Optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of retinal vascular disease

Retinal Vascular Disease

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 205-227

  Walsh, Alexander ^a   Sadda, Srinivas R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77952255723     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-29542-6_12     Document Type: Chapter

References (118)

1. Alam S, Zawadzki RJ, Choi S, Gerth C, Park SS, Morse L, Werner JS (2006) Clinical application of rapid serial Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography for macular imaging. Ophthalmology 113:1425-31
2. Antcliff RJ, Marshall J (1999) The pathogenesis of edema in diabetic maculopathy. Semin Ophthalmol 14:223-32
3. Baumann M, Gentile RC, Liebmann JM, Ritch R (1998) Reproducibility of retinal thickness measurements in normal eyes using optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 29:280-5
4. Blazkiewicz P, Gourlay M, Tucker JR, Rakic AD, Zvyagin AV (2005) Signal-to-noise ratio study of full-field Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography. Appl Opt 44:7722-9
5. Brown JC, Solomon SD, Bressler SB, Schachat AP, DiBernar-do C, Bressler NM (2004) Detection of diabetic foveal edema: contact lens biomicroscopy compared with optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol 122:330-5
6. Browning DJ (2004) Interobserver variability in optical coherence tomography for macular edema. Am J Ophthal-mol 137:1116-7
7. Browning DJ, Fraser CM (2004) Optical coherence tomography to detect macular edema in the presence of asteroid hyalosis. Am J Ophthalmol 137:959-61
8. Browning DJ, McOwen MD, Bowen RM, Jr, O'Marah TL (2004) Comparison of the clinical diagnosis of diabetic macular edema with diagnosis by optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 111:712-5
9. Browning DJ, Fraser CM (2005) Regional patterns of sight-threatening diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 140:117-24
10. Brun SC, Bressler SB, Maguire MG, Heiner C, Bressler NM, Schachat AP (1993) A comparison of fundus biomicroscopy and 90 diopter lens examination in the detection of diabetic clinically significant macular edema [ARVO abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34:718
11. Catier A, Tadayoni R, Paques M, Erginay A, Haouchine B, Gaudric A, Massin P (2005) Characterization of macular edema from various etiologies by optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol 140:200-6
12. Cense B, Chen TC, Park BH, Pierce MC, de Boer JF (2004) Thickness and birefringence of healthy retinal nerve fiber layer tissue measured with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45: 2606-12
13. Choma MA, Hsu K, Izatt JA (2005) Swept source optical coherence tomography using an all-fiber 1300-nm ring laser source. J Biomed Opt 10:44009
14. Ciardella AP, Klancnik J, Schiff W, Barile G, Langton K, Chang S (2004) Intravitreal triamcinolone for the treatment of refractory diabetic macular oedema with hard exudates: an optical coherence tomography study. Br J Ophthalmol 88:1131-6
15. Coker JG, Duker JS (1996) Macular disease and optical coherence tomography. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 7:33-8
16. Cunningham ET, Jr, Adamis AP, Altaweel M, Aiello LP, Bres-sler NM, D'Amico DJ, Goldbaum M, Guyer DR, Katz B, Patel M, Schwartz SD (2005) A phase II randomized double-masked trial of pegaptanib, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor aptamer, for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 112:1747-57
17. Drexler W (2004) Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt 9:47-74
18. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group (1985) Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1. Arch Ophthalmol 103:1796-806
19. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group (1991) Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopa-thy. ETDRS report number 9. Ophthalmology 98:766-85
20. Friedman SM (2003) Optociliary venous anastomosis after radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 34:315-7
21. Fujii GY, de Juan E, Jr, Humayun MS (2003) Improvements after sheathotomy for branch retinal vein occlusion documented by optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 34:49-52
22. Garciia-Arumii J, Boixadera A, Martinez-Castillo V, Castillo R, Dou A, Corcostegui B (2003) Chorioretinal anastomosis after radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol 121:1385-91
23. Gaucher D, Tadayoni R, Erginay A, Haouchine B, Gaudric A, Massin P (2005) Optical coherence tomography assessment of the vitreoretinal relationship in diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 139:807-13
