Aquarius and remote sensing of sea surface salinity from space

Proceedings of the IEEE

Volumn 98, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 688-703

  Le Vine, David M ^a   Lagerloef, Gary S E ^b   Torrusio, Sandra E ^c  

^a NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^b EARTH AND SPACE RESEARCH   (United States)

^c Comision Nacional Actividades Espaciales ^*  (Argentina)

Author keywords

Microwave radiometery; Microwave remote sensing; Ocean salinity

Indexed keywords

METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS; NASA; OCEANOGRAPHY; SPACE OPTICS; SURFACE WATERS;

GLOBAL WATER CYCLE; MICROWAVE RADIOMETERY; MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING; OCEAN SALINITY; SEA SURFACE SALINITY; SEASONAL AND INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS; SPATIAL RESOLUTION; SURFACE SALINITIES;

REMOTE SENSING;

EID: 77952112457     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2010.2040550     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. M. Berger, E. Lopez-Baeza, J.-P. Wigneron, J.-C. Calvet, L. Simmonds, J. Miller, H. Finkenzeller, J. Etcheto A. Camps, J. Font, P. Wursteisen, B. Main, P. Fletcher, Y. Kerr, and E. Attema, BThe EuroSTARRS campaign in support of the soil moisture and ocean salinity mission," in Proc. IGARSS ' 02, Jun. 24-28, 2002, vol. 2, pp. 1152-1154.
2. N. L. Bindoff, J. Willebrand, V. Artale, A. Cazenave, J. Gregory, S. Gulev, K. Hanawa, C. Le Qúeŕe, S. Levitus, Y. Nojiri, C. K. Shum, L. D. Talley, and A. Unnikrishnan, BObservations: Oceanic climate change and sea level," in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H. L. Miller, Eds. Cambridge, U.K. and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. [Online]. Available: http://www.ipcc.ch/ ipccreports/ar4-wg1.htm
3. S. Blanch and A. Aguasca, "Seawater dielectric permittivity model from measurement at L band," in Proc. IGARSS, Anchorage, AK, 2004.
4. H.-J. C. Blume, B. M. Kendal, and J. C. Fedors, "Measurements of ocean temperature and salinity via microwave radiometry," "oundary Layer Meteorol., vol. 13, pp. 295-308, 1978.
5. H.-J. C. Blume, B. M. Kendall, and J. C. Fedors, "Multifrequency radiometer detection of submarine freshwater along the Puerto Rican Coastline," J. Goephys. Res., vol. 86, pp. 5283-5291, 1981.
6. H.-J. C. Blume and B. M. Kendall, "Passive microwave measurements of temperature and salinity in coastal zones," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. GE-20, pp. 394-404, 1982.
7. W. S. Broecker, "The great ocean conveyer," Oceanography, vol. 4, pp. 79-89, 1991.
8. D. Burrage, J. Wesson, J. Miller " Deriving sea surface salinity and density variations from satellite and aircraft microwave radiometer measurements: Application to coastal plumes using STARRS " IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remo Sens., vol. 46, no. 3, pp 765-785. Mar. 2008, DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2007.915404. (Pubitemid 351324772)
9. A. Camps, J. Font, M. Vall-llossera et al., BThe WISE 2000 and 2001 field experiments in support of the SMOS mission: Sea surf ace L-band brightness temperature observations and their application to sea surface salinity retrieval," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 804-823, Apr. 2004.
10. R. R. Dickson, R. Meincke, S.-A. Malmberg, and J. J. Lee, "The FGreat Salinity Anomaly in the Northern North Atlantic, 1968-1982," Prog. Oceanog., vol. 20, pp. 103-151, 1988.
11. E. P. Dinnat and D. M. Le Vine, "Impact of sun glint on salinity remote sensing: An example with the aquarius radiometer," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 3137-3150, Oct. 2008.
12. E. P. Dinnat, D. M. Le Vine, and S. Abraham, BL-band radiometry and reflection of the galaxy by a rough ocean surface," in Proc. MICRORAD 2008, Firenze, Italy, Mar. 11-14, 2008, pp. 1-4.
