Implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes: A review

Biological Trace Element Research

Volumn 134, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 119-129

  Chaudhary, Dharam P ^a   Sharma, Rajeshwar ^b   Bansal, Devi D ^b  

^a PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b PANJAB UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular diseases; Diabetes; Insulin resistance; Magnesium

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE (POTASSIUM SODIUM); ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; GLUCOSE; MAGNESIUM; MAGNESIUM CITRATE; MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE; MAGNESIUM OXIDE; PLACEBO; PYROGLUTAMATE MAGNESIUM;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CELL MEMBRANE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; GLUCOSE TRANSPORT; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; INCIDENCE; INSULIN BINDING; INSULIN RELEASE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPID METABOLISM; MAGNESIUM BLOOD LEVEL; MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY; MAGNESIUM EXCRETION; MAGNESIUM METABOLISM; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OSMOTIC DIURESIS; OXIDATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; RACE DIFFERENCE; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HUMANS; MAGNESIUM; MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY;

EID: 77951939579     PISSN: 01634984     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8465-z     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. NE Saris E Mervaala H Karppanen JA Khawaja A Lewenstam 2000 Magnesium. An update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects Clin Chem Acta 294 1 26 10.1016/S0009-8981(99)00258-2 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhvV2msrg%3D (Pubitemid 30155803)
2. MH Kroll RJ Elin 1985 Relationship between magnesium and protein concentrations in serum Clin Chem 31 244 246 3967355 1:CAS:528: DyaL2MXptlKlsg%3D%3D
3. E Dresoti 1995 Magnesium status and health Nutr Rev 53 S23
4. Academy N (1997) Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. National Academy, Washington
5. JR Marrier 1986 Magnesium content of the food supply in the modern day world Magnesium 5 1 8
6. S Quaranta MA Buscaglia MG Meroni E Colombo S Cella 2007 Pilot study of the efficacy and safety of a modified-release magnesium 250 mg tablet (Sincromag) for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome Clin Drug Investig 27 51 58 10.2165/00044011-200727010-00004 17177579 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXislShtrg%3D
7. EJ Brink AC Beynen 1992 Nutrition and magnesium absorption: a review Prog Food Nutr Sci 16 125 162 1496118 1:STN:280:DyaK38zlsl2hsw%3D%3D
8. GA Quamme 1997 Renal magnesium handling: new insights in understanding old problems Kidney Int 52 1180 1195 10.1038/ki.1997.443 9350641 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXntlSgtL0%3D
9. LL Hardwick MR Jones N Brautbar DB Lee 1991 Magnesium absorption: mechanisms and the influence of vitamin D, calcium and phosphate J Nutr 121 13 23 1992050 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXhtVShs7o%3D
10. RK Rude 1992 Magnesium deficiency and diabetes mellitus. Causes and effects Postgrad Med 92 217 219 1409173 1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2Fislyrsg%3D%3D
11. GA Quamme 1989 Control of magnesium transport in the thick ascending limb Am J Physiol 256 F197 F210 2644845 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXhtlamsrY%3D
12. T Dyckner P Wester 1985 Renal excretion of electrolytes in patients on long-term diuretic therapy for arterial hypertension and/or congestive heart failure Acta Med Scand 218 443 448 4091044 1:STN:280:DyaL287is1amtQ%3D%3D
13. H Lajer G Daugaard 1999 Cisplatin and hypomagnesemia Cancer Treat Rev 25 47 58 10.1053/ctrv.1999.0097 10212589 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXislKrsb8%3D (Pubitemid 29178536)
14. AA Nanji JF Denegri 1984 Hypomagnesemia associated with gentamicin therapy Drug Intell Clin Pharm 18 596 598 6745086 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3mtFShtQ%3D%3D
15. PM Rob A Lebeau R Nobiling H Schmid N Bley K Dick I Weigelt J Rohwer Y Gobel K Sack HG Classen 1996 Magnesium metabolism: basic aspects and implications of ciclosporine toxicity in rats Nephron 72 59 66 10.1159/000188807 8903862 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XhtVWqs74%3D
