Analysing decentralised natural resource governance: Proposition for a "politicised" institutional analysis and development framework

Policy Sciences

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 129-156

  Clement, Floriane ^a  

^a INTERNATIONAL CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE SEMI ARID TROPICS ICRISAT   (India)

Author keywords

Decentralisation; Discourses; IAD framework; Institutions; Natural resource management; Power

Indexed keywords

AFFORESTATION; DECENTRALIZATION; INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK; NATURAL RESOURCE; POLICY ANALYSIS; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT;

VIET NAM;

EID: 77952322092     PISSN: 00322687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11077-009-9100-8     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Acheson, J. M. (2006). Institutional failure in resource management. Annual Review of Anthropology, 35, 117-134.
2. ADB (Asian Development Bank), AECI (Agencia Espanola de Cooperacion Internacional), AusAID (Australian Agency for International Development), Royal Embassy of Belgium, CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency), Embassy of Denmark, et al. (2007). Vietnam development report 2007. Aiming high. Joint Donor report to the Vietnam Consultative Group Meeting. Hanoi: Joint Donor report to the Vietnam Consultative Group Meeting. Hanoi, December 14-15, 2006.
3. Adger, W. N., Benjaminsen, T. A., Brown, K., & Svarstad, H. (2001). A political ecology of environmental discourses. Development & Change, 32(4), 681-715.
4. Agrawal, A. (2001). Common property institutions and sustainable governance of resources. World Development, 29(10), 1649-1672.
5. Agrawal, A., & Goyal, S. (2001). Group size and collective action. Comparative Political Studies, 34(1), 63-93.
6. Agrawal, A., & Ostrom, E. (2001). Collective action, property rights, and devolution of forest and protected area management. In R. S. Meinzen-Dick, A. Knox, & M. Di Gregorio (Eds.), Collective action, property rights and devolution of natural resource management: Exchange of knowledge and implications for policy (pp. 73-107). Feldafing, Germany: Zentralstelle fur Ernaehrung und Landwirtschaft (ZEL), Food and Agriculture Development Centre (DSE).
7. Agrawal, A., & Ribot, J. C. (2000). Analyzing decentralization: A framework with South Asian and West African environmental cases. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
8. Andersson, K. P., Gibson, C. C., & Lehoucq, F. (2006). Municipal politics and forest governance: Comparative analysis of decentralization in Bolivia and Guatemala. World Development, 34(3), 576-595.
9. Andersson, K., & Ostrom, E. (2008). Analyzing decentralized resource regimes from a polycentric perspective. Policy Sciences, 41(1), 71-93.
10. Armitage, D. (2004). Nature-society dynamics, policy narratives, and ecosystem management: Integrating perspectives on upland change and complexity in central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ecosystems, 7, 717-728.
11. Armitage, D. (2008). Governance and the commons in a multi-level world. International Journal of the Commons, 2, 7-32.
12. Auer, M. (2006). Contexts, multiple methods, and values in the study of common-pool resources. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 25(1), 215-227.
13. Baland, J.-M., & Platteau, J.-P. (1996). Halting degradation of natural resources: Is there a role for rural communities?. Oxford: Clarendon Press for FAO.
14. Batterbury, S. (2006). Rescaling governance and the impacts of political and environmental decentralization: An introduction. World Development, 34(11), 1851-1863.
15. Berkes, F. (2002). Cross-scale institutional linkages. In Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change, E. Ostrom, T. Dietz, N. Dolšak, P. C. Stern, S. Stovich, & E. U. Weber (Eds.), The drama of the commons (pp. 293-321). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
16. Bhaskar, R. (1975). A realist theory of science. Sussex: The Harvester Press.
17. Blaikie, P. M. (1985). The political economy of soil erosion in developing countries. London: Longman.
18. Blaikie, P. M., & Brookfield, H. C. (Eds.). (1987). Land degradation and society. London: Methuen.
19. Blaikie, P. M., & Muldavin, J. S. S. (2004). Upstream, downstream, China, India: The politics of environment in the Himalayan region. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94(3), 520-548.
