Treatment of acute pancreatitis: An attempted historical review

Pancreatology

Volumn 10, Issue 2-3, 2010, Pages 134-141

  Lankisch, Paul Georg ^a  

^a NONE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Acute pancreatitis; Conservative treatment; Intensive therapy; Principles of treatment; Surgical treatment

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOMETHYLBENZOIC ACID; ALCOHOL; AMINOCAPROIC ACID; ATROPINE; FRESH FROZEN PLASMA; GABEXATE MESILATE; INDOMETACIN; TRANEXAMIC ACID;

ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC PANCREATITIS; ACUTE PANCREATITIS; CHOLECYSTECTOMY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDICAL SPECIALIST; NECROSIS; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS SECRETION; PANCREAS SURGERY; PERITONEUM LAVAGE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TOXICITY; WEANING; HISTORY; PANCREAS; PANCREATITIS; PANCREATITIS, ACUTE NECROTIZING; PATHOLOGY;

HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; PANCREAS; PANCREATITIS; PANCREATITIS, ACUTE NECROTIZING;

EID: 77952317974     PISSN: 14243903     EISSN: 14243911     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000255465     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Leach SD, Gorelick FS, Modlin IM: Acute pancreatitis at its centenary. The contribution of Reginald Fitz. Ann Surg 1990; 212: 109-110.
2. Schnelldorfer T, Adams DB, Warshaw AL, Lillemoe KD, Sarr MG: Forgotten pioneers of pancreatic surgery. Beyond the favorite few. Ann Surg 2008; 247: 191-202.
3. Pannala R, Kidd M, Modlin IM: Acute pancreatitis. A historical perspective. Pancreas 2009; 38: 355-366.
4. Nordmann O: Neuere Anschauungen über die akute Pankreasnekrose und ihre Behandlung. Arch Klin Chir 1938; 193: 370-382.
5. Halsted WS: Retrojection of bile into the pancreas, a cause of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull 1901; 12: 179-182.
6. Senn N: The Surgery of the Pancreas. Philadelphia, Dornan, 1886, pp 71-107.
7. Rocha FG, Balakrishnan A, Ashley SW, Clancy TE: A historic perspective on the contributions of surgeons to the understanding of acute pancreatitis. Am J Surg 2008; 196: 442-449.
8. Schmieden V, Sebening W: Chirurgie des Pankreas. Arch Klin Chir 1927; 148: 319-387.
9. Siler VE, Wulsin JH: Consideration of the lethal factors in acute pancreatitis. Arch Surg 1951; 63: 496-504.
10. Walzel P: Zur Diagnose und Therapie Der akuten Pankreasnekrose. Bruns' Beitr 1929; 147: 3-13.
11. Morton J: Acute pancreatitis. Surgery 1945; 17: 475-491.
12. Nordback I, Pessi T, Auvinen O, Autio V: Determination of necrosis in necrotizing pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1985; 72: 225-227.
13. Demel R: Umstrittene Fragen bei akuter Pankreasnekrose (Aktuelles zur Aetiologie, Diagnose und Behandlung Der akuten Pankreasnekrose). Wien Klin Wochenschr 1936; 49:1273-1278; 1309-1312.
14. Paxton JR, Payne JH: Acute pancreatitis. A statistical review of 307 established cases of acute pancreatitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1948; 86: 69-75.
15. Watts GT: Total pancreatectomy for fulminant pancreatitis. Lancet 1963; 13: 384.
16. Edelmann G, Boutelier P: Le traitement des pancréatites aiguës nécrosantes par l'ablation chirurgicale précoce des portions nécrosées. Chirurgie (Paris) 1974; 100: 155-167.
17. Leger L, Chiche B, Ghouti A: Notre expérience de la pancréatite aiguë. Chirurgie (Paris) 1977; 103: 846-847.
18. Mercadier M: Sur une série de 100 cas de pancréatite aiguë graves opérés précocement. Chirurgie (Paris) 1977; 103: 835-845.
19. Alexandre JH, Chambon H, Assan R: Total pancreatectomy in the treatment of acute necrotising and hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Indications - technique. Langenbecks Arch Chir 1976; 340: 231-247.
20. Kümmerle F, Neher M, Schönborn H, Mangold G: Vorzeitige Operation bei akuter hämorrhagisch- nekrotisierender Pankreatitis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1975; 100: 2241-2245.