24. Giovannini A, Amato GP, Mariotti C, Ripa E (1999) Diabetic maculopathy induced by vitreo-macular traction: evaluation by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Doc Oph-thalmol 97:361-6
25. Goebel W, Kretzchmar-Gross T (2002) Retinal thickness in diabetic retinopathy: a study using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Retina 22:759-67
26. Grieve K, Paques M, Dubois A, Sahel J, Boccara C, Le Gar-gasson JF (2004) Ocular tissue imaging using ultrahigh-res-olution, full-field optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:4126-31
27. Hee MR, Izatt JA, Swanson EA, Huang D, Schuman JS, Lin CP, Puliafito CA, Fujimoto JG (1995a) Optical coherence tomography of the human retina. Arch Ophthalmol 113:325-32
28. Hee MR, Puliafito CA, Wong C, Duker JS, Reichel E, Rut-ledge B, Schuman JS, Swanson EA, Fujimoto JG (1995b) Quantitative assessment of macular edema with optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol 113:1019-29
29. Hee MR, Puliafito CA, Duker JS, Reichel E, Coker JG, Wil-kins JR, Schuman JS, Swanson EA, Fujimoto JG (1998) Topography of diabetic macular edema with optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 105:360-70
30. Hee MR, Fujimoto JG, Ko TH, et al. (2004) Interpretation of the optical coherence tomography image. In: Schuman JS, Puliafito CA, Fujimoto JG (eds) Optical coherence tomography of ocular diseases, 2nd edn. Slack Inc., Thorofare, NJ
31. Hermann B, Fernandez EJ, Unterhuber A, Sattmann H, Fer-cher AF, Drexler W, Prieto PM, Artal P (2004) Adaptive-optics ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography. Opt Lett 29:2142-4
32. Holz FG, Jorzik J, Schutt F, Flach U, Unnebrink K (2003) Agreement among ophthalmologists in evaluating fluores-cein angiograms in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration for photodynamic therapy eligibility (FLAP-study). Ophthalmology 110:400-5
33. Huang D, Swanson EA, Lin CP, Schuman JS, Stinson WG, Chang W, Hee MR, Flotte T, Gregory K, Puliafito CA, et al. (1991) Optical coherence tomography. Science 254:1178-81
34. Huang D, Kaiser PK, Lowder CY, Traboulsi E (2006) Retinal imaging, 1st edn. Elsevier, Philadelphia, p 640
35. Hussain A, Hussain N, Nutheti R (2005) Comparison of mean macular thickness using optical coherence tomography and visual acuity in diabetic retinopathy. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 33:240-5
36. Imai M, Iijima H, Hanada N (2001) Optical coherence tomography of tractional macular elevations in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 132: 458-61
37. Jonas JB, Sofker A (2001) Intraocular injection of crystalline cortisone as adjunctive treatment of diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 132:425-7
38. Kaiser RS, Berger JW, Williams GA, Tolentino MJ, Maguire AM, Alexander J, Madjarov B, Margherio RM (2002) Variability in fluorescein angiography interpretation for photo-dynamic therapy in age-related macular degeneration. Retina 22:683-90
39. Kang SW, Park CY, Ham DI (2004) The correlation between fluorescein angiographic and optical coherence tomo-graphic features in clinically significant diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 137:313-22
40. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE (1984) Visual impairment in diabetes. Ophthalmology 91:1-9
41. Lai JC, Stinnett SS, Jaffe GJ (2003) B-scan ultrasonography for the detection of macular thickening. Am J Ophthalmol 136:55-61
42. Lam DS, Chan CK, Tang EW, Li KK, Fan DS, Chan WM (2004) Intravitreal triamcinolone for diabetic macular oedema in Chinese patients: six-month prospective longitudinal pilot study. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 32:569-72
43. Larsen M, Wang M, Sander B (2005) Overnight thickness variation in diabetic macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:2313-6
44. Lattanzio R, Brancato R, Pierro L, Bandello F, Iaccher B, Fiore T, Maestranzi G (2002) Macular thickness measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in diabetic patients. Eur J Ophthalmol 12:482-7
45. Lerche RC, Schaudig U, Scholz F, Walter A, Richard G (2001) Structural changes of the retina in retinal vein occlusion-imaging and quantification with optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 32:272-80
46. Lovestam-Adrian M, Andreasson S, Ponjavic V (2004) Mac-ular function assessed with mfERG before and after panret-inal photocoagulation in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Doc Ophthalmol 109:115-21
47. Martidis A, Duker JS, Greenberg PB, Rogers AH, Puliafito CA, Reichel E, Baumal C (2002) Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 109:920-7