20. Bruijnzeel, L. A., Bonell, M., Gilmour, D. A., & Lamb, D. (2005). Forests, water and people in the humid tropics: An emerging view. In L. A. Bruijnzeel & M. Bonell (Eds.), Forests, water and people in the humid tropics (pp. 906-925). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
21. Bryant, R. L., & Bailey, S. (Eds.). (1997). Third world political ecology. London: Routledge.
22. Calder, I. R. (1999). The blue revolution. London: Earthscan.
23. Calder, I. R. (2005). Blue revolution (2nd ed.). London: Earthscan.
24. Campbell, B., Mandondo, A., Nemarundwe, N., Sithole, B., De JonG, W., Luckert, M., et al. (2001). Challenges to proponents of common property resource systems: Despairing voices from the social forests of Zimbabwe. World Development, 29(4), 589-600.
25. Cardenas, J. C., Stranlund, J., & Willis, C. (2000). Local environmental control and institutional crowding-out. World Development, 28(10), 1719-1733.
26. Carlsson, L. (2000). Policy networks as collective action. Policy Studies Journal, 28(3), 502-520.
27. Cleaver, F. (2000). Moral ecological rationality, institutions and the management of common property resources. Development & Change, 31(2), 361-383.
28. Clement, F., & Amezaga, J. M. (2008). Linking reforestation policies with land use change in northern Vietnam: Why local factors matter. Geoforum, 39(1), 265-277.
29. Clement, F., & Amezaga, J. M. (2009). Afforestation and forestry land allocation in Northern Vietnam: Analysing the gap between policy intentions and outcomes. Land Use Policy, 26(2), 458-470.
30. Clement, F., Orange, D., Williams, M., Mulley, C., & Epprecht, M. (2009). Drivers of afforestation in Northern Vietnam: Assessing local variations using geographically weighted regression. Applied Geography, In press, corrected proof (doi: 10. 1016/j. apgeog. 2009. 01. 003).
31. Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change, Ostrom, E., Dietz, T., Dolšak, N., Stern, P. C., & Stovich, S. (Eds.). (2002). The drama of the commons. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
32. Crewe, E., & Young, J. (2002). Bridging research and policy: Context, evidence and links. Working Paper 173. London: Overseas Development Institute.
33. De Jong, W., Sam, D. D., & Hung, T. V. (2006). Forest rehabilitation in Vietnam: Histories, realities and future. Bogor, Jakarta: CIFOR.
34. De Koninck, R. (1999). Deforestation in Viet Nam. Ottawa: IDRC.
35. Dressler, W., Kull, C. A., & Meredith, T. C. (2006). The politics of decentralizing national parks management in the Philippines. Political Geography, 25(7), 789-816.
36. Dupar, M., & Badenoch, N. (2002). Environment, livelihoods and local institutions: Decentralization in mainland Southeast Asia. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
37. Edmunds, D., & Wollenberg, E. (2001). Historical perspectives on forest policy change in Asia. Environmental History, 6(2), 190-212.
38. Edwards, V. M., & Steins, N. A. (1999). A framework for analysing contextual factors in common pool resource research. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 1(3), 205-221.
39. Escobar, A. (1996). Constructing nature. Elements for a poststructural political ecology. In R. Peet & M. Watts (Eds.), Liberation ecologies: Environment, development and social movements (pp. 46-67). London: Routledge.
40. Fairhead, J., & Leach, M. (1996). Misreading the African landscape: Society and ecology in a forest-savanna mosaic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
41. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). (2003). State of the world's forests. Rome: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).
42. Fforde, A. (1997). Vietnam economic commentary and analysis (Vol. 9). Canberra: Aduki Pty.
43. Fischer, F. (2003). Reframing public policy. Discursive politics and deliberative practices. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
44. Forest Protection Department. (2007). Số liê{dot below}u d{stroke}iễn biến ru{horn}̀ng hàng nǎm (Figures on the evolution of forest by year). http://www. kiemlam. org. vn/Desktop. aspx/News/So-lieu-dien-bien-rung-hang-nam/Nam_2007/. Accessed Sep 2009.
45. Forest Protection Department. (2008). Số liê{dot below}u d{stroke}iễn biến ru{horn}̀ng hàng nǎm (Figures on the evolution of forest by year). http://www. kiemlam. org. vn/Desktop. aspx/News/So-lieu-dien-bien-rung-hang-nam/Nam_2008/. Accessed Sep 2009.
