Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: Whats new?

Neuroscientist

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 308-323

  Focosi, Daniele ^a   Marco, Tuccori ^a   Kast, Richard Eric ^b   Maggi, Fabrizio ^b   Ceccherini Nelli, Luca ^a   Petrini, Mario ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

5 HT2a antagonists; Efalizumab; Human polyomavirus; JCV; Mefloquine; Natalizumab; Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; Rituximab

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; CYCLOSPORIN A; CYTARABINE; EFALIZUMAB; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INTERLEUKIN 2; MEFLOQUINE; MIRTAZAPINE; NATALIZUMAB; OLANZAPINE; RISPERIDONE; RITUXIMAB; ROSCOVITINE; SEROTONIN 2A ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 2A RECEPTOR; TOCILIZUMAB; ZIPRASIDONE;

BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BRAIN BIOPSY; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DENDRITIC CELL; DISEASE SEVERITY; HEMIPARESIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOMODULATION; JC VIRUS; PATHOGENESIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; REVIEW; VIRUS REACTIVATION; VISUAL DISORDER;

HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL;

EID: 77952607723     PISSN: 10738584     EISSN: 10894098     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1073858409356594     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Agostini HT, Ryschkewitsch CF, Stoner GL 1996. Genotype profile of human polyomavirus JC excreted in urine of immunocompetent individuals. J Clin Microbiol 34 (1). 159-164.
2. Aksamit A. 2006. Review of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and natalizumab. Neurologist 12 (6). 293-298.
3. Aksamit AJ 2001. Treatment of non-AIDS progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with cytosine arabinoside. J Neurovirol 7 (4). 386-390.
4. Altschuler EL, Kast RE 2005. The atypical antipsychotic agents ziprasidone [correction of zisprasidone], risperdone and olanzapine as treatment for and prophylaxis against progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Med Hypotheses 65 (3). 585-586.
5. Andrei G., Snoeck R., Vandeputte M., De Clercq E. 1997. Activities of various compounds against murine and primate polyomaviruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 (3). 587-593.
6. Antinori A., Cingolani A., Lorenzini P., Giancola ML, Uccella I., Bossolasco S., and others. 2003. Clinical epidemiology and survival of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: data from the Italian Registry Investigative Neuro AIDS (IRINA). J Neurovirol 9 (Suppl 1). 47-53.
7. Astrom KE, Mancall EL, Richardson EP Jr. 1958rogressive multifocal leuko-encephalopathy; a hitherto unrecognized complication of chronic lymphatic leukaemia and Hodgkins disease. Brain 81 (1). 93-111.
8. Behzad-Behbahani A., Klapper PE, Vallely PJ, Cleator GM, Khoo SH 2004. Detection of BK virus and JC virus DNA in urine samples from immunocompromised (HIV-infected) and immunocompetent (HIV-non-infected) patients using polymerase chain reaction and microplate hybridisation. J Clin Virol 29 (4). 224-229.
9. Berger J., Koralnik I. 2005rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and natalizumab-unforeseen consequences. N Engl J Med 353: 414-416.
10. Berger J., Pall L., McArthur J. 1992. A pilot study of recombinant alpha 2A interferon in the treatment of AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy [abstract]resented at the American Academy of Neurology Annual General Meeting, San Diego, California, May 3-9, 1992.
11. Berger JR 2000rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2 (4). 361-368.
12. Bernal-Cano F., Joseph J., Koralnik I. 2007. Spinal cord lesions of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient. J Neurovirol 13 (5). 474-476.
13. Blick G., Whiteside M., Griegor P., Hopkins U., Garton T., LaGravinese L. 1998. Successful resolution of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after combination therapy with cidofovir and cytosine arabinoside. Clin Infect Dis 26 (1). 191-192.
14. Boldorini R., Cristina S., Vago L., Tosoni A., Guzzetti S., Costanzi G. 1993 a. [Anatomo-pathological features of JCV infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study including the in situ hybridization technique of 54 AIDS autopsies]athologica 85 (1095). 17-30. Italian.
15. Boldorini R., Cristina S., Vago L., Tosoni A., Guzzetti S., Costanzi G. 1993 b. Ultrastructural studies in the lytic phase of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS patients. Ultrastruct Pathol 17 (6). 599-609.
