Direct transformation of graphene to fullerene

Nature Chemistry

Volumn 2, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 450-453

  Chuvilin, Andrey ^a,b   Kaiser, Ute ^a   Bichoutskaia, Elena ^c   Besley, Nicholas A ^c   Khlobystov, Andrei N ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULM   (Germany)

^b BASQUE FOUNDATION FOR SCIENCE   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FULLERENE DERIVATIVE; GRAPHITE; NANOMATERIAL;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL MODEL; CHEMISTRY; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

FULLERENES; GRAPHITE; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, TRANSMISSION; MODELS, CHEMICAL; NANOSTRUCTURES;

EID: 77952830175     PISSN: 17554330     EISSN: 17554349     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.644     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Smalley, R. E. Self-assembly of the fullerenes. Acc. Chem. Res. 25, 98-105 (1992).
2. Goroff, N. S. Mechanism of fullerene formation. Acc. Chem. Res. 29, 77-83 (1996).
3. Kroto, H. W. & McKay, K. The formation of quasi-icosahedral spiral shell carbon particles. Nature 331, 328-331 (1988).
4. 60 from small carbon clusters: a model based on experiment and theory. ACS Symp. Ser. 481, 1-23 (1991).
5. Hunter, J. M., Fye, J. F., Roskamp, E. J. & Jarrold, M. F. Annealing carbon cluster ions-a mechanism for fullerene synthesis. J. Phys. Chem. 98, 1810-1818 (1992).
6. + in laser desorption Fourier transform mass spectrometric experiments. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 495-500 (1991).
7. 60 formation puzzle 'solved': QM/MD simulations reveal the shrinking hot giant road of the dynamic fullerene self-assembly mechanism. J. Chem. Phys. B 110, 14531-14545 (2006).
8. Huang, J. Y., Ding, F., Jiao, K. & Yakobson, B. I. Real time microscopy, kinetics and mechanism of giant fullerene evaporation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 175503 (2007).
9. 60 . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 3190-3192 (1991).
10. 60 (buckminsterfullerene). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 9394-9395 (1991).
11. Ebbesen, T. W., Tabuchi, J. & Tanigaki, K. The mechanistics of fullerene formation. Chem. Phys. Lett. 191, 336-338 (1992).
12. Geim, A. K. & Novoselov, K. S. The rise of graphene. Nature Mater. 6, 183-191 (2007).
13. Girifalco, L. A. & Hodak, M. Van der Waals binding energies in graphitic structures. Phys. Rev. B 65, 125404 (2002).
14. 60 with carbon nanotubes and graphite. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 095501 (2003).
15. El-Barbary, A. A., Telling, R. H., Ewels, C. P., Heggie, M. I. & Briddon, P. R. Structure and energetics of the vacancy in graphite. Phys. Rev. B 68, 144107 (2003).
16. Saito, M., Yamashita, K. & Oda, T. Magic numbers of graphene multivacancies. Jpn J. Appl. Phys. 46, L1185-L1187 (2007).
17. Carlsson, J. M. & Scheffler, M. Structural, electronic and chemical properties of nanoporous carbon. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 046806 (2006).
18. Girit, C. O. et al. Graphene at the edge: stability and dynamics. Science 323, 1705-1708 (2009).
19. Jia, X. et al. Controlled formation of sharp zigzag and armchair edges in graphitic nanoribbons. Science 323, 1701-1705 (2009).
20. Lozovik, Y. E. & Popov, A. M. Formation and growth of carbon nanostructures: fullerenes, nanoparticles, nanotubes and cones. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk 167, 751-774 (1997).
21. Eggen, B. R. et al. Autocatalysis during fullerene growth. Science 272, 87-90 (1996).
22. 24. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 5904-5907 (2009).
23. Ugarte, D. Curling and closure of graphitic networks under electron-beam irradiation. Nature 359, 707-709 (1992).
24. Burden, A. P. & Hutchison, J. L. An investigation of the electron irradiation of graphite in a helium atmosphere using a modified electron microscope. Carbon 35, 567-578 (1997).
25. Füller, T. & Banhart, F. In situ observation of the formation and stability of single fullerene molecules under electron irradiation. Chem. Phys. Lett. 254, 372-378 (1996).
26. Otero, G. et al. Fullerenes from aromatic precursors by surface-catalysed cyclodehydrogenation. Nature 454, 865-868 (2008).
27. Bunshah, R. F. et al. Fullerene formation in sputtering and electron beam evaporation processes. J. Phys. Chem. 96, 6866-6869 (1992).
28. Xie, Z.-X. et al. Formation and coalescence of fullerene ions from direct laser vaporization. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 91, 987-990 (1995).
29. Scherzer, O. The theoretical resolution limit of the electron microscope. J. Appl. Phys. 20, 20-29 (1949).
30. Chuvilin, A. & Kaiser, U. On the peculiarities of CBED pattern formation revealed by multislice simulation. Ultramicroscopy 104, 73-82 (2005).
31. Shao, Y. et al. Advances in methods and algorithms in a modern quantum chemistry program package. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 8, 3172-3191 (2006).
32. Becke, A. D. A new mixing of Hartree-Fock and local density-functional theories. J. Chem. Phys. 98, 1372-1377 (1993).