46. Forsyth, T. (2003). Critical political ecology. The politics of environmental science. New York: Routledge.
47. Foucault, M. (1975). Surveiller et Punir. Naissance de la prison. Paris: Gallimard.
48. Foucault, M. (1976). Histoire de la Sexualité, vol. 1: La volonté de savoir (Vol. 1). Paris: Gallimard.
49. Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
50. French, J. R. P., & Raven, B. H. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright (Ed.), Studies in social power (pp. 150-167). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.
51. Garces-Restrepo, C., Vermillion, D., & Muñoz, G. (2007). Irrigation management transfer. Worldwide efforts and results. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
52. Ghate, R. (2003). Global gains at local costs: Imposing protected areas: Evidence from central India. The International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 10(4), 377-389.
53. Gibson, C. C., Andersson, K., Ostrom, E., & Shivakumar, S. (Eds.). (2005). The Samaritan's Dilemma: The political economy of development aid. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
54. Gibson, C. C., McKean, M. A., & Ostrom, E. (Eds.). (2000). People and forests: Communities, institutions, and governance. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
55. Greener, I. (2005). The potential of path dependence in political studies. Politics, 25(1), 62-72.
56. Hajer, M. J. (1995). The politics of environmental discourse: Ecological modernization and the policy process. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
57. Hajer, M. J. (2005). A decade of discourse analysis of environmental politics: Achievements, challenges, perspectives. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 7(3), 175-1884.
58. Harré, R. (1972). The philosophies of science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
59. Hong, L., & Page, S. E. (2004). Groups of diverse problem solvers can outperform groups of high-ability problem solvers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States of America, 101(46), 16385-16389.
60. Imperial, M. T. (1999). Institutional analysis and ecosystem-based management: The institutional analysis and development framework. Environmental Management, 24(4), 449-465.
61. Jackson, R. B., Jobbagy, E. G., Avissar, R., Roy, S. B., Barrett, D. J., Cook, C. W., et al. (2005). Trading water for carbon with biological carbon sequestration. Science, 310(5756), 1944-1947.
62. Johnson, C. (2004). Uncommon ground: The 'poverty of history' in common property discourse. Development & Change, 35(3), 407-433.
63. Keeley, J., & Scoones, I. (2003). Understanding environmental policy processes: Cases from Africa. London: Earthscan.
64. Kiser, L., & Ostrom, E. (1982). The three worlds of action: A metatheoretical synthesis of institutional approaches. In E. Ostrom (Ed.), Strategies of political inquiry (pp. 179-222). Beverly Hills (CA): Sage.
65. Klooster, D. (2000). Institutional choice, community, and struggle: A case study of forest co-management in Mexico. World Development, 28(1), 1-20.
66. Lam, W. F. (1998). Governing irrigation systems in Nepal. Institutions, infrastructure, and collective action. Oakland, CA: ICS Press.
67. Larson, A. M. (2002). Natural resources and decentralization in Nicaragua: Are local governments up to the job? World Development, 30(1), 17-31.
68. Larson, A. M. (2003). Decentralisation and forest management in Latin America: Towards a working model. Public Administration and Development, 23(3), 211-226.
69. Larson, A. M., & Ribot, J. C. (2007). The poverty of forestry policy: Double standards on an uneven playing field. Sustainability Science, 2(2), 189-204.
70. Latour, B. (1987). Science in Action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
71. Latour, B. (1993). Nous n'avons Jamais été Modernes. Paris: Poche.
72. Leach, M., Mearns, R., & Scoones, I. (1999). Environmental entitlements: Dynamics and institutions in community-based natural resources management. World Development, 27(2), 225-247.
73. Lukes, S. (2005). Power: A radical view (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
74. Malesky, E. (2004). Leveled mountains and broken fences: Measuring and analyzing de facto decentralization in Vietnam. European Journal of South East Asian Studies, 3(2), 307-337.
75. MARD (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development). (2005). Draft national forestry strategy 2006-2020. Hanoi: MARD.