16. Bonig H., Wundes A., Chang KH, Lucas S., Papayannopoulou T. 2008 a. Increased numbers of circulating hematopoietic stem/ progenitor cells are chronically maintained in patients treated with the CD49d blocking antibody natalizumab. Blood 111 (7). 3439-3441.
17. Bonig H., Wundes A., Papayannopoulou T. 2008 b. Response: more about multiple sclerosis, natalizumab, and CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors. Blood 112 (1). 209-210.
18. Brambilla AM, Castagna A., Novati R., Cinque P., Terreni MR, Moioli MC, and others. 1999. Remission of AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after cidofovir therapy. J Neurol 246 (8). 723-725.
19. Brickelmaier M., Lugovskoy A., Kartikeyan R., Reviriego-Mendoza MM, Allaire N., Simon K., and others. 2009. Identification and characterization of mefloquine efficacy against JC virus in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53 (5). 1840-1849.
20. Britton C., Romagnoli M., Sisti M., Powers JM 1992rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: analysis of outcome and response to intrathecal ara-C in 26 patients [abstract]. In: Program and abstract book: Neuroscience of HIV Infection, Basic and Clinical Frontiers 1992, Amsterdam, July 14-17, 1992 :40.
21. Brooks BR, Walker DL 1984rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurol Clin 2 (2). 299-313.
22. Buckanovich RJ, Liu G., Stricker C., Luger SM, Stadtmauer EA, Schuster SJ, and others. 2002. Nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation for refractory Hodgkins lymphoma complicated by interleukin-2 responsive progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Hematol 81 (7). 410-413.
23. Carson K., Bennett C. 2009. Rituximab and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: the jury is deliberating. Leuk Lymphoma 50 (3). 323-324.
24. Carson K., Evens AM, Richey EA, Habermann TM, Focosi D., Seymour JF, and others. 2009rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy following rituximab therapy in HIV negative patients: a report of 57 cases from the Research on Adverse Drug Event and Reports (RADAR) project. Blood 113 (20). 4834-4840.
25. Cettomai D., McArthur J. 2009. Mirtazapine use in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Arch Neurol 66 (2). 255-258.
26. Chan PA, Wakeman SE, Flanigan T., Cu- Uvin S., Kojic E., Kantor R. 2008. HIV-2 diagnosis and quantification in high-risk patients. AIDS Res Ther 5: 18.
27. Chang YY, Lan MY, Peng CH, Wu HS, Chang D., Liu JS 2007rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in an immunocompetent Taiwanese patient. J Formos Med Assoc 106 (2 Suppl). S60-4.
28. Chapagain M., Sumibcay L., Gurjav U., Kaufusi PH, Kast RE, Nerurkar VR 2008. Serotonin receptor 2A blocker (risperidone) has no effect on human polyomavirus JC infection of primary human fetal glial cells. J Neurovirol 14 (5). 448-454.
29. Chapagain ML, Verma S., Mercier F., Yanagihara R., Nerurkar VR 2007olyomavirus JC infects human brain microvascular endothelial cells independent of serotonin receptor 2A. Virology 364 (1). 55-63.
30. Chen Y., Bord E., Tompkins T., Miller J., Tan CS, Kinkel RP, and others. 2009. Asymptomatic reactivation of JC virus in patients treated with natalizumab. N Engl J Med 361 (11). 1067-1074.
31. Cinque P., Koralnik IJ, Clifford DB 2003. The evolving face of human immunodeficiency virus-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: defining a consensus terminology. J Neurovirol 9 (Suppl 1). 88-92.
32. Clifford DB, Yiannoutsos C., Glicksman M., Simpson DM, Singer EJ, Piliero PJ, and others. 1999. HAART improves prognosis in HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 52 (3). 623-625.
33. Coleman DV, Wolfendale MR, Daniel RA, Dhanjal NK, Gardner SD, Gibson PE, and others. 1980. A prospective study of human polyomavirus infection in pregnancy. J Infect Dis 142 (1). 1-8.
34. Colosimo C., Lebon P., Martelli M., Tumminelli F., Mandelli F. 1992. Alpha-interferon therapy in a case of probable progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Acta Neurol Belg 92 (1). 24-29.
35. Conomy JP, Beard NS, Matsumoto H., Roessmann U. 1974. Cytarabine treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: clinical course and detection of virus-like particles after antiviral chemotherapy. JAMA 229 (10). 1313-1316.
