Susceptibility to bronchiolitis in infants

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 302-306

  Vicencio, Alfin G ^a  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Airway epithelium; Alveolar macrophage; Genetic susceptibility; Innate immunity

Indexed keywords

APRIL PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 8; SURFACTANT PROTEIN D; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 2; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; VIRUS RNA;

AIR POLLUTION; CIGARETTE SMOKING; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; INFANT MORTALITY; INFECTION RISK; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; INNATE IMMUNITY; MORBIDITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL PNEUMOVIRUS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; VIRAL BRONCHIOLITIS; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS IMMUNITY; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS;

BRONCHIOLITIS; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77952363645     PISSN: 10408703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e32833797f9     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997; 349:1436-1442.
2. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997; 349:1269-1276.
3. Smyth RL, Openshaw PJ. Bronchiolitis. Lancet 2006; 368:312-322.
4. Panitch HB. Bronchiolitis in infants. Curr Opin Pediatr 2001; 13:256-260.
5. Chanock RM. Recovery of a new type of myxovirus from infants with croup. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1957; 67:287-295.
6. Greenough A, Cox S, Alexander J, et al. Healthcare utilisation of infants with chronic lung disease, related to hospitalisation for RSV infection. Arch Dis Child 2001; 85:463-468.
7. Jartti T, Lehtinen P, Vuorinen T, et al. Respiratory picornaviruses and respiratory syncytial virus as causative agents of acute expiratory wheezing in children. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10:1095-1101.
8. Kusel MM, de Klerk NH, Holt PG, et al. Role of respiratory viruses in acute upper and lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life: a birth cohort study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25:680-686.
9. Mauad T, Hajjar LA, Callegari GD, et al. Lung pathology in fatal novel human influenza A (H1N1) infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:72-79.
10. Cane PA. Molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus. Rev Med Virol 2001; 11:103-116.
11. Sullender WM. Respiratory syncytial virus genetic and antigenic diversity. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13:1-15; table of contents.
12. Peret TC, Hall CB, Hammond GW, et al. Circulation patterns of group A and B human respiratory syncytial virus genotypes in 5 communities in North America. J Infect Dis 2000; 181:1891-1896.
13. Canducci F, Debiaggi M, Sampaolo M, et al. Two-year prospective study of single infections and co-infections by respiratory syncytial virus and viruses identified recently in infants with acute respiratory disease. J Med Virol 2008; 80:716-723.
14. Mlinaric-Galinovic G, Vojnovic G, Cepin-Bogovic J, et al. Does the viral subtype influence the biennial cycle of respiratory syncytial virus? Virol J 2009; 6:133.
15. Walsh EE, McConnochie KM, Long CE, Hall CB. Severity of respiratory syncytial virus infection is related to virus strain. J Infect Dis 1997; 175:814-820.
16. Papadopoulos NG, Gourgiotis D, Javadyan A, et al. Does respiratory syncytial virus subtype influences the severity of acute bronchiolitis in hospitalized infants? Respir Med 2004; 98:879-882.
17. DeVincenzo JP, El Saleeby CM, Bush AJ. Respiratory syncytial virus load predicts disease severity in previously healthy infants. J Infect Dis 2005; 191:1861-1868.
18. Fodha I, Vabret A, Ghedira L, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infections in hospitalized infants: association between viral load, virus subgroup, and disease severity. J Med Virol 2007; 79:1951-1958.
19. Brauer M, Hoek G, Van Vliet P, et al. Air pollution from traffic and the development of respiratory infections and asthmatic and allergic symptoms in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:1092-1098.
20. Ha EH, Lee JT, Kim H, et al. Infant susceptibility of mortality to air pollution in Seoul, South Korea. Pediatrics 2003; 111:284-290.
21. Dales R, Burnett RT, Smith-Doiron M, et al. Air pollution and sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 2004; 113:e628-e631.
22. Karr CJ, Demers PA, Koehoorn MW, et al. Influence of ambient air pollutant sources on clinical encounters for infant bronchiolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:995-1001.
23. Karr CJ, Rudra CB, Miller KA, et al. Infant exposure to fine particulate matter and traffic and risk of hospitalization for RSV bronchiolitis in a region with lower ambient air pollution. Environ Res 2009; 109:321-327.
24. McConnochie KM, Roghmann KJ. Parental smoking, presence of older siblings, and family history of asthma increase risk of bronchiolitis. Am J Dis Child 1986; 140:806-812.
25. Reese AC, James IR, Landau LI, Lesouef PN. Relationship between urinary cotinine level and diagnosis in children admitted to hospital. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:66-70.
26. Bradley JP, Bacharier LB, Bonfiglio J, et al. Severity of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis is affected by cigarette smoke exposure and atopy. Pediatrics 2005; 115:e7-e14. (Pubitemid 43046257)
27. Gurkan F, Kiral A, Dagli E, Karakoc F. The effect of passive smoking on the development of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Eur J Epidemiol 2000; 16:465-468.
28. Groskreutz DJ, Monick MM, Babor EC, et al. Cigarette smoke alters respiratory syncytial virus-induced apoptosis and replication. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 41:189-198.
29. Hall CB, Douglas RG Jr, Geiman JM. Quantitative shedding patterns of respiratory syncytial virus in infants. J Infect Dis 1975; 132:151-156.
30. Buckingham SC, Bush AJ, Devincenzo JP. Nasal quantity of respiratory syncytical virus correlates with disease severity in hospitalized infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19:113-117.
31. Wright PF, Gruber WC, Peters M, et al. Illness severity, viral shedding, and antibody responses in infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus. J Infect Dis 2002; 185:1011-1018.
32. Antoni BA, Sabbatini P, Rabson AB, White E. Inhibition of apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells enhances virus production and facilitates persistent infection. J Virol 1995; 69:2384-2392.