48. Martinez-Jardon CS, Meza-de Regil A, Dalma-Weiszhausz J, Leizaola-Fernandez C, Morales-Canton V, Guerrero-Naranjo JL, Quiroz-Mercado H (2005) Radial optic neuro-tomy for ischaemic central vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol 89:558-61
49. Massin P, Vicaut E, Haouchine B, Erginay A, Paques M, Gaud-ric A (2001) Reproducibility of retinal mapping using optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol 119:1135-42
50. Massin P, Erginay A, Haouchine B, Mehidi AB, Paques M, Gaudric A (2002) Retinal thickness in healthy and diabetic subjects measured using optical coherence tomography mapping software. Eur J Ophthalmol 12:102-8
51. Massin P, Duguid G, Erginay A, Haouchine B, Gaudric A (2003) Optical coherence tomography for evaluating diabetic macular edema before and after vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 135:169-77
52. Massin P, Audren F, Haouchine B, Erginay A, Bergmann JF, Benosman R, Caulin C, Gaudric A (2004) Intravitreal tri-amcinolone acetonide for diabetic diffuse macular edema: preliminary results of a prospective controlled trial. Ophthalmology 111:218-24; discussion 224-5
53. Micelli Ferrari T, Sborgia L, Furino C, Cardascia N, Ferreri P, Besozzi G, Sborgia C (2004) Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide: valuation of retinal thickness changes measured by optical coherence tomography in diffuse diabetic macu-lar edema. Eur J Ophthalmol 14:321-4
54. Moreira RO, Trujillo FR, Meirelles RM, Ellinger VC, Zagury L (2001) Use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and indirect ophthalmoscopy in the diagnosis of macular edema in diabetic patients. Int Ophthalmol 24:331-6
55. Moshfeghi AA, Mavrofrides EC, Puliafito CA (2006) Optical coherence tomography and retinal thickness assessment for diagnosis and management. In: Ryan SJ (ed) Retina, 4th edn. Vol. 2. Elsevier, Philadelphia, p 1889
56. Muscat S, Parks S, Kemp E, Keating D (2002) Repeatability and reproducibility of macular thickness measurements with the Humphrey OCT system. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:490-5
57. Nagpal M, Nagpal K, Bhatt C, Nagpal PN (2005) Role of early radial optic neurotomy in central retinal vein occlusion. Indian J Ophthalmol 53:115-20
58. Neubauer AS, Priglinger S, Ullrich S, Bechmann M, Thiel MJ, Ulbig MW, Kampik A (2001) Comparison of foveal thickness measured with the retinal thickness analyzer and optical coherence tomography. Retina 21:596-601
59. Nussenblatt RB, Kaufman SC, Palestine AG, Davis MD, Ferris FL, 3rd (1987) Macular thickening and visual acuity. Measurement in patients with cystoid macular edema. Ophthalmology 94:1134-9
60. Ohashi H, Oh H, Nishiwaki H, Nonaka A, Takagi H (2004) Delayed absorption of macular edema accompanying serous retinal detachment after grid laser treatment in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 111:2050-6
61. Opremcak EM, Bruce RA (1999) Surgical decompression of branch retinal vein occlusion via arteriovenous crossing sheathotomy: a prospective review of 15 cases. Retina 19:1-5
62. Opremcak EM, Bruce RA, Lomeo MD, Ridenour CD, Letson AD, Rehmar AJ (2001) Radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein occlusion: a retrospective pilot study of 11 consecutive cases. Retina 21:408-15
63. Opremcak EM, Rehmar AJ, Ridenour CD, Kurz DE (2006) Radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein occlusion: 117 consecutive cases. Retina 26:297-305
64. Otani T, Kishi S (2000) Tomographic assessment of vitreous surgery for diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 129:487-94
65. Otani T, Kishi S (2001) Tomographic findings of foveal hard exudates in diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 131:50-4
66. Otani T, Kishi S, Maruyama Y (1999) Patterns of diabetic macular edema with optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol 127:688-93
67. Ozdek SC, Erdinc MA, Gurelik G, Aydin B, Bahceci U, Hasanreisoglu B (2005) Optical coherence tomographic assessment of diabetic macular edema: comparison with fluorescein angiographic and clinical findings. Ophthalmo-logica 219:86-92
68. Ozdemir H, Karacorlu M, Karacorlu S (2005a) Serous macular detachment in central retinal vein occlusion. Retina 25:561-3
69. Ozdemir H, Karacorlu M, Karacorlu S (2005b) Serous mac-ular detachment in diabetic cystoid macular oedema. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 83:63-6
70. Panozzo G, Gusson E, Parolini B, Mercanti A (2003) Role of OCT in the diagnosis and follow up of diabetic macular edema. Semin Ophthalmol 18:74-81
71. Panozzo G, Parolini B, Gusson E, Mercanti A, Pinackatt S, Bertoldo G, Pignatto S (2004) Diabetic macular edema: an OCT-based classification. Semin Ophthalmol 19:13-20
