Challenges in Pediatric Ambulatory Anesthesia: Kids are Different

Anesthesiology Clinics

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 315-328

  Collins, Corey E ^a,b   Everett, Lucinda L ^b,c  

^a MASSACHUSETTS EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Ambulatory surgery; Morbidity; OSA; Pediatric anesthesia; PONV; Risks

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC AGENT; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE; CODEINE; DEXAMETHASONE; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; DROPERIDOL; HALOTHANE; INHALATION ANESTHETIC AGENT; ISOFLURANE; KETAMINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MIDAZOLAM; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; NITROUS OXIDE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PARACETAMOL; PROMETHAZINE; PROPOFOL; SEROTONIN 3 ANTAGONIST; SEVOFLURANE; SUXAMETHONIUM; TRAMADOL;

ACCREDITATION; AGITATION; AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; AMBULATORY CARE; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDER; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DELIRIUM; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFECT; HEAD AND NECK SURGERY; HEART ARREST; HORNER SYNDROME; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; LARYNX SPASM; LOADING DRUG DOSE; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OSTEOMYELITIS; PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA; POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SURGICAL RISK; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TONSILLECTOMY; VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS;

AMBULATORY CARE; AMBULATORY SURGICAL PROCEDURES; ANESTHESIA; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CREDENTIALING; HUMANS; INFANT; PEDIATRICS; POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77952233279     PISSN: 19322275     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2010.02.005     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Cullen K.A., Hall M.J., and Golosinskiy A. Ambulatory surgery in the United States, 2006. Natl Health Stat Report 11 (2009) 1-25
2. Tiret L., Nivoche Y., Hatton F., et al. Complications related to anaesthesia in infants and children. A prospective survey of 40240 anaesthetics. Br J Anaesth 61 3 (1988) 263-269
3. Murat I., Constant I., and Maud'huy H. Perioperative anaesthetic morbidity in children: a database of 24,165 anaesthetics over a 30-month period. Paediatr Anaesth 14 2 (2004) 158-166
4. Fleisher L.A., Pasternak L.R., and Lyles A. A novel index of elevated risk of inpatient hospital admission immediately following outpatient surgery. Arch Surg 142 3 (2007) 263-268
5. D'Eramo E.M., Bookless S.J., and Howard J.B. Adverse events with outpatient anesthesia in Massachusetts. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 61 7 (2003) 793-800 [discussion: 800]
6. Patel R.I., and Hannallah R.S. Anesthetic complications following pediatric ambulatory surgery: a 3-yr study. Anesthesiology 69 6 (1988) 1009-1012
7. D'Errico C., Voepel-Lewis T.D., Siewert M., et al. Prolonged recovery stay and unplanned admission of the pediatric surgical outpatient: an observational study. J Clin Anesth 10 6 (1998) 482-487
8. Awad I.T., Moore M., Rushe C., et al. Unplanned hospital admission in children undergoing day-case surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 21 5 (2004) 379-383
9. Morray J.P., Geiduschek J.M., Caplan R.A., et al. A comparison of pediatric and adult anesthesia closed malpractice claims. Anesthesiology 78 3 (1993) 461-467
10. Jimenez N., Posner K.L., Cheney F.W., et al. An update on pediatric anesthesia liability: a closed claims analysis. Anesth Analg 104 1 (2007) 147-153
11. Morray J.P., Geiduschek J.M., Ramamoorthy C., et al. Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in children: initial findings of the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest (POCA) Registry. Anesthesiology 93 1 (2000) 6-14
12. Bhananker S.M., Ramamoorthy C., Geiduschek J.M., et al. Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in children: update from the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest Registry. Anesth Analg 105 2 (2007) 344-350
13. Larach M.G., Rosenberg H., Gronert G.A., et al. Hyperkalemic cardiac arrest during anesthesia in infants and children with occult myopathies. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 36 1 (1997) 9-16
14. Burgoyne L.L., and Anghelescu D.L. Intervention steps for treating laryngospasm in pediatric patients. Paediatr Anaesth 18 4 (2008) 297-302
15. Mamie C., Habre W., Delhumeau C., et al. Incidence and risk factors of perioperative respiratory adverse events in children undergoing elective surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 14 3 (2004) 218-224