21. Neher M, Kümmerle F, Mangold G, Schönborn H: Verzögerte Operation bei akuter Pankreatitis. Chirurg 1977; 48: 439-443. (Pubitemid 8143168)
22. Beger HG: Management of pancreatic necrosis and pancreatic abscess; in Carter DC, Warshaw AL (eds): Pancreatitis. Clin Surg Internat. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone, 1989, vol 16, pp 107-119.
23. Elliott DW, Zollinger RM, Moore R, Ellison EH: The use of human serum albumin in the management of acute pancreatitis. Experimental and clinical observations. Gastroenterology 1955; 28: 563-587.
24. Elliott DW: Treatment of acute pancreatitis with albumin and whole blood. Arch Surg 1957; 75: 573-580.
25. Dubner H, Steinberg W, Hill M, Bassi C, Chardavoyne R, Bank S: Infected pancreatic necrosis and peripancreatic fluid collections: serendipitous response to antibiotics and medical therapy in three patients. Pancreas 1996; 12: 298-302.
26. Adler DG, Chari ST, Dahl TJ, Farnell MB, Pearson RK: Conservative management of infected necrosis complicating severe acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 98-103.
27. Runzi M, Niebel W, Goebell H, Gerken G, Layer P: Severe acute pancreatitis: nonsurgical treatment of infected necroses. Pancreas 2005; 30: 195-199.
28. Seifert H, Wehrmann T, Schmitt T, Zeuzem S, Caspary WF: Retroperitoneal endoscopic debridement for infected peripancreatic necrosis. Lancet 2000; 356: 653-655.
29. Voermans RP, Bruno MJ, Van Berge Henegouwen MI, Fockens P: Review article: transluminal endoscopic debridement of organized pancreatic necrosis - the first step towards natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26: 233-239.
30. Mofidi R, Lee AC, Madhavan KK, Garden OJ, Parks RW: Prognostic factors in patients undergoing surgery for severe necrotizing pancreatitis. World J Surg 2007; 31: 2002-2007.
31. Lankisch PG, Koop H, Winckler K, Quellhorst E, Schmidt H: Experimental model for peritoneal dialysis in small laboratory animals. Clin Nephrol 1975; 4: 251-252.
32. Lankisch PG, Koop H, Winckler K, Schmidt H: Continuous peritoneal dialysis as treatment of acute experimental pancreatitis in the rat. I. Effect on length and rate of survival. Dig Dis Sci 1979; 24: 111-116. (Pubitemid 9167934)
33. Amundsen E, Ofstad E, Hagen P-O: Experimental acute pancreatitis in dogs. I. Hypotensive effect induced by pancreatic exudate. Scand J Gastroenterol 1968; 3: 659-664.
34. Satake K, Rozmanith JS, Appert HE, Carballo J, Howard JM: Hypotension and release of kinin-forming enzyme into ascitic fluid exudate during experimental pancreatitis in dogs. Ann Surg 1973; 177: 497-502.
35. Hagen P-O, Ofstad E, Amundsen E: Experimental acute pancreatitis in dogs. IV. The relationship between phospholipase A and the histamine-releasing hypotensive effects of pancreatic exudate. Scand J Gastroenterol 1969; 4: 89-96.
36. Ofstad E, Amundsen E, Hagen P-O: Experimental acute pancreatitis in dogs. II. Histamine release induced by pancreatic exudate. Scand J Gastroenterol 1969; 4: 75-79.
37. Lankisch PG, Koop H, Winckler K, Schmidt H: Continuous peritoneal dialysis as treatment of acute experimental pancreatitis in the rat. II. Analysis of its beneficial effect. Dig Dis Sci 1979; 24: 117-122. (Pubitemid 9180926)
38. Stone HH, Fabian TC: Peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of acute alcoholic pancreatitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1980; 150: 878-882.
39. Cooper MJ, Williamson RCN, Pollock AV: The role of peritoneal lavage in the prediction and treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Ann Roy Coll Surg Engl 1982; 64: 422-425.
40. Kivilaakso E, Lempinen M, Mäkeläinen A, Nikki P, Schröder T: Pancreatic resection versus peritoneal lavation for acute fulminant pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1984; 199: 426-431.
41. Mayer AD, McMahon MJ, Corfield AP, Cooper MJ, Williamson RCN, Dickson AP, Shearer MG, Imrie CW: Controlled clinical trial of peritoneal lavage for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 399-404.
42. Ihse I, Evander A, Holmberg JT, Gustafson I: Influence of peritoneal lavage on objective prognostic signs in acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1986; 204: 122-127.
43. Teerenhovi O, Nordback I, Eskola J: High volume lesser sac lavage in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1989; 76: 370-373.
44. Ranson JHC, Berman RS: Long peritoneal lavage decreases pancreatic sepsis in acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1990; 211: 708-718.
