(Post-traumatic) embitterment disorder: Critical evaluation of its stressor criterion and a proposed revised classification

Nordic Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 64, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 147-152

  Dobricki, Martin ^a   Maercker, Andreas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Adjustment disorders; Embitterment; PTED; PTSD; Stress; Trauma

Indexed keywords

ADJUSTMENT DISORDER; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; COPING BEHAVIOR; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DYSTHYMIA; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL STRESS; POSTTRAUMATIC EMBITTERMENT DISORDER; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; REVIEW; SOCIAL BELIEF;

ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS; ADULT; CONFLICT (PSYCHOLOGY); CULTURE; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DYSTHYMIC DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL JUSTICE; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STRESS DISORDERS, TRAUMATIC;

EID: 77952116486     PISSN: 08039488     EISSN: 15024725     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/08039480903398185     Document Type: Review

References (22)

1. Linden M. Posttraumatic embitterment disorder. Psychother Psychosom 2003;72:195-202.
2. Linden M, Schippan B, Baumann K, Spielberg R. The posttraumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) [German]. Nervenarzt 2004;75:51-57
3. Linden M, Rotter M, Baumann K, Lieberei B. Posttraumatic embitterment disorder. Defi nition, evidence, diagnosis, treatment. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 2007.
4. Linden M, Baumann K, Rotter M, Schippan B. Posttraumatic embitterment disorder in comparison to other mental disorders. Psychother Psychosom 2008;77:50-56
5. Linden M, Baumann K, Lieberei B, Rotter M. The Post-Traumatic Embitterment Disorder Self-Rating Scale (PTED scale). Clin Psychol Psychother 2009;16:139-147
6. Balon R. Refl ections on relevance: Psychotherapy and psychosomatics in 2003. Psychother Psychosom 2004;73:5-9.
7. Hasanoglu A. Suggestion of a new diagnostic category: Posttraumatic embitterment disorder [Turkish]. Türk psikiyatri dergisi 2008; 19:94-100.
8. Rosen GM, Lilienfi eld SO. Posttraumatic stress disorder: An empirical evaluation of core assumptions. Clin Psychol Rev 2008;28: 837-868
9. First MB, Westen D. Classifi cation for clinical practice: How to make ICD and DSM better able to serve clinicians. Int Rev Psychiatry 2007;19:473-481
10. Zachar P, Kendler KS. Psychiatric disorders: A conceptual taxonomy. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:557-565
11. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan, KH., Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller, E, et al. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:22-33.
12. Franke G. The Symptom Checklist from L.R. Derogatis-German Version (SCL-90-R) [German]. Göttingen: Beltz Test; 1995.
13. Maercker A, Schützwohl M. Assessment of post-traumatic stress reactions: The Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R) [German]. Diagnostica 1998;44:130-141
14. Znoj H. The Berne Embitterment Questionnaire [German]. Bern: University of Berne; 2002.
15. Despland, JN, Monod L, Ferrero F. Clinical relevance of adjustment disorders in DSM-III-R and DSM-IV, Compr Psychiatry 1995;36:454-460
16. Dobricki M, Komproe IH, de Jong, JTVM, Maercker A. Adjustment disorders after severe life-events in four postconfl ict settings. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2009; Epub 31 March 2009.
17. Casey P. The 'afterthought' diagnosis: Rehabilitating adjustment disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2006;6:145-151
18. Strain JJ, Diefenbacher A. The adjustment disorders: The conundrums of the diagnoses. Compr Psychiatry 2008;49:121-130
19. Baumeister H, Maercker A, Casey P. Adjustment disorders with depressed mood: A critique of its DSM-IV and ICD-10 conceptualization and recommendations for the future. Psychopathology 2009;42:139-147
20. Maercker A, Einsle F, Köllner V. Adjustment disorders as stress response syndromes: A new diagnostic concept and its exploration in a medical sample. Psychopathology 2007;40:135-146
21. Horowitz MJ. Stress response syndromes. Northvale, NJ: Aronson; 1997.
22. Maercker A, Beauducel A, Schützwohl M. Trauma severity and initial reaction as precipitating factors for posttraumatic stress symptoms and chronic dissociation in former political prisoners. J Trauma Stress 2000;13:651-660