16. Pereira M.B., Pereira D.R., and Costa S.S. Tympanostomy tube sequelae in children with otitis media with effusion: a three-year follow-up study. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 71 4 (2005) 415-420
17. Markowitz-Spence L., Brodsky L., Syed N., et al. Anesthetic complications of tympanotomy tube placement in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 116 7 (1990) 809-812
18. Hoffmann K.K., Thompson G.K., Burke B.L., et al. Anesthetic complications of tympanostomy tube placement in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128 9 (2002) 1040-1043
19. Postma D.S., and Folsom F. The case for an outpatient "approach" for all pediatric tonsillectomies and/or adenoidectomies: a 4-year review of 1419 cases at a community hospital. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 127 1 (2002) 101-108
20. Tait A.R., and Malviya S. Anesthesia for the child with an upper respiratory tract infection: still a dilemma?. Anesth Analg 100 1 (2005) 59-65
21. Tait A.R., Malviya S., Voepel-Lewis T., et al. Risk factors for perioperative adverse respiratory events in children with upper respiratory tract infections. Anesthesiology 95 2 (2001) 299-306
22. Istaphanous G.K., and Loepke A.W. General anesthetics and the developing brain. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 22 3 (2009) 368-373
23. Sanders R.D., Xu J., Shu Y., et al. Dexmedetomidine attenuates isoflurane-induced neurocognitive impairment in neonatal rats. Anesthesiology 110 5 (2009) 1077-1085
24. Wilder R.T., Flick R.P., Sprung J., et al. Early exposure to anesthesia and learning disabilities in a population-based birth cohort. Anesthesiology 110 4 (2009) 796-804
25. Kalkman C.J., Peelen L., Moons K.G., et al. Behavior and development in children and age at the time of first anesthetic exposure. Anesthesiology 110 4 (2009) 805-812
26. Bartels M., Althoff R.R., and Boomsma D.I. Anesthesia and cognitive performance in children: no evidence for a causal relationship. Twin Res Hum Genet 12 3 (2009) 246-253
27. Davidson A.J., Shrivastava P.P., Jamsen K., et al. Risk factors for anxiety at induction of anesthesia in children: a prospective cohort study. Paediatr Anaesth 16 9 (2006) 919-927
28. Kain Z.N., Mayes L.C., Caldwell-Andrews A.A., et al. Predicting which children benefit most from parental presence during induction of anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 16 6 (2006) 627-634
29. Kain Z.N., Mayes L.C., Wang S.M., et al. Parental presence during induction of anesthesia versus sedative premedication: which intervention is more effective?. Anesthesiology 89 5 (1998) 1147-1156
30. Kain Z.N., Mayes L.C., Wang S.M., et al. Parental presence and a sedative premedicant for children undergoing surgery: a hierarchical study. Anesthesiology 92 4 (2000) 939-946
31. Kain Z.N., Caldwell-Andrews A.A., Mayes L.C., et al. Family-centered preparation for surgery improves perioperative outcomes in children: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology 106 1 (2007) 65-74
32. Kain Z.N., Caldwell-Andrews A.A., Maranets I., et al. Preoperative anxiety and emergence delirium and postoperative maladaptive behaviors. Anesth Analg 99 6 (2004) 1648-1654
33. Meyer R.R., Munster P., Werner C., et al. Isoflurane is associated with a similar incidence of emergence agitation/delirium as sevoflurane in young children-a randomized controlled study. Paediatr Anaesth 17 1 (2007) 56-60
34. Kain Z.N., Caldwell-Andrews A.A., Weinberg M.E., et al. Sevoflurane versus halothane: postoperative maladaptive behavioral changes: a randomized, controlled trial. Anesthesiology 102 4 (2005) 720-726
35. Cohen I.T., Finkel J.C., Hannallah R.S., et al. Rapid emergence does not explain agitation following sevoflurane anaesthesia in infants and children: a comparison with propofol. Paediatr Anaesth 13 1 (2003) 63-67
36. Abu-Shahwan I. Effect of propofol on emergence behavior in children after sevoflurane general anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 18 1 (2008) 55-59
37. Isik B., Arslan M., Tunga A.D., et al. Dexmedetomidine decreases emergence agitation in pediatric patients after sevoflurane anesthesia without surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 16 7 (2006) 748-753
38. Vlajkovic G.P., and Sindjelic R.P. Emergence delirium in children: many questions, few answers. Anesth Analg 104 1 (2007) 84-91
39. Jones S., and Raffles A. Pediatric Peri-Operative Cardiac Arrest (POCA) Registry. Qual Saf Health Care 11 3 (2002) 210-211
40. Xue F.S., Li T.Z., and Liao X. Safe use of a laryngeal mask airway in children undergoing a tonsillectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 53 5 (2009) 684-685 [author reply: 686]