13. E. P. Dinnat, S. Abraham, D. M. Le Vine, P. de Matthaeis, and S. D. Jacob, "Effect of emission from the moon on remote sensing of sea surface salinity: An example with the aquarius radiometer," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 239-243, Apr. 2009.
14. C. Donlon, I. Robinson, K. Casey, J. Vasquez et al., "The GODAE high resolution sea surface temperature pilot project (GHRSST-pp)," Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., vol. 88, no. 8, pp. 1197-1213, 2007.
15. J. D. Droppelman, R. A. Mennella, and D. E. Evans, "An airborne measurement of the salinity variations of the Mississippi river outflow," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 75, pp. 5909-5913, 1970.
16. W. Ellison A. Balana, G. Delbos, K. Lamkaouchi, L. Eymard, C. Guillou, and C. Prigent, "Study and measurements of the dielectric properties of sea water," European Space Agency, Paris, Tech. Rep. 11197/94/NL/CN, 1996.
17. W. Ellison, A. Balana, G. Delbos, K. Lamkaouchi, L. Eymard, C. Guillou, and C. Prigent, "New permittivity measurements of sea water," Radio Sci., vol. 33, pp. 639-648, 1998.
18. J. Font, A. Camps, A. Borges, M. Martin-Neira, Y. Kerr, A. Hahne, and S. Macklenburg, "SMOS: The challenging sea surface salinity measurement from space," Proc. IEEE, vol. 98, no. 5.
19. C. L. Gentemann, F. J. Wentz, C. M. Mears, and D. K. Smith, "In-situ validation of TRMM microwave sea surface temperatures," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 109, no. C4, p. 15, Apr. 2004.
20. E. S. Johnson, G. S. E. Lagerloef, J. T. Gunn, and F. Bonjean, BSurface salinity advection in the tropical oceans compared to atmospheric freshwater forcing: A trial balance," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 107, no. C12, pp. SRF15-1-SRF15-11, Dec. 15, 2002, DOI: 10.1029/2001JC001122.
21. J. Kainulainen, K. Rautiainen, S. Tauriainen, T. Auer, J. Kettunen, and M. Hallikainen, "First 2-D interferometric radiometer imaging of the earth from an aircraft," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 241-245, Apr. 2007, DOI: 10.1109/LGRS. 2006.890553. (Pubitemid 46645140)
22. B. M. Kendall and J. O. Blanton, "Microwave radiometer measurement of tidally induced salinity changes off the georgia coast," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 86, pp. 6435-6441, 1981.
23. L. A. Klein and C. T. Swift, "An improved model for the dielectric constant of sea water at microwave frequencies," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propag., vol. AP-25, no. 1, pp. 104-111, Jan. 1977.
24. C. J. Koblinsky, P. Hildebrand, D. Le Vine, and F. Pellerano, "Sea surface salinity from space: Science goals and measurement approach," Radio Sci., vol. 38, no. 4, p. 8024, Mar. 2003, DOI: 10.1029/2001RS002584.
25. J. D. Kraus, Radio Astronomy. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.
26. G. S. E Lagerloef, C. Swift, and D. Le Vine, "Sea surface salinity: The next remote sensing challenge," Oceanography, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 44-50, 1995.
27. G. Lagerloef, F. R. Colomb, D. Le Vine, F. Wentz, S. Yueh, C. Ruf, J. Lilly, J. Gunn, Y. Chao, A. deCharon, and C. Swift, BThe aquarius/SAC-D missionVDesigned to meet the salinity remote sensing challenge," Oceanog. Mag., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 68-81, Mar. 2008.
28. R. H. Lang, Y. Tarkocin, C. Utku, and D. M. Le Vine, "Accurate L-band dielectric constant measurements of seawater," in Proc. Specialist Meet. Microw. Radiom. Remote Sens., Microrad2008, Florence, Italy, Feb. 2008.
29. R. H. Lang, H. Ghaemi, Y. Tarkocin, C. Utku, and D. M. Le Vine, "Measurement of the dielectric constant of seawater at L-band: Techniques and measurements," in USNC/URSI Nat. Radio Sci. Meet., Boulder, CO, Jan. 2009.