76. McCarty, A. (2002). The policy making process in Vietnam. Hanoi: Mekong Economics.
77. McCay, B. J. (2002). Emergence of institutions for the commons: Contexts, situations, and events. In Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change, E. Ostrom, T. Dietz, N. Dolšak, P. C. Stern, S. Stovich, & E. U. Weber (Eds.), The drama of the commons (pp. 361-402). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
78. McKean, M. A. (2000). Common property. In C. C. Gibson, M. A. McKean, & E. Ostrom (Eds.), People and forests: Communities, institutions, and governance (pp. 27-55). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
79. Meinzen-Dick, R. (2007). Beyond panaceas in water institutions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science in the United States of America, 104, 15200-15205.
80. Mellac, G. M. (2000). Des Forêts Sans Partage. Dynamique de l'espace et utilisation des ressources dans un district de montagne au Nord Viet Nam. Ph. D. Dissertation, Unpublished Ph. D., Université Michel de Montaigne-Bordeaux III, Bordeaux, France.
81. Minot, N., Epprecht, M., Anh, T. T. T., & Trung, L. Q. (2006). Income diversification and poverty in the Northern Uplands of Vietnam. Washington, DC: IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute).
82. Mosse, D. (1997). The symbolic making of a common property resource: History, ecology and locality in a tank-irrigated landscape in South India. Development and Change, 28(3), 467-504.
83. Muldavin, J. S. S. (1996). The political ecology of agrarian reform in China: The case of Helongjiang province. In R. Peet & M. Watts (Eds.), Liberation ecologies: Environment, development and social movements (pp. 227-259). London: Routledge.
84. Muldavin, J. (2000). The paradoxes of environmental policy and resource management in reform-era China. Economic Geography, 76(3), 244-271.
85. Muller, D., Epprecht, M., & Sunderlin, W. D. (2006). Where are the poor and where are the trees?: Targeting of poverty reduction and forest conservation in Vietnam. Bogor, Jakarta: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
86. National Assembly of Vietnam. (1991). Law on forest protection and development (Vol. 58-LCT/HD{stroke}NN8). Hanoi: National Political Publishing House.
87. National Assembly of Vietnam. (1993). Land Law. Hanoi: National Political Publishing House.
88. National Assembly of Vietnam. (2004). Law on forest protection and development. Hanoi: National Political Publishing House.
89. Neumann, R. P. (2005). Making political ecology. London: Oxford University Press.
90. North, D. C. (1981). Structure and change in economic history. New York: W. W. Norton and Co.
91. North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and organisations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
92. Nunan, F. (2006). Empowerment and institutions: Managing fisheries in Uganda. World Development, 34(7), 1316-1332.
93. Nygren, A. (2000). Development discourses and peasant-forest relations: Natural resource utilization as social process. Development & Change, 31(1), 11-24.
94. O'Toole, L. J., Jr. (2000). Research on policy implementation: Assessment and prospects. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10(2), 263-288.
95. Ohlsson, B., Sandewall, M., Sandewall, R. K., & Phon, N. H. (2005). Government plans and farmers intentions: A study on forest land use planning in Vietnam. Ambio, 34(3), 248-255.
96. Olson, M. (1965). The logic of collective action. Public goods and the theory of groups. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
97. Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons. The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
98. Ostrom, E. (1999). Institutional rational choice. An assessment of the institutional analysis and development framework. In P. A. Sabatier (Ed.), Theories of the policy process (pp. 35-71). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
99. Ostrom, E. (2005). Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
100. Ostrom, E. (2007). A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science in the United States of America, 104, 15181-15187.
101. Ostrom, E., Burger, J., Field, C. B., Norgaard, R. B., & Policansky, D. (1999). Revisiting the commons: Local lessons, global challenges. Science, 284(5412), 278-282.
102. Ostrom, E., Gardner, R., & Walker, J. (1994). Rules, games & common-pool resources. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
103. Ostrom, E., Janssen, M. A., & Anderies, J. M. (2007). Going beyond panaceas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science in the United States of America, 104(39), 15176-15178.
104. Peet, R., & Watts, M. (1996). Liberation ecologies: Development, sustainability, and environment in an age of market triumphalism. In R. Peet & M. Watts (Eds.), Liberation ecologies: Environment, development and social movements (pp. 1-45). London: Routledge.
