 1998, 50:548-550.
60. Glasier C.M., Robbins M.B., Davis P.C., et al. Clinical, neurodiagnostic, and MR findings in children with spinal and brain stem multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995, 16:87-95.
61. Kishimoto R., Yabe I., Niino M., et al. Balo's concentric sclerosislike lesion in the brainstem of a multiple sclerosis patient. J Neurol 2008, 255:760-761.
62. Park K.Y., Ahn J.Y., Cho J.H., et al. Neuromyelitis optica with brainstem lesion mistaken for brainstem glioma. Case report. J Neurosurg 2007, 107:251-254.
63. Fadil H., Kelley R.E., Gonzalez-Toledo E. Differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Int Rev Neurobiol 2007, 79:393-422.
64. Caldemeyer K.S., Smith R.R., Harris T.M., et al. MRI in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neuroradiology 1994, 36:216-220.
65. Firat A.K., Karakas H.M., Yakinci C., et al. An unusual case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis confined to brainstem. Magn Reson Imaging 2004, 22:1329-1332.
66. Hartung H.P., Grossman R.I. Distinct disease or part of the MS spectrum?. Neurology 2001, 56:1257-1260. ADEM.
67. Garg R.K. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Postgrad Med J 2003, 79:11-17.
68. Atzori M., Battistella P.A., Perini P., et al. Clinical and diagnostic aspects of multiple sclerosis and acute monophasic encephalomyelitis in pediatric patients: A single centre prospective study. Mult Scler 2009, 15:363-370.
69. Harris C., Lee K. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Nurs 2007, 39:208-212.
70. Singh S., Alexander M., Korah I.P. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: MR imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999, 173:1101-1107.
71. Tenembaum S., Chamoles N., Fejerman N. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: A long-term follow-up study of 84 pediatric patients. Neurology 2002, 59:1224-1231.
72. Kuker W., Ruff J., Gaertner S., et al. Modern MRI tools for the characterization of acute demyelinating lesions: Value of chemical shift and diffusion-weighted imaging. Neuroradiology 2004, 46:421-426.
73. Axer H., Ragoschke-Schumm A., Bottcher J., et al. Initial DWI and ADC imaging may predict outcome in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: Report of two cases of brain stem encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005, 76:996-998.
74. Ramalho J., Castillo M. Case of the season: Brainstem abscess. Semin Roentgenol 2008, 43:168-170.
75. Kagawa R., Okada Y., Shima T., et al. Neuroimaging findings of the development and resolution of solitary brainstem abscess: Characteristics of neuroimagings in the early stage of brainstem abscess and importance of surgical management for brainstem abscess-Case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1999, 39:621-624.
76. Hong X.Y., Chou Y.C., Lazareff J.A. Brain stem candidiasis mimicking cerebellopontine angle tumor. Surg Neurol 2008, 70:87-91.
77. Akhaddar A., Mahi M., Harket A., et al. Brainstem tuberculoma in a postpartum patient. J Neuroradiol 2007, 34:345-346.
78. Adachi J., Uki J., Kazumoto K., et al. Diagnosis of brainstem abscess in the cerebritis stage by magnetic resonance imaging-Case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1995, 35:467-470.
79. Salamon-Murayama N., Russell E.J., Rabin B.M. Diagnosis please. Case 17: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration secondary to pontine hemorrhage. Radiology 1999, 213:814-817.
80. Guillain G., Mollaret P., de Cas D. myoclonies synchronies et rythmées vélo-pliaryngo-oculo-diaphragmatiques. Le problème anatomique et physio-pathologique de ce Syndrome. Rev Neurol Paris 1931, 2:545-566.
81. Tsui E.Y., Cheung Y.K., Mok C.K., et al. Hypertrophic olivary degeneration following surgical excision of brainstem cavernous hemangioma: A case report. Clin Imaging 1999, 23:215-217.
82. Krings T., Foltys H., Meister I.G., et al. Hypertrophic olivary degeneration following pontine haemorrhage: Hypertensive crisis or cavernous haemangioma bleeding?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003, 74:797-799.
83. Kitajima M., Korogi Y., Shimomura O., et al. Hypertrophic olivary degeneration: MR imaging and pathologic findings. Radiology 1994, 192:539-543.
84. Goyal M., Versnick E., Tuite P., et al. Hypertrophic olivary degeneration: Metaanalysis of the temporal evolution of MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000, 21:1073-1077.
85. Auffray-Calvier E., Desal H.A., Naudou-Giron E., et al. Hypertrophic olivary degeneration. MR imaging findings and temporal evolution [in French]. J Neuroradiol 2005, 32:67-72.
86. Pearce J.M. Palatal myoclonus (syn Palatal Tremor). Eur Neurol 2008, 60:312-315.
87. Heier L.A., Bauer C.J., Schwartz L., et al. Large Virchow-Robin spaces: MR-clinical correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1989, 10:929-936.
88. Saeki N., Sato M., Kubota M., et al. MR imaging of normal perivascular space expansion at midbrain. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005, 26:566-571.
89. Kwee R.M., Kwee T.C. Virchow-Robin spaces at MR imaging. RadioGraphics 2007, 27:1071-1086.
90. Salzman K.L., Osborn A.G., House P., et al. Giant tumefactive perivascular spaces. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005, 26:298-305.