36. Coppo P., Laporte JP, Aoudjhane M., Lebon P., Isnard F., Lesage S., and others. 1999rogressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy with peripheral demyelinating neuropathy after autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloblastic leukemia (FAB5). Bone Marrow Transplant 23 (4). 401-403.
37. De Luca A., Fantoni M., Tartaglione T., Antinori A. 1999. Response to cidofovir after failure of antiretroviral therapy alone in AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 52 (4). 891-892.
38. DeFrancesco L. 2009. RIP Raptiva? Nat Biotechnol 27 (4). 303.
39. del Pilar Martin M., Cravens PD, Winger R., Frohman EM, Racke MK, Eagar TN, and others. 2008. Decrease in the numbers of dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells in cerebral perivascular spaces due to natalizumab. Arch Neurol 65 (12). 1596-1603.
40. Del Valle L., Gentilella A., Croul S., Khalili K. 2000. Detection of HIV-1 Tat and JCV capsid protein, VP1, in AIDS brain with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurovirol 6 (3). 221-228.
41. Del Valle L., White MK, Khalili K. 2008otential mechanisms of the human polyomavirus JC in neural oncogenesis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 67 (8). 729-740.
42. Delbue S., Branchetti E., Bertolacci S., Tavazzi E., Marchioni E., Maserati R., and others. 2009. JC virus VP1 loop-specific polymorphisms are associated with favorable prognosis for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurovirol 15 (1). 51-56.
43. Dodge RT 1999. A case study: the use of cidofovir for the management of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 10 (4). 70-74.
44. Dorries K., Sbiera S., Drews K., Arendt G., Eggers C., Dorries R. 2003. Association of human polyomavirus JC with peripheral blood of immunoimpaired and healthy individuals. J Neurovirol 9 (Suppl 1). 81-87.
45. Du Pasquier RA, Corey S., Margolin DH, Williams K., Pfister LA, De Girolami U., and others. 2003roductive infection of cerebellar granule cell neurons by JC virus in an HIV+ individual. Neurology 61 (6). 775-782.
46. Dugan AS, Gasparovic ML, Atwood WJ 2008. Direct correlation between sialic acid binding and infection of cells by two human polyomaviruses (JC virus and BK virus). J Virol 82 (5). 2560-2564.
47. Dutton AC, Massoura AN, Dover TJ, Andrews NA, Barnes NM 2008. Identification and functional significance of N-glycosylation of the 5-HT5A receptor. Neurochem Int 52 (3). 419-425.
48. Egli A., Infanti L., Dumoulin A., Buser A., Samaridis J., Stebler C., and others. Forthcoming 2009 Jan 27revalence of polyomavirus BK and JC infection and replication in 400 healthy blood donors. J Infect Dis.
49. Elphick GF, Querbes W., Jordan JA, Gee GV, Eash S., Manley K., and others. 2004. The human polyomavirus, JCV, uses serotonin receptors to infect cells. Science 306 (5700). 1380-1383.
50. Elsner C., Dorries K. 1992. Evidence of human polyomavirus BK and JC infection in normal brain tissue. Virology 191 (1). 72-80.
51. Fleischmann R. 2009rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy following rituximab treatment in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 60 (11). 3225-3228.
52. Focosi D. 2009. Does contrast enhancement predict survival in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy? J Infect Dis 199 (9). 1410-1411.
53. Focosi D., Fazzi R., Montanaro D., Emdin M., Petrini M. 2007 arogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a haploidentical stem cell transplant recipient: a clinical, neuroradiological and virological response after treatment with risperidone. Antiviral Res 74 (2). 156-158.
54. Focosi D., Kast RE 2007. Hyaluronate and risperidone for hemorrhagic cystitis. Bone Marrow Transplant 39 (1). 57.
55. Focosi D., Kast RE, Maggi F., Ceccherini-Nelli L., Petrini M. 2007 b. Risperidone-induced reduction in JC viruria as a surrogate marker for efficacy against progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and hemorrhagic cystitis. J Clin Virol 39 (1). 63-64.
56. Focosi D., Kast RE, Maggi F., Ceccherini-Nelli L., Petrini M. 2008 a. Sialic acid moieties and 5-HT(2a): two faces of the same receptor for JC virus? J Clin Virol 43 (1). 132-133.
57. Focosi D., Kast RE, Maggi F., Vatteroni L., Ceccherini-Nelli L., Petrini M. 2007 c. Hypothesis: central nervous system delivery of cyclosporine A for therapy of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Clin Virol 39 (2). 156-158.
