Clinical findings and treatment of non-infectious meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs: A systematic review of 457 published cases from 1962 to 2008

Veterinary Journal

Volumn 184, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 290-297

  Granger, Nicolas ^a   Smith, Peter M ^b   Jeffery, Nick D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Clinical trial; Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis; Immunotherapy; Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin; MUO; Necrotising encephalitis

Indexed keywords

CORTICOSTEROID DERIVATIVE; CYCLOSPORIN; CYTARABINE; KETOCONAZOLE; LEFLUNOMIDE; LOMUSTINE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; PROCARBAZINE;

ARTICLE; BRAIN BIOPSY; BRAIN INFECTION; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL STUDY; DOG DISEASE; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; GRANULOMATOUS MENINGOENCEPHALOMYELITIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; MONOTHERAPY; NECROTISING ENCEPHALITIS; NON INFECTIOUS MENINGOENCEPHALOMYELITIS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATIENT SELECTION; RANDOMIZATION; SURVIVAL TIME;

AGE FACTORS; ANIMALS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DOG DISEASES; DOGS; FEMALE; IMMUNOTHERAPY; MALE; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS; PATIENT SELECTION; SEX FACTORS;

CANIS FAMILIARIS;

EID: 77952550276     PISSN: 10900233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.031     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Adamo P.F., O'Brien R.T. Use of cyclosporine to treat granulomatous meningoencephalitis in three dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2004, 225:1211-1216.
2. Adamo P.F., Adams W.M., Steinberg H. Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs. Compendium on Continuing Education for Veterinarians 2007, 29:678-690.
3. Adamo P.F., Rylander H., Adams W.M. Ciclosporin use in multi-drug therapy for meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology in dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice 2007, 48:486-496.
4. Alley M.R., Jones B.R., Johnstone A.C. Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis of dogs in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 1983, 31:117-119.
5. Aresu L., D'Angelo A., Zanatta R., Valenza F., Capucchio M.T. Canine necrotizing encephalitis associated with anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis. Journal of Comparative Pathology 2007, 136:279-282.
6. Bailey C.S., Higgins R.J. Characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid associated with canine granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis: a retrospective study. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1986, 188:418-421.
7. Bateman S.W., Parent J.M. Clinical findings, treatment, and outcome of dogs with status epilepticus or cluster seizures: 156 cases (1990-1995). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1999, 215:1463-1468.
8. Benigni L., Lamb C.R. Comparison of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and T2-weighted magnetic resonance images in dogs and cats with suspected brain disease. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 2005, 46:287-292.
9. Bohn A.A., Wills T.B., West C.L., Tucker R.L., Bagley R.S. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of neurologic disease in dogs: a retrospective study. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 2006, 35:315-320.
10. Braund K.G., Vandevelde M., Walker T.L., Redding R.W. Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in six dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1978, 172:1195-1200.
11. Callanan J.J., Mooney C.T., Mulcahy G., Fatzer R., Vandevelde M., Ehrensperger F., McElroy M., Toolan D., Raleigh P. A novel nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis in young greyhounds in Ireland. Veterinary Pathology 2002, 39:56-65.
12. Cantile C., Chianini F., Arispici M., Fatzer R. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis associated with cortical hippocampal hamartia in a Pekingese dog. Veterinary Pathology 2001, 38:119-122.
13. Cherubini G.B., Mantis P., Martinez T.A., Lamb C.R., Cappello R. Utility of magnetic resonance imaging for distinguishing neoplastic from non-neoplastic brain lesions in dogs and cats. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 2005, 46:384-387.
14. Cherubini G.B., Platt S.R., Anderson T.J., Rusbridge C., Lorenzo V., Mantis P., Cappello R. Characteristics of magnetic resonance images of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in 11 dogs. Veterinary Record 2006, 159:110-115.
15. Coates J.R., Barone G., Dewey C.W., Vitale C.L., Holloway-Azene N.M., Sessions J.K. Procarbazine as adjunctive therapy for treatment of dogs with presumptive antemortem diagnosis of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis: 21 cases (1998-2004). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2007, 21:100-106.