16. A Haenni MM Ohrvall H Lithell 2001 Serum magnesium status during lipid-lowering drug treatment in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients Metabolism 50 1147 1151 10.1053/meta.2001.26755 11586485 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXns1Wltb0%3D (Pubitemid 33036823)
17. RS Rivlin 1994 Magnesium deficiency and alcohol intake: mechanisms, clinical significance and possible relation to cancer development (a review) J Am Coll Nutr 13 416 423 7836619 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7jvVeluw%3D%3D
18. GM Walker 1986 Magnesium and cell cycle control: an update Magnesium 5 9 23 3515058 1:CAS:528:DyaL28Xhs1ektbs%3D
19. P Laurant RM Touyz 2000 Physiological and pathophysiological role of magnesium in the cardiovascular system: implications in hypertension J Hypertens 18 1177 1191 10.1097/00004872-200018090-00003 10994748 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3cvksVeksg%3D%3D
20. AM Romani 2008 Magnesium homeostasis and alcohol consumption Magnes Res 21 197 204 19271417 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsleltrk%3D
21. J Durlach M Bara A Guiet-Bara 1985 Magnesium level in drinking water and cardiovascular risk factor: a hypothesis Magnesium 4 5 15 4033205 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3psVKntQ%3D%3D
22. SR Wilkinson JA Stuedemann DL Grunes OJ Devine 1987 Relation of soil and plant magnesium to nutrition of animals and man Magnesium 6 74 90 3573819 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXitFaqt7o%3D
23. B Oralewska J Zawadzki I Jankowska K Popinska J Socha 1996 Disorders of magnesium homeostasis in the course of liver disease in children Magnes Res 9 125 128 8878008 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XlsFykur0%3D
24. Elison M, Haas MD. Magnesium: excerpted from Staying Healthy with Nutrition. The Complete Guide to Diet and Nutritional Medicine. Published by Celestial Arts
25. J Durlach P Bac V Durlach M Bara A Guiet-Bara 1997 Neurotic, neuromuscular and autonomic nervous form of magnesium imbalance Magnes Res 10 169 195 9368238 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnt12hu74%3D
26. CP Hans DP Chaudhary DD Bansal 2002 Magnesium deficiency increases oxidative stress in rats Indian J Exp Biol 40 1275 1279 13677631 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XptlChu7s%3D
27. N Hisakawa N Yasuoka H Itoh T Takao C Jinnouchi K Nishiya K Hashimoto 1998 A case of Gitelman's syndrome with chondrocalcinosis Endocr J 45 261 267 10.1507/endocrj.45.261 9700481 1:STN:280:DyaK1czmsFygug%3D%3D
28. GA Eby KL Eby 2006 Rapid recovery from major depression using magnesium treatment Med Hypotheses 67 362 370 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.01.047 16542786 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XltlelsrY%3D (Pubitemid 43825609)
29. P Galan P Preziosi V Durlach P Valeix L Ribas D Bouzid A Favier S Hercberg 1997 Dietary magnesium intake in a French adult population Magnes Res 10 321 328 9513928 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXit1egsLc%3D
30. J Durlach P Bac V Durlach Y Rayssiguier M Bara A Guiet-Bara 1998 Magnesium status and ageing: an update Magnes Res 11 25 42 9595547 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjtFelur4%3D
31. J Durlach V Durlach P Bac Y Rayssiguier M Bara A Guiet-Bara 1993 Magnesium and ageing. II. Clinical data: aetiological mechanisms and pathophysiological consequences of magnesium deficit in the elderly Magnes Res 6 379 394 8155490 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3gs1OntQ%3D%3D
32. HO Garland 1992 New experimental data on the relationship between diabetes mellitus and magnesium Magnes Res 5 193 202 1467158 1:STN:280:DyaK3s7gsVSguw%3D%3D
33. PC Pham PM Pham SV Pham JM Miller PT Pham 2007 Hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2 366 373 10.2215/CJN.02960906 17699436 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjs1yktrc%3D
34. ME Shills 1988 Magnesium in health and disease Annu Rev Nutr 8 429 460 10.1146/annurev.nu.08.070188.002241
35. R Whang TO Oei JK Aikawa A Watanabe J Vannatta A Fryer M Markanich 1984 Predictors of clinical hypomagnesemia. Hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, hyponatremia, and hypocalcemia Arch Intern Med 144 1794 1796 10.1001/archinte.144.9.1794 6476998 1:STN:280:DyaL2czgs1altA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14070036)