58. Focosi D., Kast RE, Maggi F., Ceccherini-Nelli L., Petrini M. 2009 a. JC virus DNA in healthy brain tissue: a challenge for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy diagnosis. Ann Neurol 65 (2). 230.
59. Focosi D., Kast RE, Petrini M. 2008 b. JC viremia and multiple sclerosis. J Neurovirol 14 (1). 85-86 ; author reply 87-88.
60. Focosi D., Maggi F., Andreoli E., Lanini L., Ceccherini-Nelli L., Petrini M. 2009 bolyomaviruses other than JCV are not detected in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Clin Virol 45 (2). 161-162.
61. Focosi D., Maggi F., Andreoli E., Lanini L., Ceccherini-Nelli L., Petrini M. 2009 c. The role of bone marrow cells for JCV pathogenicity. J Clin Virol. 45 (3). 230-231.
62. Frisque RJ, Bream GL, Cannella MT 1984. Human polyomavirus JC virus genome. J Virol 51 (2). 458-469.
63. Gedizlioglu M., Coban P., Ce PS 2009. IE, an unusual complication of immunosuppression in myasthenia gravis: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 19 (2). 155-157.
64. Geschwind MD, Skolasky RI, Royal WS, McArthur JC. 2001. The relative contributions of HAART and alpha-interferon for therapy of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS. J Neurovirol 7 (4). 353-357.
65. Greenlee J., Clawson SA, Carney HC, ONeill FJ 2005. Detection of JC virus early region sequences of brains of individuals without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 28 (S9). S61.
66. Hall CD, Dafni U., Simpson D., Clifford D., Wetherill PE, and others. 1998. Failure of cytarabine in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 243 Team. N Engl J Med 338 (19). 1345-1351.
67. Happe S., Besselmann M., Matheja P., Rickert CH, Schuierer G., Reichelt D., and others. 1999. [Cidofovir (vistide) in therapy of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS. Review of the literature and report of 2 cases]. Nervenarzt 70 (10). 935-943. German.
68. Hartung H. 2009. New cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after treatment with natalizumab. Lancet Neurol 8 (1). 28-31.
69. Hayashi Y., Kimura A., Kato S., Koumura A., Sakurai T., Tanaka Y., and others. 2008rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia in a patient with Sjàgren syndrome. J Neurol Sci 268 (1-2). 195-198.
70. Hernandez B., Dronda F., Moreno S. 2009. Treatment options for AIDS patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 10 (3). 403-416.
71. Holman RC, Janssen RS, Buehler JW, Zelasky MT, Hooper WC 1998rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the United States, 1979-1994: increased mortality associated with HIV infection. Neuroepidemiology 17 (6). 303-309.
72. Hou J., Major EO 1998. The efficacy of nucleoside analogs against JC virus multiplication in a persistently infected human fetal brain cell line. J Neurovirol 4 (4). 451-456.
73. Houston S., Roberts N., Mashinter L. 2001. Failure of cidofovir therapy in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy unrelated to human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 32 (1). 150-152.
74. Hua-Chuan Z., Lei Y., Lei C., Yi-Fu G., Yasuo T. 2009. Mapping the history and current situation of research on John Cunningham virus: a bibliometric analysis. BMC Infect Dis 9 (1). 28.
75. Huang SS, Skolasky RL, Dal Pan GJ, Royal W, McArthur JC. 1998. Survival prolongation in HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy treated with alpha-interferon: an observational study. J Neurovirol 4 (3). 324-332.
76. Kamar N., Mengelle C., Rostaing L. 2009. Incidence of JC-virus replication after rituximab therapy in solid-organ transplant patients. Am J Transplant 9 (1). 244-245.
77. Kappos L., Bates D., Hartung H. 2007. Natalizumab treatment for multiple sclerosis: recommendations for patient selection and monitoring. Lancet Neurol 6 (5). 431-441.
78. Kast RE, Focosi D., Petrini M., Altschuler EL 2007. Treatment schedules for 5-HT2A blocking in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy using risperidone or ziprasidone. Bone Marrow Transplant 39 (12). 811-812.
79. Kato A., Kitamura T., Takasaka T., Tominaga T., Ishikawa A., Zheng HY, and others. 2004. Detection of the archetypal regulatory region of JC virus from the tonsil tissue of patients with tonsillitis and tonsilar hypertrophy. J Neurovirol 10 (4). 244-249.