72. Parolini B, Panozzo G, Gusson E, Pinackatt S, Bertoldo G, Rottini S, Pignatto S (2004) Diode laser, vitrectomy and intravitreal triamcinolone. A comparative study for the treatment of diffuse non tractional diabetic macular edema. Semin Ophthalmol 19:1-12
73. Patel JI, Hykin PG, Schadt M, Luong V, Fitzke F, Gregor ZJ (2006) Pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic macular oedema: OCT and functional correlations. Eye 20:674-80
74. Patelli F, Radice P, Zumbo G, Fasolino G, Marchi S (2004) Optical coherence tomography evaluation of macular edema after radial optic neurotomy in patients affected by central retinal vein occlusion. Semin Ophthalmol 19:21-4
75. Paunescu LA, Schuman JS, Price LL, Stark PC, Beaton S, Ishikawa H, Wollstein G, Fujimoto JG (2004) Reproducibili-ty of nerve fiber thickness, macular thickness, and optic nerve head measurements using StratusOCT. Invest Oph-thalmol Vis Sci 45:1716-24
76. Pons ME, Garcia-Valenzuela E (2005) Redefining the limit of the outer retina in optical coherence tomography scans. Ophthalmology 112:1079-85
77. Ray R, Stinnett SS, Jaffe GJ (2005) Evaluation of image artifact produced by optical coherence tomography of retinal pathology. Am J Ophthalmol 139:18-29
78. Rosenblatt BJ, Shah GK, Sharma S, Bakal J (2005) Pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membranectomy for refractory diabetic macular edema without a taut posterior hyaloid. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 243:20-5
79. Rosenfeld PJ, Fung AE, Puliafito CA (2005) Optical coherence tomography findings after an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (avastin) for macular edema from central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 36:336-9
80. Sadda SR, Tan O, Walsh AC, Schuman JS, Varma R, Huang D (2006a) Automated detection of clinically significant macular edema by grid scanning optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 113:1196 e1-2
81. Sadda SR, Wu Z, Walsh AC, Richine L, Dougall J, Cortez R, LaBree LD (2006b) Errors in retinal thickness measurements obtained by optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 113:285-93
82. Schaudig UH, Glaefke C, Scholz F, Richard G (2000) Optical coherence tomography for retinal thickness measurement in diabetic patients without clinically significant macular edema. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 31:182-6
83. Schepens CL, Avila MP, Jalkh AE, Trempe CL (1984) Role of the vitreous in cystoid macular edema. Surv Ophthalmol 28 Suppl:499-504
84. Sebag J, Balazs EA (1984) Pathogenesis of cystoid macular edema: an anatomic consideration of vitreoretinal adhesions. Surv Ophthalmol 28 Suppl:493-8
85. Sebag J, Buckingham B, Charles MA, Reiser K (1992) Biochemical abnormalities in vitreous of humans with prolif-erative diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 110:1472-6
86. Sekiryu T, Yamauchi T, Enaida H, Hara Y, Furuta M (2000) Retina tomography after vitrectomy for macular edema of central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 31:198-202
87. Shah GK, Sharma S, Fineman MS, Federman J, Brown MM, Brown GC (2000) Arteriovenous adventitial sheatho-tomy for the treatment of macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 129: 104-6
88. Shah SP, Patel M, Thomas D, Aldington S, Laidlaw DA (2006) Factors predicting outcome of vitrectomy for diabetic macular oedema: results of a prospective study. Br J Ophthalmol 90:33-6
89. Shahidi M, Wang Z, Zelkha R (2005) Quantitative thickness measurement of retinal layers imaged by optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol 139:1056-61
90. Shimura M, Yasuda K, Nakazawa T, Kano T, Ohta S, Tamai M (2003) Quantifying alterations of macular thickness before and after panretinal photocoagulation in patients with severe diabetic retinopathy and good vision. Ophthalmology 110:2386-94
91. Shimura M, Saito T, Yasuda K, Tamai M (2005a) Clinical course of macular edema in two cases of interferon-asso-ciated retinopathy observed by optical coherence tomography. Jpn J Ophthalmol 49:231-4
92. Shimura M, Yasuda K, Nakazawa T, Tamai M (2005b) Visual dysfunction after panretinal photocoagulation in patients with severe diabetic retinopathy and good vision. Am J Ophthalmol 140:8-15
93. Shukla D, Rajendran A, Kim R (2006) Macular hole formation and spontaneous closure after vitrectomy for central retinal vein occlusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol
94. Spaide RF, Klancnik JM, Jr (2004) Still motion animation of the retina technique. Retina 24:315-7