16. Cordy D.R. Canine granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis. Veterinary Pathology 1979, 16:325-333.
17. Cordy D.R., Holliday T.A. A necrotizing meningoencephalitis of pug dogs. Veterinary Pathology 1989, 26:191-194.
18. de Stefani, A., De Risio, L., Matiasek, L., Lujan Feliu-Pascual, A., 2008. Intravenous cytosine arabinoside in the emergency treatment of nine dogs with central nervous system inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. In: Proceedings of the 20th ECVN Congress Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, vol. 22, 508 pp.
19. Demierre S., Tipold A., Griot-Wenk M.E., Welle M., Vandevelde M., Jaggy A. Correlation between the clinical course of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs and the extent of mast cell infiltration. Veterinary Record 2001, 148:467-472.
20. Ducote J.M., Johnson K.E., Dewey C.W., Walker M.A., Coates J.R., Berridge B.R. Computed tomography of necrotizing meningoencephalitis in 3 Yorkshire terriers. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 1999, 40:617-621.
21. Dzyban L.A., Tidwell A.S. Imaging diagnosis - granulomatous meningoencephalitis in a dog. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 1996, 37:428-430.
22. Fankhauser R., Fatzer R., Luginbuhl H. Reticulosis of the central nervous system (CNS) in dogs. Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine 1972, 16:35-71.
23. Fischer C., Liu s. Neuro-opthalmologic manifestations of primary reticulosis of the central nervous system in a dog. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1971, 158:1240-1248.
24. Fisher M. Disseminated granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in a dog. Canadian Veterinary Journal 2002, 43:49-51.
25. Flegel, T., Böttcher, I., Matiasek, K., Henke, D., 2008a. Treatment of immune mediated non-infectious encephalitis: alternative lomustine. In: Proceedings of the 20th ECVN Congress Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, vol. 22, 508 pp.
26. Flegel T., Henke D., Boettcher I.C., Aupperle H., Oechtering G., Matiasek K. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in histologically confirmed Pug dog encephalitis. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 2008, 49:419-424.
27. Fliegner R.A., Holloway S.A., Slocombe R.F. Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis with peripheral nervous system involvement in a dog. Australian Veterinary Journal 2006, 84:358-361.
28. Garma-Avina A., Tyler J.W. Large granular lymphocyte pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid of a dog with necrotizing meningoencephalitis. Journal of Comparative Pathology 1999, 121:83-87.
29. Garmer N.L., Naeser P., Bergman A.J. Reticulosis of the eyes and the central nervous system in a dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice 1981, 22:39-45.
30. Gearhart M., de Lahunta A., Summers B. Cerebellar mass in a dog due to granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 1986, 22:683-686.
31. Glastonbury J.R., Frauenfelder A.R. Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in a dog. Australian Veterinary Journal 1981, 57:186-189.
32. Gnirs K. Cyclosporin treatment of suspected granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in three dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice 2006, 47:201-206.
33. Griffin J.F., Levine J.M., Levine G.J., Fosgate G.T. Meningomyelitis in dogs: a retrospective review of 28 cases (1999 to 2007). Journal of Small Animal Practice 2008, 49:509-517.
34. Higgingotham M.J., Kent M., Glass E.N. Noninfectious inflammatory central nervous system diseases in dogs. Compendium on Continuing Education for Veterinarians 2007, 29:488-497.
35. Higgins R.J., Dickinson P.J., Kube S.A., Moore P.F., Couto S.S., Vernau K.M., Sturges B.K., LeCouteur R.A. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis in five Chihuahua dogs. Veterinary Pathology 2008, 45:336-346.
36. Jull B.A., Merryman J.I., Thomas W.B., McArthur A. Necrotizing encephalitis in a Yorkshire terrier. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1997, 211:1005-1007.
37. Jung D.I., Kang B.T., Park C., Yoo J.H., Gu S.H., Jeon H.W., Kim J.W., Heo R.Y., Sung H.J., Eom K.D., Lee J.H., Woo E.J., Park H.M. A comparison of combination therapy (cyclosporine plus prednisolone) with sole prednisolone therapy in 7 dogs with necrotizing meningoencephalitis. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 2007, 69:1303-1306.
38. Kipar A., Baumgartner W., Vogl C., Gaedke K., Wellman M. Immunohistochemical characterization of inflammatory cells in brains of dogs with granulomatous meningoencephalitis. Veterinary Pathology 1998, 35:43-52.
39. Kitagawa M., Kanayama K., Satoh T., Sakai T. Cerebellar focal granulomatous meningoencephalitis in a dog: clinical findings and MR imaging. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 2004, 51:277-279.
40. Kitagawa M., Okada M., Kanayama K., Sato T., Sakai T. A canine case of necrotizing meningoencephalitis for long-term observation: clinical and MRI findings. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 2007, 69:1195-1198.