45. Schröder T, Sainio V, Kivisaari L, Puolakkainen P, Kivilaakso E, Lempinen M: Pancreatic resection versus peritoneal lavage in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. A prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg 1991; 214: 663-666.
46. Platell C, Cooper D, Hall JC: Acute pancreatitis: effect of somatostatin analogs and peritoneal lavage. A meta-analysis of peritoneal lavage for acute pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16: 689-693.
47. Balldin G, Borgström A, Genell S, Ohlsson K: The effect of peritoneal lavage and aprotinin in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Res Exp Med 1983; 183: 203-213.
48. Berling R, Borgström A, Ohlsson K: Peritoneal lavage with aprotinin in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Effects on plasma and peritoneal levels of trypsin and leukocyte proteases and their major inhibitors. Int J Pancreatol 1998; 24: 9-17.
49. Arnold F, Doyle PJ, Bell G: Acute pancreatitis in a patient treated with cimetidine. Lancet 1978; 1: 382-383.
50. Hadas N, Wapnick S, Grosberg SJ, Sugaar S. Cimetidine induced mortality in experimental pancreatitis (abstract). Gastroenterology 1979; 76: 1148.
51. Evander A, Ihse I: Cimetidine treatment in acute experimental pancreatitis. Eur Surg Res 1980; 12: 301-309. (Pubitemid 11142155)
52. Lankisch PG, Koop H, Winckler K, Otto J: Cimetidine: harmful in acute experimental pancreatitis? Hepatogastroenterology 1982; 29: 195-197.
53. Morimoto T, Noguchi Y, Sakai T, Shimbo T, Fukui T: Acute pancreatitis and the role of histamine-2 receptor antagonists: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials of cimetidine. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 14: 679-686.
54. Meshkinpour H, Molinari MD, Gardner L, Berk JE, Koehler FK: Cimetidine in the treatment of acute alcoholic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1979; 77: 687-690.
55. Sillero C, Perez-Mateo M, Vazquez N, Martin A: Controlled trial of cimetidine in acute pancreatitis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 21: 17-21.
56. Broe PJ, Zinner MJ, Cameron JL: A clinical trial of cimetidine in acute pancreatitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1982; 154: 13-16.
57. Lojudice TA, Lang J, Metha H, Santa L: Treatment of acute alcoholic pancreatitis: the roles of cimetidine and nasogastric suction. Am J Gastroenterol 1984; 79: 553-558.
58. Navarro S, Ros E, Aused R, García-Pugés AM, Piqué JM, Vilar Bonet J: Comparison of fasting, nasogastric suction and cimetidine in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Digestion 1984; 30: 224-230.
59. Cameron JL, Mehigan D, Zuidema GD: Evaluation of atropine in acute pancreatitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1979; 148: 206-208.
60. Knight MJ, Condon JR, Smith R: Possible use of glucagon in the treatment of pancreatitis. BMJ 1971; 2: 440-442.
61. Waterworth MW, Barbezat GO, Hickman R, Terblanche J: A controlled trial of glucagon in experimental pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1976; 63: 617-620.
62. Condon RE, Woods JH, Poulin TL, Wagner WG, Pissiotis CA: Experimental pancreatitis treated with glucagon or lactated Ringer solution. Arch Surg 1974; 109: 154-158.
63. Lankisch PG, Winckler K, Bokermann M, Schmidt H, Creutzfeldt W: The influence of glucagon on acute experimental pancreatitis in the rat. Scand J Gastroenterol 1974; 9: 725-729.
64. Papp M, Ribet A, Fodor I, Németh PÉ, Fehér S, Horváth JE, Folly G: Glucagon treatment of experimental acute pancreatitis. Acta Med Acad Sci Hung 1975; 32: 105-116.
65. Dürr HK, Weihe W, Bode C, Bode JC: A controlled trial of glucagon in acute experimental pancreatitis in rats. Z Gastroenterol 1977; 15: 728-733.
66. Manabe T, Steer ML: Experimental acute pancreatitis in mice. Protective effects of glucagon. Gastroenterology 1979; 76: 529-534.
67. Medical Research Council Multicentre Trial of Glucagon and Aprotinin: Death from acute pancreatitis. Lancet 1977; 2: 632-635.
68. Dürr HK, Maroske D, Zelder O, Bode JC: Glucagon therapy in acute pancreatitis. Report of a double-blind trial. Gut 1978; 19: 175-179.