105. Post, J., & Snel, M. (2003). The impact of decentralised forest management on charcoal production practices in Eastern Senegal. Geoforum, 34(1), 85-98.
106. Prime Minister of the Government of Vietnam. (1998). On objectives, tasks, policy and organisation for the implementation of the 5 million hectares afforestation national programme. Decision 661/QD-TTg. Hanoi: National Political Publishing House.
107. Prime Minister of the Government of Vietnam. (1999). Circular on management of state funds for the national five million hectares reforestation programme (Vol. Decision No. 28/199/TT-BTC). Hanoi: National Political Publishing House.
108. Prime Minister of the Government of Vietnam. (2007). On the approval of the forestry development strategy for the period 2006-2020 (Vol. Decision No. 18/2007/QD-TTg). Hanoi: Official Gazette.
109. Repetto, R. (1988). The forest for the trees? Government policies and the misuse of forest resources. Washington, DC: World Resource Institute.
110. Ribot, J. C. (2003). Democratic decentralization of natural resources: Institutional choice and discretionary power transfers in Sub-Saharan Africa. Public Administration and Development, 23(1), 53-65.
111. Ribot, J. C. (2006). Editorial. Choose democracy: Environmentalists' socio-political responsibility. Global Environmental Change, 16, 115-119.
112. Ribot, J. C., Agrawal, A., & Larson, A. M. (2006). Recentralizing while decentralizing: How national governments reappropriate forest resources. World Development, 34(11), 1864-1886.
113. Ribot, J. C., & Peluso, N. L. (2003). A theory of access. Rural Sociology, 68(2), 153-181.
114. Robbins, P. (2004). Political ecology. A critical introduction. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
115. Roe, E. (1991). Development narratives, or making the best of blueprint development. World Development, 19(4), 287-300.
116. Roe, E. (1994). Narrative policy analysis, theory and practice. Durham, London: Duke University Press.
117. Rudd, M. A. (2004). An institutional framework for designing and monitoring ecosystem-based fisheries management policy experiments. Ecological Economics, 48(1), 109-124.
118. Sabatier, P. A., & Jenkins-Smith, H. C. (1999). The advocacy coalition framework. An assessment. In P. A. Sabatier (Ed.), Theories of the policy process (pp. 117-166). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
119. Sabatier, P. A., & Weible, C. M. (2006). The advocacy coalition framework. Innovations and clarifications. In P. A. Sabatier (Ed.), Theories of the policy process (2nd ed., pp. 189-220). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
120. Schmidt, V. A. (forthcoming). Give peace a chance. Reconciling four (not three) 'new institutionalisms'. In D. Béland & R. H. Cox (Eds.), Ideas and politics in social science research.
121. Schubert, J. (2005). Political ecology in development research. An introductory overview and annotated bibliography. Bern: NCCR North-South.
122. Searle, J. R. (2005). What is an institution? Journal of Institutional Economics, 1(1), 1-22.
123. Shackleton, S., Campbell, B., Wollenberg, E., & Edmunds, D. (2002). Devolution and community-based natural resource management: Creating space for local people to participate and benefit? ODI Natural Resource Perspectives, 76, 1-6.
124. Sikor, T. (2001). The allocation of forestry land in Vietnam: Did it cause the expansion of forests in the northwest? Forest Policy and Economics, 2(1), 1-11.
125. Sikor, T. (2004). Local government in the exercise of state power: The politics of land allocation in black Thai villages. In B. J. T. Kerkvliet & D. Marr (Eds.), Beyond Hanoi: Local government in Vietnam (pp. 171-200). Copenhagen and Singapore: Institute for Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) Publications and NIAS Press.
126. Sikor, T. (2006). Analyzing community-based forestry: Local, political and agrarian perspectives. Forest Policy and Economics, 8, 339-349.
127. Simitzis, J., Karagiannis, K., Zoumpoulakis, L., & Escobar, A. (1996). Construction nature: Elements for a post-structuralist political ecology. Futures, 28(4), 325-343.