80. Khanna N., Elzi L., Mueller NJ, Garzoni C., Cavassini M., Fux CA, and others. 2009. Incidence and outcome of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy over 20 years of the Swiss HIV cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 48 (10). 1459-1466.
81. Khatri B., Man S., Giovannoni G., Koo AP, Lee J-C., Tucky B., and others. 2009. Effect of plasma exchange in accelerating natalizumab clearance and restoring leukocyte function. Neurology 72 (5). 402-409.
82. Kiewe P., Seyfert S., Kà¶rper S., Rieger K., Thiel E., Knauf W. 2003rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with detection of JC virus in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia parallel to onset of fludarabine therapy. Leuk Lymphoma 44 (10). 1815-1818.
83. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters B., Tyler K. 2005rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 353 (4). 369-374.
84. Kobayashi K., Okamoto Y., Inoue H., Usui T., Ihara M., Kawamata J., an others. 2009. Leukoencephalopathy with cognitive impairment following tocilizumab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Intern Med 48 (15). 1307-1309.
85. Koralnik IJ, Boden D., Mai VX, Lord CI, Letvin NL 2002. Association of prolonged survival in HLA-A2+ progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy patients with a CTL response specific for a commonly recognized JC virus epitope. J Immunol 168 (1). 499-504.
86. Koralnik IJ, Wüthrich C., Dang X., Rottnek M., Gurtman A., Simpson D., and others. 2005. JC virus granule cell neuronopathy: a novel clinical syndrome distinct from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 57 (4). 576-580.
87. Korman B., Tyler K., Korman N. 2009rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, efalizumab, and immunosuppression: a cautionary tale for dermatologists. Arch Dermatol 145 (8). 937-942.
88. Krumbholz M., Meinl I., Kümpfel T. 2008. Natalizumab disproportionately increases circulating pre-B and B cells in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 71: 1350-1354.
89. Landry ML, Eid T., Bannykh S., Major E. 2008. False negative PCR despite high levels of JC virus DNA in spinal fluid: implications for diagnostic testing. J Clin Virol 43 (2). 247-249.
90. Langer-Gould A., Atlas SW, Green AJ, Bollen AW, Pelletier D. 2005rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient treated with natalizumab. N Engl J Med 353: 375-381.
91. Lanzafame M., Ferrari S., Lattuada E., Corsini F., Deganello R., Vento S., and others. 2009. Mirtazapine in an HIV-1 infected patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Infez Med 17 (1). 35-37.
92. Lima MA, Auriel E., Wuthrich C., Borenstein NM, Koralnik IJ 2005rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy as a complication of hepatitis C virus treatment in an HIV-negative patient. Clin Infect Dis 41 (3). 417-419.
93. Linda H., von Heijne A., Major EO, Ryschkewitsch C., Berg J., Olsson T., and others. 2009rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab monotherapy. N Engl J Med 361 (11). 1081-1087.
94. Liu CK, Wei G., Atwood WJ 1998. Infection of glial cells by the human polyomavirus JC is mediated by an N-linked glycoprotein containing terminal alpha(2-6)-linked sialic acids. J Virol 72 (6). 4643-4649.
95. Maginnis M., Atwood W. 2009. JC virus: an oncogenic virus in animals and humans? Semin Cancer Biol 19 (4). 261-269.
96. Major E. 2010rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients on immunomodulatory therapies. Annu Rev Med 61: 35-47.
97. Malkoun I., Vidry E., Revenco E., Drobacheff MC, Berger E., Rumbach L. 2006. [Role of immunity in the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a report of three patients with type B lymphoma and humoral immunodeficiency and six others with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 162 (1). 82-88. French.
98. Manley K., OHara BA, Gee GV, Simkevich CP, Sedivy JM, Atwood WJ 2006. NFAT4 is required for JC virus infection of glial cells. J Virol 80 (24). 12079-12085.
99. Marra CM, Rajicic N., Barker DE, Cohen BA, Clifford D., Donovan Post MJ, and others. 2002. A pilot study of cidofovir for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS. AIDS 16 (13). 1791-1797.
100. Martin Mdel P., Cravens PD, Winger R., Kieseier BC, Cepok S., Eagar TN, and others. 2009. Depletion of B lymphocytes from cerebral perivascular spaces by rituximab. Arch Neurol 66 (8). 1016-1020.