95. Spaide RF, Lee JK, Klancnik JK, Jr, Gross NE (2003) Optical coherence tomography of branch retinal vein occlusion. Retina 23:343-7
96. Stitt AW, Moore JE, Sharkey JA, Murphy G, Simpson DA, Bucala R, Vlassara H, Archer DB (1998) Advanced glycati-on end products in vitreous: Structural and functional implications for diabetic vitreopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:2517-23
97. Stolba U, Binder S, Gruber D, Krebs I, Aggermann T, Neu-maier B (2005) Vitrectomy for persistent diffuse diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 140:295-301
98. Strom C, Sander B, Larsen N, Larsen M, Lund-Andersen H (2002) Diabetic macular edema assessed with optical coherence tomography and stereo fundus photography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:241-5
99. Tewari HK, Sony P, Chawla R, Garg SP, Venkatesh P (2005) Prospective evaluation of intravitreal triamcinolone ace-tonide injection in macular edema associated with retinal vascular disorders. Eur J Ophthalmol 15:619-26
100. Thomas D, Bunce C, Moorman C, Laidlaw DA (2005) A randomised controlled feasibility trial of vitrectomy versus laser for diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol 89:81-6
101. Toth CA, Birngruber R, Boppart SA, Hee MR, Fujimoto JG, DiCarlo CD, Swanson EA, Cain CP, Narayan DG, Noojin GD, Roach WP (1997a) Argon laser retinal lesions evaluated in vivo by optical coherence tomography. Am J Oph-thalmol 123:188-98
102. Toth CA, Narayan DG, Boppart SA, Hee MR, Fujimoto JG, Birngruber R, Cain CP, DiCarlo CD, Roach WP (1997b) A comparison of retinal morphology viewed by optical coherence tomography and by light microscopy. Arch Ophthalmol 115:1425-8
103. Traynor MP, Conway BP (2004) Collateral vessel formation after radial optic neurotomy. Retina 24:616-7
104. Tso MO (1982) Pathology of cystoid macular edema. Ophthalmology 89:902-15
105. Uchino E, Uemura A, Ohba N (2001) Initial stages of posterior vitreous detachment in healthy eyes of older persons evaluated by optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol 119:1475-9
106. van Velthoven ME, de Vos K, Verbraak FD, Pool CW, de Smet MD (2005) Overlay of conventional angiographic and en-face OCT images enhances their interpretation. BMC Ophthalmol 5:12
107. Watanabe M, Oshima Y, Emi K (2000) Optical cross-sectional observation of resolved diabetic macular edema associated with vitreomacular separation. Am J Ophthal-mol 129:264-7
108. Williamson TH, O'Donnell A (2005) Intravitreal triamcin-olone acetonide for cystoid macular edema in nonische-mic central retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 139: 860-6
109. Wojtkowski M, Srinivasan V, Fujimoto JG, Ko T, Schuman JS, Kowalczyk A, Duker JS (2005a) Three-dimensional retinal imaging with high-speed ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 112(10):1734-46
110. Wojtkowski M, Srinivasan V, Fujimoto JG, Ko T, Schuman JS, Kowalczyk A, Duker JS (2005b) Three-dimensional retinal imaging with high-speed ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 112:1734-46
111. Wolter JR (1981) The histopathology of cystoid macular edema. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol 216:85-101
112. Wong AC, Chan CW, Hui SP (2005) Relationship of gender, body mass index, and axial length with central retinal thickness using optical coherence tomography. Eye 19:292-7
113. Yamada N, Kishi S (2005) Tomographic features and surgical outcomes of vitreomacular traction syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 139:112-7
114. Yamamoto S, Yamamoto T, Hayashi M, Takeuchi S (2001) Morphological and functional analyses of diabetic macu-lar edema by optical coherence tomography and multifo-cal electroretinograms. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthal-mol 239:96-101
115. Yamamoto T, Hitani K, Tsukahara I, Yamamoto S, Kawasaki R, Yamashita H, Takeuchi S (2003) Early postoperative retinal thickness changes and complications after vitrec-tomy for diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 135:14-9
116. Yang CS, Cheng CY, Lee FL, Hsu WM, Liu JH (2001) Quantitative assessment of retinal thickness in diabetic patients with and without clinically significant macular edema using optical coherence tomography. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 79:266-70
117. Yasukawa T, Kiryu J, Tsujikawa A, Dong J, Suzuma I, Taka-gi H, Ogura Y (1998) Quantitative analysis of foveal retinal thickness in diabetic retinopathy with the scanning retinal thickness analyzer. Retina 18:150-5
118. Yazdanfar S, Rollins AM, Izatt JA (2003) In vivo imaging of human retinal flow dynamics by color Doppler optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol 121:235-9