41. Mills N., Anderson B.J., Barber C., et al. Day stay pediatric tonsillectomy-a safe procedure. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 68 11 (2004) 1367-1373
42. Gravningsbräten R., Nicklasson B., and Raeder J. Safety of laryngeal mask airway and short-stay practice in office-based adenotonsillectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 53 2 (2009) 218-222
43. Werle A.H., Nicklaus P.J., Kirse D.J., et al. A retrospective study of tonsillectomy in the under 2-year-old child: indications, perioperative management, and complications. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 67 5 (2003) 453-460
44. Leong A.C., and Davis J.P. Morbidity after adenotonsillectomy for paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: waking up to a pragmatic approach. J Laryngol Otol 121 9 (2007) 809-817
45. Brown K.A., Morin I., Hickey C., et al. Urgent adenotonsillectomy: an analysis of risk factors associated with postoperative respiratory morbidity. Anesthesiology 99 3 (2003) 586-595
46. Brigger M.T., and Brietzke S.E. Outpatient tonsillectomy in children: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 135 1 (2006) 1-7
47. Ross A.T., Kazahaya K., and Tom L.W. Revisiting outpatient tonsillectomy in young children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128 3 (2003) 326-331
48. Mitchell R.B., Pereira K.D., Friedman N.R., et al. Outpatient adenotonsillectomy. Is it safe in children younger than 3 years?. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123 7 (1997) 681-683
49. Lalakea M.L., Marquez-Biggs I., and Messner A.H. Safety of pediatric short-stay tonsillectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 125 7 (1999) 749-752
50. Shapiro N.L., Seid A.B., Pransky S.M., et al. Adenotonsillectomy in the very young patient: cost analysis of two methods of postoperative care. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 48 2 (1999) 109-115
51. Morris L.G., Lieberman S.M., Reitzen S.D., et al. Characteristics and outcomes of malpractice claims after tonsillectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 138 3 (2008) 315-320
52. Windfuhr J.P., Schloendorff G., Baburi D., et al. Lethal outcome of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 265 12 (2008) 1527-1534
53. Windfuhr J.P., Schloendorff G., Sesterhenn A.M., et al. A devastating outcome after adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy: ideas for improved prevention and management. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 140 2 (2009) 191-196
54. Randall D.A., and Hoffer M.E. Complications of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 118 1 (1998) 61-68
55. Brodish B.N., and Woolley A.L. Major vascular injuries in children undergoing myringotomy for tube placement. Am J Otolaryngol 20 1 (1999) 46-50
56. Grainger J., and Saravanappa N. Local anaesthetic for post-tonsillectomy pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Otolaryngol 33 5 (2008) 411-419
57. Morton N.S. Tracheal intubation without neuromuscular blocking drugs in children. Paediatr Anaesth 19 3 (2009) 199-201
58. Okuyucu S., Inanoglu K., Akkurt C.O., et al. The effect of anesthetic agents on perioperative bleeding during tonsillectomy: propofol-based versus desflurane-based anesthesia. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 138 2 (2008) 158-161
59. Allford M., and Guruswamy V. A national survey of the anesthetic management of tonsillectomy surgery in children. Paediatr Anaesth 19 2 (2009) 145-152
60. Bandla P., Brooks L.J., Trimarchi T., et al. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children. Anesthesiol Clin North America 23 3 (2005) 535-549 viii
61. Lerman J. A disquisition on sleep-disordered breathing in children. Paediatr Anaesth 19 Suppl 1 (2009) 100-108
62. Nafiu O.O., Green G.E., Walton S., et al. Obesity and risk of peri-operative complications in children presenting for adenotonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 73 1 (2009) 89-95
63. Statham M.M., Elluru R.G., Buncher R., et al. Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in young children: prevalence of pulmonary complications. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 132 5 (2006) 476-480
64. Sanders J.C., King M.A., Mitchell R.B., et al. Perioperative complications of adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Anesth Analg 103 5 (2006) 1115-1121
65. Brown K.A., Laferriere A., Lakheeram I., et al. Recurrent hypoxemia in children is associated with increased analgesic sensitivity to opiates. Anesthesiology 105 4 (2006) 665-669
66. Hullett B.J., Chambers N.A., Pascoe E.M., et al. Tramadol vs morphine during adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children. Paediatr Anaesth 16 6 (2006) 648-653