101. Martin S., Marty FM, Fiumara K., Treon SP, Gribben JG, Baden LR 2006. Infectious complications associated with alemtuzumab use for lymphoproliferative disorders. Clin Infect Dis 43 (1). 16-24.
102. Matoba T., Orba Y., Suzuki T., Makino Y., Shichinohe H., Kuroda S., and others. 2008. An siRNA against JC virus (JCV) agnoprotein inhibits JCV infection in JCV-producing cells inoculated in nude mice. Neuropathology 28 (3). 286-294.
103. Matteucci P., Magni M., Di Nicola M., Carlo-Stella C., Uberti C., Gianni AM 2002. Leukoencephalopathy and papovavirus infection after treatment with chemotherapy and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. Blood 100 (3). 1104-1105.
104. Molloy E., Cabrese L. 2008rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with rheumatic diseases: are patients with systemic lupus erythematosus at particular risk ? Autoimmun Rev 8 (2). 144-146.
105. Monaco MC, Atwood WJ, Gravell M., Major EO 1996. JC virus infection of hematopoietic progenitor cells, primary B lymphocytes, and tonsillar stromal cells: implications for viral latency. J Virol 70 (10). 7004-7012.
106. Monk SA, Williams JM, Hope AG, Barnes NM 2004. Identification and importance of N-glycosylation of the human 5-hydroxytryptamine3A receptor subunit. Biochem Pharmacol 68 (9). 1787-1796.
107. Monno L., Di Stefano M., Zimatore GB, Andreula CF, Appice A., Perulli LM, and others. 1998. Measurement of viral sequences in cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patients with cerebral white-matter lesions using polymerase chain reaction. AIDS 12 (6). 581-590.
108. Mori M., Aoki N., Shimada H., Tajima M., Kato K. 1992. Detection of JC virus in the brains of aged patients without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy by the polymerase chain reaction and Southern hybridization analysis. Neurosci Lett 141 (2). 151-155.
109. Nived O., Bengtsson AA, Jà¶nsen A., Sturfelt G. 2008rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy-the importance of early diagnosis illustrated in four cases. Lupus 17 (11). 1036-1041.
110. Nukuzuma S., Nakamichi K., Nukuzuma C., Takegami T. 2009. Inhibitory effect of serotonin antagonists on JC virus propagation in a carrier culture of human neuroblastoma cells. Microbiol Immunol 53 (9). 496-501.
111. Orba Y., Sunden Y., Suzuki T., Nagashima K., Kimura T., Tanaka S., and others. 2008harmacological CDK inhibitor R-roscovitine suppresses JC virus proliferation. Virology 370 (1). 173-183.
112. Oshima K., Tsuchiya K., Niizato K., Akiyama H., Arai T., Nagashima K. Forthcoming 2009 Jan 2. Clinicopathological study of early progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy incidentally found in a schizophrenia patient. Neuropathology.
113. Owczarczyk K., Hilker R., Brunn A., Hallek M., Rubbert A. 2007rogressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in a patient with sarcoidosis-successful treatment with cidofovir and mirtazapine. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46 (5). 888-890.
114. Padgett BL, Walker DL, ZuRhein GM, Eckroade RJ, Dessel BH 1971. Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Lancet 1 (7712). 1257-1260.
115. Perez-Liz G., Del Valle L., Gentilella A., Croul S., Khalili K. 2008. Detection of JC virus DNA fragments but not proteins in normal brain tissue. Ann Neurol 64 (4). 379-387.
116. Pho MT, Ashok A., Atwood WJ 2000. JC virus enters human glial cells by clathrin-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis. J Virol 74 (5). 2288-2292.
117. Pietropaolo V., Videtta M., Fioriti D., Mischitelli M., Arancio A., Orsi N., and others. 2003. Rearrangement patterns of JC virus noncoding control region from different biological samples. J Neurovirol 9 (6). 603-611.
118. Pineton de Chambrun, G., and others. 2008. Is detection of JC virus DNA in blood a valuable screening test for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in Crohns disease patients eligible for anti-±4 integrin therapy? Gut 57 (11). 1633-1634.
119. Polo C., Pèrez JL, Mielnichuck A., Fedele CG, Niubà2 J., Tenorio A. 2004revalence and patterns of polyomavirus urinary excretion in immunocompetent adults and children. Clin Microbiol Infect 10 (7). 640-644.