33. Cuff S, Ruby J. Evasion of apoptosis by DNA viruses. Immunol Cell Biol 1996; 74:527-537.
34. Sandstrom PA, Pardi D, Goldsmith CS, et al. bc1-2 expression facilitates human immunodeficiency virus type-1 mediated cytopathic effects during acute spreading infections. J Virol 1996; 70:4617-4622.
35. Chinnaiyan AM, Woffendin C, Dixit VM, Nabel GJ. The inhibition of proapoptotic ICE-like proteases enhances HIV replication. Nat Med 1997; 3:333-337.
36. Shedden WI, Emery JL. Immunofluorescent evidence of respiratory syncytial virus infection in cases of giant cell bronchiolitis in children. J Pathol Bacteriol 1965; 89:343-347.
37. Neilson KA, Yunis EJ. Demonstration of respiratory syncytial virus in an autopsy series. Pediatr Pathol 1990;10:491-502.
38. Kurlandsky LE, French G, Webb PM, Porter DD. Fatal respiratory syncytial virus pneumonitis in a previously healthy child. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138:468-472.
39. Johnson JE, Gonzales RA, Olson SJ, et al. The histopathology of fatal untreated human respiratory syncytial virus infection. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:108-119.
40. Welliver TP, Reed JL, Welliver RC Sr. Respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus infections: observations from tissues of fatal infant cases. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008; 27(10 Suppl):S92-S96.
41. Welliver RC Sr. The immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection: friend or foe? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008; 34:163-173.
42. Reed JL, Brewah YA, Delaney T, et al. Macrophage impairment underlies airway occlusion in primary respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:1783-1793. Prior to this investigation, it was generally accepted that an exaggerated adaptive immune response was the predominant mechanism for severe RSV bronchiolitis in infants. In previous studies, these authors highlighted a lack of T-lymphocyte response with fatal RSV infection. Here, they extend their work and demonstrate that deficiencies in macrophage function may underlie severe disease. As such, these investigators have begun to address critical deficiencies in our knowledge regarding the host response to RSV infection.
43. Reed JL, Welliver TP, Sims GP, et al. Innate immune signals modulate antiviral and polyreactive antibody responses during severe respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:1128-1138. Innate immunity is increasingly recognized as a critical component in RSV bronchiolitis, although the molecular pathways are poorly understood. In this study, the authors suggest that airway epithelium may initiate such responses by secreting factors, which lead to T-lymphocyte-independent antibody production. This investigation highlights the need for further investigation of these cells and their role in RSV and other respiratory infections.
44. Choi EH, Lee HJ, Yoo T, Chanock SJ. A common haplotype of interleukin-4 gene IL4 is associated with severe respiratory syncytial virus disease in Korean children. J Infect Dis 2002; 186:1207-1211.
45. Lahti M, Lofgren J, Marttila R, et al. Surfactant protein D gene polymorphism associated with severe respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatr Res 2002; 51:696-699. (Pubitemid 34547331)
46. Hoebee B, Rietveld E, Bont L, et al. Association of severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis with interleukin-4 and interleukin-4 receptor alpha polymorphisms. J Infect Dis 2003;187:2-11.
47. Tal G, Mandelberg A, Dalai I, et al. Association between common Toll-like receptor 4 mutations and severe respiratory syncytial virus disease. J Infect Dis 2004; 189:2057-2063.
48. Puthothu B, Krueger M, Forster J, Heinzmann A. Association between severe respiratory syncytial virus infection and IL13/IL4 haplotypes. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:438-441.
49. Hoebee B, Bont L, Rietveld E, et al. Influence of promoter variants of interleukin-10, interleukin-9, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha genes on respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. J Infect Dis 2004; 189:239-247.
50. Murawski MR, Bowen GN,Cerny AM, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus activates innate immunity through Toll-like receptor 2. J Virol 2009; 83:1492-1500. This study is the most recent to address the role of Toll-like receptors in RSV infection. Here, the authors linkTLR2 to viral recognition and the immune response. These findings may have future implications in the development of new vaccines.
51. Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, et al. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 2001; 409:860-921.
52. Janssen R, Bont L, Siezen CL, et al. Genetic susceptibility to respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis is predominantly associated with innate immune genes. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:826-834.
53. Siezen CL, Bont L, Hodemaekers HM, et al. Genetic susceptibility to respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in preterm children is associated with airway remodeling genes and innate immune genes. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28:333-335.
54. Grigg J, Riedler J, Robertson CF, et al. Alveolar macrophage immaturity in infants and young children. Eur Respir J 1999; 14:1198-1205.
55. Grigg J, Riedler J. Developmental airway cell biology. The 'normal'young child. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162 (2 Pt 2):S52-S55.
56. McNamara PS, Kicic A, Sutanto EN, et al. Comparison of techniques for obtaining lower airway epithelial cells from children. Eur Respir J 2008; 32:763-768.
57. Banerjee B, Kicic A, Musk M, et al. Successful establishment of primary small airway cell cultures in human lung transplantation. Respir Res 2009; 10:99. Although airway epithelial cells are increasingly recognized for their role in the innate immune response against RSV and other respiratory infections, little is known about their precise function. Historically, cells in the distal airway have not been easily accessible, and as such, few investigators have had the opportunity to perform detailed investigations. Here, the authors describe methods to collect and successfully culture cells from the distal airway in adults. Increased utilization of similar techniques will enhance our understanding of these important cells with respect to RSV and other infections.