69. Gauthier A, Gillet M, Di Costanzo J, Camelot G, Maurin P, Sarles H: Étude controlée multicentrique de l'aprotinine et du glucagon dans le traitement des pancréatites aiguës. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1978; 2: 777-784.
70. Olazabal A, Fuller R: Failure of glucagon in the treatment of alcoholic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1978; 74: 489-491.
71. Debas HT, Hancock RJ, Soon-Shiong P, Smythe HA, Cassim MM: Glucagon therapy in acute pancreatitis: prospective randomized double-blind study. Can J Surg 1980; 23: 578-580.
72. Kronborg O, Bülow S, Joergensen PM, Svendsen LB: A randomized double-blind trial of glucagon in treatment of first attack of severe acute pancreatitis without associated biliary disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1980; 73: 423-425.
73. Medical Research Council Multicentre Trial: Morbidity of acute pancreatitis: the effect of aprotinin and glucagon. Gut 1980; 21: 334-339.
74. Schmidt H, Hesch R-D, Hüfner M, Paschen K, Creutzfeldt W: Hemmung Der exokrinen Pankreassekretion des Menschen durch Calcitonin. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1971; 96: 1173-1175.
75. Goebell H, Ammann R, Herfarth C, Horn J, Hotz J, Knoblauch M, Schmid M, Jaeger M, Akovbiantz A, Linder E, Abt K, Nüesch E, Barth E (The Pancreatitis Study Group): A double-blind trial of synthetic salmon calcitonin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1979; 14: 881-889. (Pubitemid 10161403)
76. Paul F, Ohnhaus EE, Hesch RD, Chemnitz G, Hoppe-Seyler R, Henrichs HR, Hartung H, Waldmann D, Kunze K, Barth E, Nüesch E, Abt K: Einfluß von Salm-Calcitonin auf den Verlauf Der akuten Pankreatitis. Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Doppelblindstudie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1979; 104: 615-622.
77. Martinez E, Navarrete F: A controlled trial of synthetic salmon calcitonin in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. World J Surg 1984; 8: 354-359.
78. Smith M, Kocher HM, Hunt BJ: Aprotinin in severe acute pancreatitis. Int J Clin Pract 2010;64:84-92.
79. Trapnell JE, Rigby CC, Talbot CH, Duncan EHL: A controlled trial of Trasylol in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1974; 61: 177-182.
80. Imrie CW, Benjamin IS, Ferguson JC, Mc- Kay AJ, Mackenzie I, O'Neill J, Blumgart LH: A single-centre double-blind trial of Trasylol therapy in primary acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1978; 65: 337-341.
81. Yang CY, Chang-Chien CS, Liaw YF: Controlled trial of protease inhibitor gabexelate mesilate (FOY) in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 1987; 2: 698-700.
82. Goebell H. Multicenter double-blind study of gabexate-mesilate (Foy), given intravenously in low dose in acute pancreatitis (abstract). Digestion 1988; 40: 83.
83. Büchler M, Malfertheiner P, Uhl W, Schölmerich J, Stöckmann F, Adler G, Gaus W, Rolle K, Beger HG, German Pancreatitis Study Group: Gabexate mesilate in human acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 1165-1170.
84. Messori A, Rampazzo R, Scroccaro G, Olivato R, Bassi C, Falconi M, Pederzoli P, Martini N: Effectiveness of gabexate mesilate in acute pancreatitis. A metaanalysis. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40: 734-738.
85. Konttinen YP: Epsilon-aminocaproic acid in treatment of acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1971; 6: 715-718.
86. Cuschieri A, Wood RAB, Cumming JRG, Meehan SE, Mackie CR: Treatment of acute pancreatitis with fresh frozen plasma. Br J Surg 1983; 70: 710-712.
87. Leese T, Holliday M, Heath D, Hall AW, Bell PRF: Multicentre clinical trial of low volume fresh frozen plasma therapy in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1987; 74: 907-911.
88. Leese T, Thomas WM, Holliday M, Attard A, Watkins M, Neoptolemos JP, Hall C: A multicentre controlled clinical trial of high-volume fresh frozen plasma therapy in prognostically severe acute pancreatitis. Ann Roy Coll Surg Engl 1991; 73: 207-214.
89. Mäkelä A, Kuusi T, Schröder T: Inhibition of serum phospholipase-A 2 in acute pancreatitis by pharmacological agents in vitro. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1997; 57: 401-408.
90. Lankisch PG, Koop H, Winckler K, Kunze H, Vogt W: Indomethacin treatment of acute experimental pancreatitis in the rat. Scand J Gastroenterol 1978; 13: 629-633.