120. Power C., Gladden JG, Halliday W., Del Bigio MR, Nath A., Ni W., and others. 2000. AIDS- and non-AIDS-related PML association with distinct p53 polymorphism. Neurology 54 (3). 743-746.
121. Przepiorka D., Jaeckle KA, Birdwell RR, Fuller GN, Kumar AJ, Huh YO, and others. 1997. Successful treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with low-dose interleukin-2. Bone Marrow Transplant 20 (11). 983-987
122. Rand KH, Johnson KP, Rubinstein LJ, Wolinsky JS, Penney JB, Walker DL, and others. 1977. Adenine arabinoside in the treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: use of virus-containing cells in the urine to assess response to therapy. Ann Neurol 1 (5). 458-462.
123. Rieckmann P., Michel U., Kehrl JH 1994. Regulation of JC virus expression in B lymphocytes. J Virol 68 (1). 217-222.
124. Rodriguez L., Ribera JM, Batlle M., Xicoy B., Mate J.L., Milla F., and others. 2002rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy shortly after the diagnosis of follicular lymphoma in a patient treated with fludarabine. Haematologica 87 (7). ECR26.
125. Royal W. III, Dupont B., McGuire D., Chang L., Goodkin K., Ernst T., and others. 2003. Topotecan in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurovirol 9 (3). 411-419.
126. Salmaggi A., Maccagnano E., Castagna A., Zeni S., Fantini F., Cinque P., and others. 2001. Reversal of CSF positivity for JC virus genome by cidofovir in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurol Sci 22 (1). 17-20.
127. Segarra-Newnham M., Vodolo KM 2001. Use of cidofovir in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Pharmacother 35 (6). 741-744.
128. Sindic C., Trebst C., Van Antwerpen MP, Frye S., Enzensberger W., Hunsmann G., and others. 1997. Detection of CSF-specific oligoclonal antibodies to recombinant JC virus VP1 in patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neuroimmunol 76 (1-2). 100-104.
129. Snyder M., Storch G., Clifford D. 2005. Atypical PML leading to a diagnosis of common variable immunodeficiency. Neurology 64 (9). 1661.
130. Sobell J., Weinberg J. 2009atient fatalities potentially associated with efalizumab use. J Drugs Dermatol 8 (3). 215.
131. Squintani G., Ferrari S., Bazzoli E., Eleopra R., La Monaca C., Cagliari E., and others. Forthcoming 2009 Augrogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with Goods syndrome. Int J Infect Dis.
132. Steiger MJ, Tarnesby G., Gabe S., McLaughlin J.,. Schapira AH 1993. Successful outcome of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with cytarabine and interferon. Ann Neurol 33 (4). 407-411.
133. Study to explore the effect of mefloquinie in subjects with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). 2009. NCT00746941. Available at: www.ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed February 5, 2009.
134. Stüve O., Marra CM, Bar-Or A., Niino M., Cravens PD, Cepok S., and others. 2006. Altered CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios in cerebrospinal fluid of natalizumab-treated patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 63 (10). 1383-1387.
135. Sundsfjord A., and others. 1994. BK and JC viruses in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected persons: prevalence, excretion, viremia, and viral regulatory regions. J Infect Dis, 169 (3). 485-490.
136. Tada H., Rappaport J., Lashgari M., Amini S., Wong-Staal F., Khalili K. 1990. Trans-activation of the JC virus late promoter by the tat protein of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus in glial cellsroc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 (9). 3479-3483.
137. Takeda S., Yamazaki K., Miyakawa T., Takahashi H., Ikuta F., Arai H. 2009rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy showing extensive spinal cord involvement in a patient with lymphocytopenia. Neuropathology 29 (4). 485-493.
138. Tallantyre E., Paine SM, Sharp CP, Lowe JS, Gran B. 2009. Atypical progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with an unusual JC polyomavirus mutation. Arch Neurol 66 (8). 1021-1024.
139. Tarsy D., Holden EM, Segarra JM, Calabresi P., Feldman RG 1973. 5-Iodo-2ĝ€2-deoxyuridine (IUDR; NSC-39661) given intraventricularly in the treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Cancer Chemother Rep 57 (1). 73-78.
140. Tasca G., Iorio R., Basile U., Lauriola L., Tartaglione R., Mirabella M., and others. 2009rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with Franklin disease and hypogammaglobulinemia. J Neurol Sci 284 (1-2). 203-204.