30. R. M. Lerner and J. P. Hollinger, "Analysis of 1.4 GHz radiometric measurements from skylab," Remote Sens. Environ., vol. 6, pp. 251-269, 1977.
31. D. M. Le Vine, M. Kao, R. Garvine, and T. Sanders, "Remote sensing of ocean salinity: Results from the Delaware coastal current experiment," J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., vol. 15, pp. 1478-1484, Dec. 1998.
32. D. M. Le Vine, "Synthetic aperture radiometer systems," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 2228-2236, Dec. 1999.
33. D. M. Le Vine, C. T. Swift, and M. Haken, "Development of the syntheitic aperture radiometer, ESTAR," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 199-202, Jan. 2001.
34. D. M. Le Vine and S. Abraham, "The effect of the ionosphere on remote sensing of sea surface salinity from space: Absorption and emission at L-band," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 771-782, Apr. 2002.
35. D. M. Le Vine and S. Abraham, "Galactic noise and passive microwave remote sensing from space at L-band," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 119-129, Jan. 2004.
36. D. M. Le Vine, S. Abraham, F. Wentz, and G. S. E. Lagerloef, "Impact of the Sun on remote sensing of sea surface salinity from space," in Proc. IGARSS05, Seoul, Korea, Jul. 2005, vol. 1, DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2005. 1526164.
37. D. M. Le Vine, S. D. Jacob, E. P. Dinnat, P. de Matthaeis, and S. Abraham, BThe influence of antenna pattern on faraday rotation in remote sensing at L-band," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 45, no. 9, Sep. 2007.
38. D. M. Le Vine, G. S. E. Lagerloef, F. R. Colomb, S. H. Yueh, and F. A. Pellerano, BAquarius: An instrument to monitor sea surface salinity from space," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 2040-2050, Jul. 2007b.
39. D. M. Le Vine and C. Utku, "Comments on modified stokes parameters," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 2707-2713, Aug. 2009.
40. H. J. Liebe, P. W. Rosenkranz, and G. A. Hufford, BAtmospheric 60-GHz oxygen spectrum: New laboratory measurements and line parameters," J. Quantitiative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, vol. 48, pp. 629-643, 1992.
41. R. Lukas and E. R. Lindstrom, "The mixed layer of the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 96, pp. 3343-3357, Feb. 1991, (suppl.).
42. R. Lukas and F. Santiago-Mundujano, "Interannual to interdecadal salinity variations observed near Hawaii: Local and remote forcing by surface freshwater fluxes," Oceanography, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 46-55, Mar. 2008.
43. T. Meissner and F. J. Wentz, BThe complex dielectric constant of pure and sea water from microwave satellite observations," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 1836-1849, Sep. 2004.
44. J. Miller, M. A. Goodberlet, and J. B. Zaitzeff, "Airborne salinity mapper makes debut in coastal zone," EOS Trans. AGU, vol. 79, pp. 173-177, 1998.
45. J. L. Miller and S. Payne, "Remote sensing of coastal salinity: Naval needs and developing capability," in Proc. IGARSS 2000, vol. 6, pp. 2534-2536, DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2000. 859631.
46. S. Misra and C. S. Ruf, "Detection of radio-frequency interference for the aquarius radiometer," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 46, no. 10, pt. 2, pp. 3123-3128, Oct. 2008, DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2008.920371.
47. Oceanography Magazine, Special Issue on Ocean Salinity, vol.21, no.1, pp. 68-81, Mar. 2008.
48. W. H. Peake, "Interaction of electromagnetic waves with some natural surfaces," IRE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-7, pp. S324-S329, 1959.
49. F. A. Pellerano, K. A. Horgan, W. J. Wilson, and A. B. Tanner, BDevelopment of a high-stability microstrip-based L-band radiometer for ocean salinity measurements," in Proc. IGARSS '04, S ep. 20-24, 2004, vol. 2, pp. 774-776.