41. Kobayashi Y., Ochiai K., Umemura T., Goto N., Ishida T., Itakura C. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis in pug dogs in Japan. Journal of Comparative Pathology 1994, 110:129-136.
42. Koestner A., Zeman W. Primary reticuloses of the central nervous system in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1962, 23:381-393.
43. Kuwabara M., Tanaka S., Fujiwara K. Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology of encephalitis in a Pug. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 1998, 60:1353-1355.
44. Kuwamura M., Adachi T., Yamate J., Kotani T., Ohashi F., Summers B.A. Necrotising encephalitis in the Yorkshire terrier: a case report and literature review. Journal of Small Animal Practice 2002, 43:459-463.
45. Lamb C.R., Croson P.J., Cappello R., Cherubini G.B. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in 25 dogs with inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 2005, 46:17-22.
46. Levine J.M., Fosgate G.T., Porter B., Schatzberg S.J., Greer K. Epidemiology of necrotizing meningoencephalitis in Pug dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2008, 22:961-968.
47. Lezmi S., Toussaint Y., Prata D., Lejeune T., Ferreira-Neves P., Rakotovao F., Fontaine J.J., Marchal T., Cordonnier N. Severe necrotizing encephalitis in a Yorkshire terrier: topographic and immunohistochemical study. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 2007, 54:186-190.
48. Lobetti R.G., Pearson J. Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of focal granulomatous meningoencephalitis in two dogs. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 1996, 37:424-427.
49. Lotti D., Capucchio M.T., Gaidolfi E., Merlo M. Necrotizing encephalitis in a Yorkshire terrier: clinical, imaging, and pathologic findings. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 1999, 40:622-626.
50. Lujan Feliu-Pascual, A., Matiasek, L., Kneissl, S., de Stefani, A., Beltran, E., De Risio, L., 2008. Efficacy of Mycophenolate Mofetil for the treatment of presumptive granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis: preliminary results. In: Proceedings of the 20th ECVN Congress Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, vol. 22, 509 pp.
51. Mackay B.M., Curtis N. Adipsia and hypernatraemia in a dog with focal hypothalamic granulomatous meningoencephalitis. Australian Veterinary Journal 1999, 77:14-17.
52. Mellema L.M., Samii V.F., Vernau K.M., LeCouteur R.A. Meningeal enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging in 15 dogs and 3 cats. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 2002, 43:10-15.
53. Menaut P., Landart J., Behr S., Lanore D., Trumel C. Treatment of 11 dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin with a combination of prednisolone and cytosine arabinoside. Veterinary Record 2008, 162:241-245.
54. Munana K.R., Luttgen P.J. Prognostic factors for dogs with granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis: 42 cases (1982-1996). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1998, 212:1902-1906.
55. Murtaugh R.J., Fenner W.R., Johnson G.C. Focal granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in a pup. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1985, 187:835-836.
56. Nuhsbaum M.T., Powell C.C., Gionfriddo J.R., Cuddon P.A. Treatment of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in a dog. Veterinary Ophthalmology 2002, 5:29-33.
57. Pakozdy, A., Leschnik, M., Kneissl, S., Gumpenberger, M., Gruber, A., Thalhammer, J.G., 2008. Cyclosporine therapy improves survival time in dogs with suspected granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis. In: Proceedings of the 20th ECVN Congress Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, vol. 22, 509-510 pp.
58. Plummer S.B., Wheeler S.J., Thrall D.E., Kornegay J.N. Computed tomography of primary inflammatory brain disorders in dogs and cats. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 1992, 33:307-312.
59. Reske D., Petereit H.F., Heiss W.D. Difficulties in the differentiation of chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system - value of cerebrospinal fluid analysis and immunological abnormalities in the diagnosis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 2005, 112:207-213.
60. Russo M.E. Primary reticulosis of the central nervous system in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1979, 174:492-500.
61. Ryan K., Marks S.L. Granulomatous meningoenceohalomyelitis in dogs. Compendium on Continuing Education for Veterinarians 2001, 23:644-650.
62. Salvadori C., Baroni M., Arispici M., Cantile C. Magnetic resonance imaging and pathological findings in a case of canine idiopathic eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Journal of Small Animal Practice 2007, 48:466-469.
63. Sarfaty D., Carrillo J.M., Greenlee P.G. Differential diagnosis of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, distemper, and suppurative meningoencephalitis in the dog. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1986, 188:387-392.