128. Snidal, D. (1995). The politics of scope: Endogenous actors, heterogeneity and institutions. In R. O. Keohane & E. Ostrom (Eds.), Local commons and global interdependence: Heterogeneity and cooperation in two domains (pp. 47-70). London: SAGE.
129. Sowerwine, J. (2004). Territorialisation and the politics of highland landscapes in Vietnam: Negotiating property relations in policy, meaning and practice. Conservation and Society, 2(1), 97-136.
130. Springate-Baginski, O., & Blaikie, P. (2007a). Introduction: Setting up key policy issues in participatory forest management. In O. Springate-Baginski & P. Blaikie (Eds.), Forests, people and power. The political ecology of reform in South Asia (pp. 1-24). London: Earthscan.
131. Springate-Baginski, O., & Blaikie, P. (Eds.). (2007b). Forests, people and power. The political ecology of reform in South Asia. London: Earthscan.
132. Sproule-Jones, M. (1999). Restoring the great lakes: Institutional analysis and design. Coastal Management, 27(4), 291-316.
133. Stott, P., & Sullivan, S. (Eds.). (2000). Political ecology. Science, myth and power. London: Arnold.
134. Sunderlin, W. D., & Huynh, T. B. (2005). Poverty alleviation and forests in Vietnam. Bogor, Jakarta: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
135. Tan, N. Q. (2006). Trends in forest ownership, forest resources tenure and institutional arrangements: Are they contributing to better forest management and poverty reduction? Case study from Vietnam. In Understanding forest tenure in south and southeast Asia-Forestry policy and institutions working paper No 14 (Vol. 14, pp. 355-407). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
136. Thomson, J. T. (1992). A framework for analyzing institutional incentives in community forestry. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): Rome.
137. Thomson, J. T., & Schoonmaker Freudenberger, K. (1997). Crafting institutional arrangements for community forestry. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): Rome.
138. Thuan, D. D. (2005). Forestry, poverty reduction and rural livelihoods in Vietnam. Hanoi: Labour and Social Affair Publishing House.
139. Torras, M. (2005). Ecological inequality in assessing well-being: Some applications. Policy Sciences, 38(4), 205-224.
140. Tran Duc Vien, Nguyen Vinh Quang, & Mai van Thanh. (2005). Decentralization of forest management and impacts on livelihoods of ethnic minority groups in Vietnam's uplands: A study on decentralization process in forest management in northern and North central uplands of Vietnam. Hanoi: The Agricultural Publishing House.
141. van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A., & Munda, G. (2000). Alternative models of individual behaviour and implications for environmental policy. Ecological Economics, 32(1), 43-61.
142. Vayda, A. P., & Walters, B. B. (1999). Against political ecology. Human Ecology, 27(1), 167-179.
143. Vietnam News Agency. (2006, July 18-4. 34 pm). Forest coverage reaches over 60 percent in four provinces.
144. Vo Quy. (1996). The Environmental challenges of Vietnam's development, draft report. Regional seminar on environmental education, 19-22 March 1996 (pp. 4-20). Hanoi: Center for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies - University of Hanoi.
145. Walker, P. (2006). Political ecology: where is the policy? Progress in Human Geography, 30(3), 382-395.
146. Wardell, A. D., & Lund, C. (2006). Governing access to forests in Northern Ghana: Micro-politics and the rent of non-enforcement. World Development, 34(11), 1887-1906.
147. Wilson, J. (2002). Scientific uncertainty, complex systems, and the design of common-pool institutions. In Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change, E. Ostrom, T. Dietz, N. Dolšak, P. C. Stern, S. Stovich, & E. U. Weber (Eds.), The drama of the commons (pp. 327-359). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
148. World Bank. (1995). Viet Nam. Environmental programme and policy priorities for a socialist economy in transition. Volume I. Executive summary and main report. Washington, DC: World Bank. Agriculture and Environment Operations Division.
149. Xu, J., & Ribot, J. C. (2004). Decentralisation and accountability in forest management: A case from Yunnan, Southwest China. The European Journal of Development Research, 16(1), 153-173.
150. Zingerli, C. (2003). Vietnam's mountain problematique: Debating development, policy and politics in mountain areas. Ph. D. dissertation, Unpublished Ph. D., East Anglia, Norwich.