67. Tait A.R., Voepel-Lewis T., Burke C., et al. Incidence and risk factors for perioperative adverse respiratory events in children who are obese. Anesthesiology 108 3 (2008) 375-380
68. Ye J., Liu H., Zhang G., et al. Postoperative respiratory complications of adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in older children: prevalence, risk factors, and impact on clinical outcome. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 38 1 (2009) 49-58
69. de la Chaux R., Klemens C., Patscheider M., et al. Tonsillotomy in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: polysomnographic results. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 72 9 (2008) 1411-1417
70. Shine N.P., Lannigan F.J., Coates H.L., et al. Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in obese children: effects on respiratory parameters and clinical outcome. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 132 10 (2006) 1123-1127
71. Costa D.J., and Mitchell R. Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in obese children: a meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 140 4 (2009) 455-460
72. Shatz A. Indications and outcomes of adenoidectomy in infancy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 113 10 (2004) 835-838
73. Eberhart L.H., Geldner G., Kranke P., et al. The development and validation of a risk score to predict the probability of postoperative vomiting in pediatric patients. Anesth Analg 99 6 (2004) 1630-1637
74. Blacoe D.A., Cunning E., and Bell G. Paediatric day-case surgery: an audit of unplanned hospital admission. Anaesthesia 63 6 (2008) 610-615
75. Edler A.A., Mariano E.R., Golianu B., et al. An analysis of factors influencing postanesthesia recovery after pediatric ambulatory tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Anesth Analg 104 4 (2007) 784-789
76. Gan T.J., Meyer T., Apfel C.C., et al. Consensus guidelines for managing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 97 1 (2003) 62-71
77. Cardwell M., Siviter G., and Smith A. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and perioperative bleeding in paediatric tonsillectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 (2005) CD003591
78. Kim M.S., Cote C.J., Cristoloveanu C., et al. There is no dose-escalation response to dexamethasone (0.0625-1.0 mg/kg) in pediatric tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy patients for preventing vomiting, reducing pain, shortening time to first liquid intake, or the incidence of voice change. Anesth Analg 104 5 (2007) 1052-1058
79. Czarnetzki C., Elia N., Lysakowski C., et al. Dexamethasone and risk of nausea and vomiting and postoperative bleeding after tonsillectomy in children: a randomized trial. JAMA 300 22 (2008) 2621-2630
80. Alhashemi J.A., and Daghistani M.F. Effects of intraoperative i.v. acetaminophen vs i.m. meperidine on post-tonsillectomy pain in children. Br J Anaesth 96 6 (2006) 790-795
81. Ciszkowski C., Madadi P., Phillips M.S., et al. Codeine, ultrarapid-metabolism genotype, and postoperative death. N Engl J Med 361 8 (2009) 827-828
82. Elliott R.A., Payne K., Moore J.K., et al. Which anaesthetic agents are cost-effective in day surgery? Literature review, national survey of practice and randomised controlled trial. Health Technol Assess 6 30 (2002) 1-264
83. Elliott R.A., Payne K., Moore J.K., et al. Clinical and economic choices in anaesthesia for day surgery: a prospective randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 58 5 (2003) 412-421
84. Ewah B.N., Robb P.J., and Raw M. Postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting following paediatric day-case tonsillectomy. Anaesthesia 61 2 (2006) 116-122
85. White M.C., and Nolan J.A. An evaluation of pain and postoperative nausea and vomiting following the introduction of guidelines for tonsillectomy. Paediatr Anaesth 15 8 (2005) 683-688
86. Kanerva M., Tarkkila P., and Pitkaranta A. Day-case tonsillectomy in children: parental attitudes and consultation rates. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 67 7 (2003) 777-784
87. Brennan L.J. Modern day-case anaesthesia for children. Br J Anaesth 83 1 (1999) 91-103
88. Atwell J.D., and Spargo P.M. The provision of safe surgery for children. Arch Dis Child 67 3 (1992) 345-349
89. Hackel A., Badgwell J.M., Binding R.R., et al. Guidelines for the pediatric perioperative anesthesia environment. American Academy of Pediatrics. Section on Anesthesiology. Pediatrics 103 2 (1999) 512-515
90. Campling E.A., Devlin H.B., and Lunn J.N. The report of the national confidential enquiry into perioperative deaths 1989 (1989), Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London