141. Tuccori M., Focosi D., Blandizzi C., Del Tacca M., Petrini M. 2009. Re: Rituximab maintenance for the treatment of patients with follicular lymphoma: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 101 (18). 1288-1289.
142. Tyler KL 2003. The uninvited guest: JC virus infection of neurons in PML. Neurology 61 (6). 734-735.
143. US Food and Drug Administration. December 18, 2006. FDA warns of safety concern regarding rituxan in new patient population [FDA News]. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2006/NEW01532.html. Accessed September 8, 2008.
144. US Food and Drug Administration. 2009. Advisory. Updated safety information about Raptiva (efalizumab). Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/ drug/advisory/efalizumab.htm
145. Vago L., Cinque P., Sala E., Nebuloni M., Caldarelli R., Racca S., and others. 1996. JCV-DNA and BKV-DNA in the CNS tissue and CSF of AIDS patients and normal subjects. Study of 41 cases and review of the literature. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 12 (2). 139-146.
146. Van Assche G., Van Ranst M., Sciot R., Dubois B., Vermeire S., Noman M., and others. 2005rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab therapy for Crohns disease. N Engl J Med 353 (4). 362-368.
147. Verma S., Cikurel K., Koralnik IJ, Morgello S., Cunningham-Rundles C., Weinstein ZR, and others. 2007. Mirtazapine in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with polycythemia vera. J Infect Dis 196 (5). 709-711.
148. Viallard JF, Lazaro E., Lafon ME, Pellegrin JL 2005. Successful cidofovir therapy of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy preceding angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 46 (11). 1659-1662.
149. Volker H., Kraft K., Arnold E., Steinhoff S., Kolios G., Sommer S. 2007rogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy developing in advanced pulmonal sarcoidosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 109 (7). 624-630.
150. Vulliemoz S., Lurati-Ruiz S., Borruat F., Delavelle F-X., Koralnik J., Kuntzer IJ, and others. 2006. Favourable outcome of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in two patients with dermatomyositis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77 (9). 1079-1082.
151. Wang H. 2004athologic quiz case: a 54-year-old deceased man with diffuse subcortical lesions of the central nervous systemrogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 128 (4). e70-2.
152. Wenning W., Haghikia A., Laubenberger J., Clifford DB, Behrens PF, Chan A., and others. 2009. Treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with natalizumab. N Engl J Med 361 (11). 1075-1080.
153. White FA III, Ishaq M., Stoner GL, Frisque RJ 1992. JC virus DNA is present in many human brain samples from patients without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Virol 66 (10). 5726-5734.
154. White MK, Gordon J., Reiss K., Del Valle L., Croul S., Giordano A., and others. 2005. Human polyomaviruses and brain tumors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 50 (1). 69-85.
155. Wüthrich C., Dang X., Westmoreland S., McKay J., Maheshwari A., Anderson MP, and others. 2009. Fulminant JC virus encephalopathy with productive infection of cortical pyramidal neurons. Ann Neurol 65 (6). 742-748.
156. Wyen C., Hoffmann C., Schmeier N., Wohrmann A., Qurishi N., Rockstroh J., and others. 2004rogressive multifocal leukencephalopathy in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: survival and risk factors of death. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 37 (2). 1263-1268.
157. Yasuda Y., Yabe H., Inoue H., Shimizu T., Yabe M., Yogo Y., and others. 2003. Comparison of PCR-amplified JC virus control region sequences from multiple brain regions in PML. Neurology 61 (11). 1617-1619.
158. Yousry T., Major EO, Ryschkewitsch C., Fahle G., Fischer S., Hou J., and others. 2006. Evaluation of patients treated with natalizumab for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 354 (9). 924-933.
159. Zheng HY, Ikegaya H., Takasaka T., Matsushima-Ohno T., Sakurai M., Kanazawa I., and others. 2005. Characterization of the VP1 loop mutations widespread among JC polyomavirus isolates associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 333 (3). 996-1002.
160. Zohren F. 2008. Response: Natalizumab-induced mobilization of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 112 (1). 210.
161. Zohren F., Toutzaris D., KlàCurrency signrner V., Hartung HP, Kieseier B., Haas R. 2008. The monoclonal anti-VLA-4 antibody natalizumab mobilizes CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells in humans. Blood 111 (7). 3893-3895.
162. Zu Rhein GM 1967olyoma-like virions in a human demyelinating disease. Acta Neuropathol 8 (1). 57-68.