Pathways to Posttraumatic Growth: The Contributions of Forgiveness and Importance of Religion and Spirituality

Psychology of Religion and Spirituality

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 104-114

  Schultz, Jessica M ^a   Tallman, Benjamin A ^a   Altmaier, Elizabeth M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

forgiveness; positive psychology; posttraumatic growth; religion; spirituality

Indexed keywords

EID: 77952476899     PISSN: 19411022     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0018454     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Affleck G., and Tennen H. Construing benefits from adversity: Adaptational significance and dispositional underpinnings. Journal of Personality 64 (1996) 899-922
2. Baron R.M., and Kenny D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 1173-1182
3. Bono G., McCullough M.E., and Root L.M. Forgiveness, feeling connected to others, and well-being: Two longitudinal studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34 (2008) 182-195
4. Calhoun L.G., and Tedeschi R.G. The foundations of posttraumatic growth: An expanded framework. In: Calhoun L.G., and Tedeschi R.G. (Eds). Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and Practice (2006), Erlbaum, Inc., Mahwah, NJ 1-23
5. Cobb A.R., Tedeschi R.G., Calhoun L.G., and Cann A. Correlates of posttraumatic growth in survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Traumatic Stress 19 (2006) 895-903
6. Cordova M.J., Giese-Davis J., Golant M., Kronenwetter C., Chang V., and Spiegel D. Breast cancer as trauma: Posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 14 (2007) 308-319
7. Creamer M., Bell R., and Failla S. Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised [Shorter Communication]. Behaviour Research and Therapy 41 (2003) 1489-1496
8. Efron B., and Tibshirani R.J. An introduction to the bootstrap (Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability No. 57) (1993), Chapman & Hull/CRC, New York
9. Enright R.D., and Fitzgibbons R.P. Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope (2000), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
10. Enright R.D., and the Human Development Study Group. The moral development of forgiveness. In: Kurtines W.M., and Gerwirtz J.L. (Eds). Handbook of moral behavior and development: Vol. 1. Theory (1991), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 123-152
11. Fischer P.C. The link between posttraumatic growth and forgiveness: An intuitive truth. In: Calhoun L.G., and Tedeschi R.G. (Eds). Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice (2006), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 311-333
12. Fritz M.S., and MacKinnon D.P. Required sample size to detect the mediated effect [Research Article]. Psychological Science 18 (2007) 233-239
13. Girard M., and Mullet E. Forgiveness in adolescents, young, middle-aged, and older adults. Journal of Adult Development 4 (1997) 209-220
14. Harris A.H.S., and Thoresen C. Forgiveness, unforgiveness, health, and disease. In: Worthington Jr. E.L. (Ed). Handbook of forgiveness (2005), Routledge, New York 321-334
15. Helgeson V.S., Reynolds K.A., and Tomich P.L. A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 74 (2006) 797-816
16. Hill P., and Pargament K. Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality. American Psychologist 58 (2003) 24-35
17. Ho S.M.Y., Chu K.W., and Yiu J. The relationship between explanatory style and posttraumatic growth after bereavement in a non-clinical sample. Death Studies 32 (2008) 461-478
18. Janoff-Bulman R. Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma (1992), The Free Press, New York
19. Janoff-Bulman R. Posttraumatic growth: Three explanatory models. Psychological Inquiry 1 (2004) 30-34
20. Janoff-Bulman R. Schema-change perspectives on posttraumatic growth. In: Calhoun L.G., and Tedeschi R.G. (Eds). Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and -practice (2006), Erlbaum, Inc., Mahwah, NJ 81-99
21. Linley P.A., Andrews L., and Joseph S. Confirmatory factor analysis of the posttraumatic growth inventory. Journal of Loss and Trauma 12 (2008) 321-322
22. Linley P.A., and Joseph S. Applied positive psychology: A new perspective for professional practice. In: Linley P.A., and Joseph S. (Eds). Positive psychology in practice (2004), Wiley, New York 3-12
23. Linley P.A., and Joseph S. Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress 17 (2004) 11-21
24. MacKinnon D.P., Lockwood C.M., Hoffman J.M., West S.G., and Sheets V. A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods 7 (2002) 83-104
25. MacKinnon D.P., Lockwood C.M., and Williams J. Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research 39 (2004) 99-128