64. Sawashima Y., Sawashima K., Taura Y., Shimada A., Umemura T. Clinical and pathological findings of a Yorkshire terrier affected with necrotizing encephalitis. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 1996, 58:659-661.
65. Schatzberg S.J., Haley N.J., Barr S.C., de Lahunta A., Sharp N.J. Polymerase chain reaction screening for DNA viruses in paraffin-embedded brains from dogs with necrotizing meningoencephalitis, necrotizing leukoencephalitis, and granulomatous meningoencephalitis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2005, 19:553-559.
66. Schwab S., Herden C., Seeliger F., Papaioannou N., Psalla D., Polizopulou Z., Baumgartner W. Non-suppurative meningoencephalitis of unknown origin in cats and dogs: an immunohistochemical study. Journal of Comparative Pathology 2007, 136:96-110.
67. Scott-Moncrieff J.C., Chan T.C., Samuels M.L., Cook J.R., Coppoc G.L., DeNicola D.B., Richardson R.C. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of cytosine arabinoside in dogs. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 1991, 29:13-18.
68. Sisson, A.F., LeCouteur, R.A., Dow, S.W., 1989. Radiation therapy of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis of dogs. In: Proceedings of the 7th ACVIM Congress, 1031 pp.
69. Slevin M.L., Piall E.M., Aherne G.W., Johnston A., Lister T.A. The clinical pharmacology of cytosine arabinoside. Haematology and Blood Transfusion 1983, 28:70-75.
70. Smith J., Delahunta A., Riis R. Reticulosis of the visual system in a dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice 1977, 18:643-652.
71. Smith-Maxie L.L., Parent J.P., Rand J., Wilcock B.P., Norris A.M. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and clinical outcome of eight dogs with eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1989, 3:167-174.
72. Sorjonen D.C. Clinical and histopathological features of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 1990, 26:141-147.
73. Speciale J., Van Winkle T.J., Steinberg S.A., Wortman J.A. Computed Tomography in the diagnosis of focal granulomatous meningoencephalitis: retrospective evaluation of three cases. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 1992, 28:327-332.
74. Stalis I.H., Chadwick B., Dayrell-Hart B., Summers B.A., Van Winkle T.J. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis of Maltese dogs. Veterinary Pathology 1995, 32:230-235.
75. Storch M.K., Bauer J., Linington C., Olsson T., Weissert R., Lassmann H. Cortical demyelination can be modeled in specific rat models of autoimmune encephalomyelitis and is major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype related. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 2006, 65:1137-1142.
76. Sturges, B.K., LeCouteur, R.A., Gregory, C.R., 1998. Leflunomide for treatment of inflammatory or malacic lesions in three dogs: a preliminary clinical study. In: Proceedings of the 16th ACVIM Congress, 40 pp.
77. Suzuki M., Uchida K., Morozumi M., Hasegawa T., Yanai T., Nakayama H., Tateyama S. A comparative pathological study on canine necrotizing meningoencephalitis and granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 2003, 65:1233-1239.
78. Thomas J.B., Eger C. Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in 21 dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice 1989, 30:287-293.
79. Timmann D., Konar M., Howard J., Vandevelde M. Necrotising encephalitis in a French bulldog. Journal of Small Animal Practice 2007, 48:339-342.
80. Tipold A. Diagnosis of inflammatory and infectious diseases of the central nervous system in dogs: a retrospective study. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1995, 9:304-314.
81. Tipold A., Fatzer R., Jaggy A., Zurbriggen A., Vandelvede M. Necrotizing encephalitis in Yorkshire terriers. Journal of Small Animal Practice 1993, 34:623-628.
82. Uriarte, A., Thibaud, J.L., Gnirs, K., Blot, S., 2008. Lomustine treatment in non-infectious meningo-encephalitis in 8 dogs. In: Proceedings of the 20th ECVN Congress Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, vol. 22, 509 pp.
83. Vandevelde M., Spano J.S. Cerebrospinal fluid cytology in canine neurologic disease. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1977, 38:1827-1832.
84. Vandevelde M., Fatzer R., Fankhauser R. Immunohistological studies on primary reticulosis of the canine brain. Veterinary Pathology 1981, 18:577-588.
85. von Praun F., Matiasek K., Grevel V., Alef M., Flegel T. Magnetic resonance imaging and pathologic findings associated with necrotizing encephalitis in two Yorkshire terriers. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 2006, 47:260-264.
86. Zarfoss M., Schatzberg S., Venator K., Cutter-Schatzberg K., Cuddon P., Pintar J., Weinkle T., Scarlett J., Delahunta A. Combined cytosine arabinoside and prednisone therapy for meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology in 10 dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice 2006, 47:588-595.