50. F. A. Pellerano, J. Piepmeier, M. Triesky, K. Horgan, J. Forgione, J. Caldwell, W. J. Wilson, S. Yueh, M. Spencer, D. McWatters, and A. Freedman, BThe aquarius ocean salinity mission high stability L-band radiometer," in Proc. IGARSS '06, Jul. 31-Aug. 4, 2006, pp. 1681-1684.
51. R. Plonsey and R. E. Collin, Principles and Applications of Electromagnetic Fields, McGraw-Hill, 1961.
52. N. Reul, J. Tenerelli, B. Chapron, and P. Waldteufel, BModeling sun glitter at L-band for sea surface salinity remote sensing with SMOS," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 45, no. 7, Jul. 2007.
53. Sen, A. Y. Kim, D. Caruso, G. Lagerloef, R. Colomb, D. Le Vine, and S. Yueh, "Aquarius/SAC-D mission overview," in Proc. SPIE Conf.VSensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites X, vol. 6361, Stockholm, Sweden, Sep. 2006, p. 63610I, DOI: 10.1117/12.691981.
54. R. W. Schmitt, "The ocean freshwater cycle," in JSC Ocean Observing System Development Panel. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University, 1994, 40 pp.
55. J. Sprintall and M. Tomzcak, "Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the tropics," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 97, no. C5, pp. 7305-7316, May 1992.
56. A. Stogryn, "Equation for calculating the dielectric constant of saline water," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 19, pp. 733-736, 1971.
57. A. Stogryn, P. H. T. Bull, K. Rubayi, and S. Iravanchy, "The microwave dielectric properties of sea and fresh water," GenCorp Aerojet, Sacramento, CA, Tech. Rep., 1995.
58. A. Stogryn, "Equations for the permittivity of sea water," GenCorp Aerojet, Sacramento, CA, Tech. Rep., 1997.
59. C. T. Swift and R. E. McIntosh, "Considerations for microwave remote sensing of ocean-surface salinity," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. GE-21, pp. 480-491, 1983.
60. A. R. Thompson, J. M. Moran, and G. W. Swenson, Interferometry and Synthesis in Radio Astronomy. New York: Wiley, 1986.
61. F. T. Ulaby, R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co, 1981.
62. W. J. Wilson, S. H. Yueh, S. J. Dinardo, S. L. Chazanoff, A. Kitiyakara, F. K. Li, and Y. Rahmat-Samii, "Passive active L-and S-band (PALS) microwave sensor for ocean salinity and soil moisture measurements," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 1039-1048, May 2001.
63. W. J. Wilson, S. H. Yueh, S. Dinardo, Y. Chao, and F. Li, BPrecision ocean salinity measurements using the passive active L/S-band aircraft instrument," in Proc. IGARSS '03, Jul. 21-25, 2003, vol. 4, pp. 2792-2794, DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2003. 1294587.
64. W. J. Wilson, A. Tanner, F. Pellerano, and K. Horgan, "Ultrastable radiometers for future sea surface salinity missions," Jet Propulsion Laboratory Internal Report D-31794, Apr. 2005.
65. M. Wolleben, T. L. Landecker, W. Reich, and R. Wielebinski, "An absolutely calibrated survey of polarized emission from the northern sky at 1.4 GHz observations and data reduction," Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 448, pp. 411-424, 2006.
66. S. H. Yueh, "Estimates of Faraday rotation with passive microwave polarimetry for microwave remote sensing of earth surfaces," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 2434-24-2434-2438, Sep. 2000.
67. S. H. Yueh, R. West, W. J. Wilson, F. K. Li, E. G. Njoku, and Y. Rahmat-Samii, "Error sources and feasibility for microwave remote sensing of ocean surface salinity," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 1049-1059, May 2001.
68. S. H. Yueh, BMicrowave remote sensing modeling of ocean surface salinity and winds using an empirical sea surface spectrum," in Proc. IGARSS '04, Sep. 20-24, 2004, vol. 2, pp. 1358-1361, DO I: 10.1109/IGARSS.2004. 1368670.