26. McCullough M.E., Bono G., and Root L.M. Religion and forgiveness. In: Paloutzian R.F., and Park C.L. (Eds). Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (2005), Guilford Press, New York 394-411
27. McCullough M.E., Pargament K.I., and Thoresen C.E. The psychology of forgiveness: History, conceptual issues, and overview. In: McCullough M.E., Pargament K.I., and Thoresen C.E. (Eds). Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (2000), Guilford Press, New York 1-16
28. McCullough M.E., Rachal K.C., Sandage S.J., Worthington Jr. E.L., Brown S.W., and Hight T.L. Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (1998) 1586-1603
29. McCullough M.E., Root L.M., and Cohen A.D. Writing about the benefits of an interpersonal transgression facilitates forgiveness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 74 (2006) 887-897
30. McCullough M.E., and Worthington Jr. E.L. Religion and the forgiving personality. Journal of Personality 67 (1999) 1141-1164
31. Mullet E., Houdbine A., Laumonier S., and Girard M. "Forgivingness": Factor structure in a sample of young, middle-aged, and elderly adults. European Psychologist 3 (1998) 289-297
32. Orcutt H.K. The prospective relationship of interpersonal forgiveness and psychological distress symptoms among college women. Journal of Counseling Psychology 53 (2006) 350-361
33. O'Leary V.E., and Ickovics J.R. Resilience and thriving in response to challenge: An opportunity for a paradigm shift in women's health. Women's Health: Research on Gender, Behavior, and Policy 1 (1995) 121-142
34. O'Rourke J.J.F., Tallman B.A., and Altmaier E.M. Measuring post-traumatic changes in spirituality/religiosity. Mental Health, Religion, and Culture 11 (2008) 719-728
35. Pargament K.I., Koenig H.G., and Perez L.M. The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology 56 (2000) 519-543
36. Pargament K.I., Smith B.W., Koenig H.G., and Perez L. Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37 (1998) 710-724
37. Park C.L., Cohen L.H., and Murch R.L. Assessment and prediction of stress-related growth. Journal of Personality 64 (1996) 71-105
38. Park C.L., and Folkman S. Meaning in the context of stress and coping. General Review of Psychology 1 (1997) 115-144
39. Preacher K.J., and Hayes A.F. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods 40 (2008) 879-891
40. Romero C., and Mitchell D.B. Forgiveness of interpersonal offenses in younger and older Roman Catholic women. Journal of Adult Development 15 (2008) 55-61
41. Rye M.S., Pargament K.I., Ali M.A., Beck G.L., Dorff E.N., Hallisey C., et al. Religious perspectives on forgiveness. In: McCullough M.E., Pargament K.I., and Thoresen C.E. (Eds). Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (2000), Guilford Press, New York 17-40
42. Shaw A., Joseph S., and Linley P.A. Religion, spirituality, and posttraumatic growth: A systematic review. Mental Health, Religion and Culture 8 (2005) 1-11
43. Sobel M.E. Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology 12 (1982) 290-312
44. Subkoviak M.J., Enright R.D., Wu C.R., Gassin E.A., Freedman S., Olson L.M., and Sarinopoulos I. Measuring interpersonal forgiveness in late adolescence and middle adulthood. Journal of Adolescence 18 (1995) 641-655
45. Taylor S.E. Adjustment to threatening events: A theory of cognitive adaption. American Psychologist 38 (1983) 1161-1173
46. Tedeschi R.G., and Calhoun L.G. Trauma and transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering (1995), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
47. Tedeschi R.G., and Calhoun L.G. Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence [Target Article]. Psychological Inquiry 15 (2004) 1-18
48. Toussaint L., and Webb J.R. Theoretical and empirical connections between forgiveness, mental health, and well-being. In: Worthington Jr. E.L. (Ed). Handbook of forgiveness (2005), Routledge, New York 349-362
49. Tsang J., McCullough M.E., and Hoyt W.T. Psychometric and rationalization accounts of the religion-forgiveness discrepancy. Journal of Social Issues 61 (2005) 785-805
50. Wade N.G., and Worthington Jr. E.L. In search of a common core: A content analysis of interventions to promote forgiveness. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 42 (2005) 160-177
51. Weiss D.S., and Marmar C.R. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In: Wilson J.P., and Keane T.M. (Eds). Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (1997), Guilford Press, New York 399-411
52. Worthington Jr. E.L. More questions about forgiveness: Research agenda for 2005-2015. In: Worthington Jr. E.L. (Ed). Handbook of forgiveness (2005), Routledge, New York 557-573