91. Ebbehøj N, Friis J, Svendsen LB, Bülow S, Madsen P: Indomethacin treatment of acute pancreatitis. A controlled double-blind trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985; 20: 798-800.
92. Montaño Loza A, García Correa J, González Ojeda A, Fuentes Orozco C, Dávalos Coblán C, Rodríguez Lomelí X: Prevention of hyperamylasemia and pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with rectal administration of indomethacin. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 2006; 71: 262-268.
93. Montaño Loza A, Rodríguez Lomelí X, García Correa JE, Dávalos Coblán C, Cervantes Guevara G, Medrano Muñoz F, Fuentes Orozco C, González Ojeda A: Effect of the administration of rectal indomethacin on amylase serum levels after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and its impact on the development of secondary pancreatitis episodes. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2007; 99: 330-336.
94. Sotoudehmanesh R, Khatibian M, Kolahdoozan S, Ainechi S, Malboosbaf R, Nourale M: Indomethacin may reduce the incidence and severity of acute pancreatitis after ERCP. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 978-983.
95. Murray B, Carter R, Imrie C, Evans S, O'Suilleabhain C: Diclofenac reduces the incidence of acute pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 1786-1791.
96. Wagh MS, Sherman S: Indomethacin for post-ERCP pancreatitis prophylaxis: another attempt at the holy grail. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 984-986.
97. Lankisch PG, Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P: What is the risk of alcoholic pancreatitis in heavy drinkers? Pancreas 2002; 25: 411-412.
98. Nordback I, Pelli H, Lappalainen-Lehto R, Järvinen S, Räty S, Sand J: The recurrence of acute alcohol-associated pancreatitis can be reduced: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 848-855.
99. Bradley EL III: A clinically based classification system for acute pancreatitis. Summary of the International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, Ga, September 11 through 13, 1992. Arch Surg 1993; 128: 586-590.
100. Toouli J, Brooke-Smith M, Bassi C, Carr- Locke D, Telford J, Freeney P, Imrie C, Tandon R: Working party report: Guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17(suppl):S15-S39.
101. Uhl W, Warshaw A, Imrie C, Bassi C, Mc- Kay C, Lankisch PG, Carter R, DiMagno E, Banks PA, Whitcomb DC, Dervenis C, Ulrich CD, Satake K, Ghaneh P, Hartwig W, Werner J, McEntee G, Neoptolemos JP, Büchler MW: IAP guidelines for the surgical management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2002; 2: 565-573. (Pubitemid 35365347)
102. Lankisch PG, Bruns A, Doobe C, Weber- Dany B, Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB: The second attack of acute pancreatitis is not harmless. Pancreas 2008; 36: 207-208.
103. Lankisch PG, Weber-Dany B, Lerch MM: Clinical perspectives in pancreatology: compliance with acute pancreatitis guidelines in Germany. Pancreatology 2005; 5: 591-593.
104. Lankisch PG, Weber-Dany B, Lerch MM: Diagnose und Therapie Der akuten Pankreatitis: Werden die Leitlinien akzeptiert? Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2005; 130: 1627-1632.
105. Nguyen GC, Tuskey A, Jagannath SB: Racial disparities in cholecystectomy rates during hospitalizations for acute gallstone pancreatitis: a national survey. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 2301-2307.
106. Safrany L, Neuhaus B, Krause S, Portocarrero G, Schott B: Endoskopische Papillotomie bei akuter, biliär bedingter Pankreatitis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1980; 105: 115-119.
107. Safrany L, Cotton PB: A preliminary report: urgent duodenoscopic sphincterotomy for acute gallstone pancreatitis. Surgery 1981; 89: 424-428.
108. Neoptolemos JP, Carr-Locke DL, London NJ, Bailey IA, James D, Fossard DP: Controlled trial of urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic sphincterotomy versus conservative treatment for acute pancreatitis due to gallstones. Lancet 1988; 2: 979-983.
109. Fan ST, Lai ECS, Mok FPT, Lo CM, Zheng SS, Wong J: Early treatment of acute biliary pancreatitis by endoscopic papillotomy. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 228-232.
110. Fölsch UR, Nitsche R, Lüdtke R, Hilgers RA, Creutzfeldt W, German Study Group of Acute Biliary Pancreatitis: Early ERCP and papillotomy compared with conservative treatment for acute biliary pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 237-242.
111. Heinrich S, Schäfer M, Rousson V, Clavien PA: Evidence-based treatment of acute pancreatitis. A look at established paradigms. Ann Surg 2006; 243: 154-168.
112. Lankisch PG: Indomethacin may reduce the incidence and severity of acute pancreatitis after ERCP. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 244.