36. ET Wong RK Rude FR Singer ST Shaw Jr 1983 A high prevalence of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia in hospitalized patients Am J Clin Pathol 79 348 352 6829504 1:STN:280:DyaL3s7kvFOlsg%3D%3D
37. JP Hayes MF Ryan N Brazil TO Riordan JB Walsh D Coakley 1989 Serum hypomagnesaemia in an elderly day-hospital population Ir Med J 82 117 119 2599834 1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2FptlOrug%3D%3D
38. ME Kingston MB Al-Siba'i WC Skooge 1986 Clinical manifestations of hypomagnesemia Crit Care Med 14 950 954 10.1097/00003246-198611000-00008 3769507 1:STN:280:DyaL2s%2FivFertQ%3D%3D
39. JC Boyd DE Bruns MR Wills 1983 Frequency of hypomagnesaemia in hypokalemic states Clin Chem 29 178 179 6848259 1:STN:280:DyaL3s%2FnslGluw%3D%3D
40. JL Noronha GM Matuschak 2002 Magnesium in critical illness: metabolism, assessment, and treatment Intensive Care Med 28 667 679 10.1007/s00134-002-1281- y 12107669 (Pubitemid 34639476)
41. B Chernow S Bamberger M Stoiko M Vadnais S Mills V Hoellerich AL Warshaw 1989 Hypomagnesaemia in patients in postoperative intensive care Chest 95 391 397 10.1378/chest.95.2.391 2914492 1:STN:280:DyaL1M7itValsw%3D%3D
42. E Ryzen 1989 Magnesium homeostasis in critically ill patients Magnesium 8 201 212 2682045 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXlsVei
43. GJ Rubeiz M Thill-Baharozian D Hardie RW Carlson 1993 Association of hypomagnesaemia and mortality in acutely ill medical patients Crit Care Med 21 203 209 10.1097/00003246-199302000-00010 8428470 1:STN:280:DyaK3s7lsVSqsg%3D%3D
44. R Whang KW Ryder 1990 Frequency of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia. Requested vs routine JAMA 263 3063 3064 10.1001/jama.263.22.3063 2342219 1:STN:280:DyaK3c3lvVWqtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 20181613)
45. SM al-Ghamdi EC Cameron RA Sutton 1994 Magnesium deficiency: pathophysiologic and clinical overview Am J Kidney Dis 24 737 52 7977315 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2Fmsl2itQ%3D%3D
46. ME Shils 1969 Experimental human magnesium depletion Medicin 48 61 85 10.1097/00005792-196901000-00003 1:STN:280:DyaF1M%2FptlamsQ%3D%3D
47. MJ Dunn M Walser 1966 Magnesium depletion in normal man Metabolism 15 884 895 10.1016/0026-0495(66)90159-4 5923524 1:CAS:528:DyaF28XltFSgsbo%3D
48. HJ Gitelman JB Graham LG Welt 1966 A familial disorder characterized by hypokalemia and hypomagnesaemia Trans Amer Phys 79 221 235 1:STN:280: DyaF2s%2FlsFKltw%3D%3D
49. L Martindale FW Heaton 1964 Magnesium deficiency in the adult rat Biochem J 92 119 126 5840376 1:CAS:528:DyaF2cXkt1Sisbk%3D
50. R Whang LG Welt 1963 Observations in experimental magnesium depletion J Clin Invest 42 305 313 10.1172/JCI104717 13976753 1:CAS:528:DyaF3sXktlOns78%3D
51. AC Alfrey NL Miller D Butkus 1974 Evaluation of body magnesium stores J Lab Clin Med 84 153 162 4843222 1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXltVaku7k%3D
52. RJ Elin WD Armstrong L Singer 1971 Body fluid electrolyte composition of chronically magnesium-deficient and control rats Am J Physiol 220 543 548 5540910 1:CAS:528:DyaE3MXosVKitA%3D%3D
53. I Bezprozvanny J Watras BE Ehrlich 1991 Bell-shaped calcium-response curves of Ins(1, 4, 5)P3- and calcium-gated channels from endoplasmic reticulum of cerebellum Nature 351 751 754 10.1038/351751a0 1648178 1:STN:280: DyaK3M3oslyjsw%3D%3D
54. IN Cholst SF Steinberg PJ Tropper HE Fox GV Segre JP Bilezikian 1984 The influence of hypermagnesaemia on serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels in human subjects N Eng J Med 310 1221 1225 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXktFOgsrs%3D
55. R Whang EB Flink T Dyckner PO Wester JK Aikawa MP Ryan 1985 Magnesium depletion as a cause of refractory potassium repletion Arch Intern Med 145 1686 1689 10.1001/archinte.145.9.1686 4026498 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3nvVGmtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16218375)
56. SM Kobrin S Goldfarb 1990 Magnesium deficiency Semin Nephrol 10 525 535 2255809 1:STN:280:DyaK3M%2FnsFWjsg%3D%3D
57. G Paolisso S Sgambato A Gambardella G Pizza P Tesauro M Varricchio F D'Onofrio 1992 Daily magnesium supplements improve glucose handling in elderly subjects Am J Clin Nutr 55 1161 1167 1595589 1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xks1yqsL4%3D
58. R Lopez-Ridaura WC Willett EB Rimm S Liu MJ Stampfer JE Manson FB Hu 2004 Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women Diabetes Care 27 270 271 10.2337/diacare.27.1.134 (Pubitemid 38196722)
59. KA Meyer LH Kushi DR Jacobs Jr J Slavin TA Sellers AR Folsom 2000 Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women Am J Clin Nutr 71 921 930 10731498 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXit1yjsbo%3D
60. WH Kao AR Folsom FJ Nieto JP Mo RL Watson FL Brancati 1999 Serum and dietary magnesium and the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Arch Intern Med 159 2151 2159 10.1001/archinte.159. 18.2151 10527292 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXntFOktL8%3D (Pubitemid 29483154)
61. DA Longstreet DL Heath KS Panaretto R Vink 2007 Correlations suggest low magnesium may lead to higher rates of type 2 diabetes in Indigenous Australians Rural Remote Health 7 843 17937505 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2snhtlyksA%3D%3D
62. S Fujii T Takemura M Wada T Akai K Okuda 1982 Magnesium levels of plasma, erythrocyte and urine in patients with diabetes mellitus Horm Metab Res 14 161 162 10.1055/s-2007-1018954 7068108 1:STN:280:DyaL387msF2jsw%3D%3D
63. RJ Elin 1988 Magnesium metabolism in health and disease Dis Mon 34 161 218 3282851 1:STN:280:DyaL1c7psFOktw%3D%3D
64. Styler L (1988) Biochemistry, 3rd edn. Freeman, New York
65. S Tongyai Y Rayssiguier C Motta E Gueux P Maurois FW Heaton 1989 Mechanism of increased erythrocyte membrane fluidity during magnesium deficiency in weanling rats Am J Physiol 257 C270 C276 2504048 1:CAS:528: DyaL1MXlslaku7g%3D
66. JF Caro S Triester VK Patel EB Tapscott NL Frazier GL Dohm 1995 Liver glucokinase: decreased activity in patients with type II diabetes Horm Metab Res 27 19 22 10.1055/s-2007-979899 7729787 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXktV2qu78%3D
67. FM Matschinsky 1990 Glucokinase as glucose sensor and metabolic signal generator in pancreatic beta-cells and hepatocytes Diabetes 39 647 652 10.2337/diabetes.39.6.647 2189759 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXktlOqtbY%3D
68. L Tosiello 1996 Hypomagnesemia and diabetes mellitus. A review of clinical implications Arch Intern Med 156 1143 1148 10.1001/archinte.156.11.1143 8639008 1:STN:280:DyaK283jsFSmtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26196242)
69. DP Chaudhary RK Boparai R Sharma DD Bansal 2004 Studies on the development of an insulin resistance rat model by chronic feeding of high sucrose low magnesium diet Manes Res 17 293 300 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXptFGgtQ%3D%3D
70. DP Chaudhary RK Boparai DD Bansal 2007 Effect of low magnesium diet on in-vitro glucose uptake in sucrose fed rats Magnes Res 20 187 195 17972461 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtFyktL7J
71. IS Hwang H Ho BB Hoffman GM Reaven 1987 Fructose induced insulin resistance and hypertension in rats Hypertension 10 512 516 3311990 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXjs1KhtA%3D%3D
72. I Zavaroni S Sander S Scott GM Reaven 1980 Effect of fructose feeding on insulin secretion and insulin action in the rats Metabolism 29 970 973 10.1016/0026-0495(80)90041-4 6999292 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXltlWisb8%3D (Pubitemid 10014402)
73. TW Balon A Jasman S Scott WP Meehan RK Rude JL Nadler 1994 Dietary magnesium prevents fructose induced insulin insensitivity in rats Hypertension 23 1036 1039 8206589 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3ms1Cjug%3D%3D
74. Allen BD, Greer FR (1995) Calcium and magnesium metabolism beyond infancy. In: Tsang RC (ed) Calcium and magnesium metabolism in early life. CRS, Boca Raton, pp 136-138
75. Lehninger AL (1975) Biochemistry, 2nd edn. Worth, New York 390
76. ML Lima T Cruz LE Rodrigues O Bomfim J Melo R Correia M Porto A Cedro E Vicente 2009 Serum and intracellular magnesium deficiency in patients with metabolic syndrome-evidences for its relation to insulin resistance Diabetes Res Clin Pract 83 257 262 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.11.019 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1MXhtVCqu7o%3D
77. AA Evangelopoulos NG Vallianou DB Panagiotakos A Georgiou GA Zacharias AN Alevra GJ Zalokosta ED Vogiatzakis PC Avgerinos 2008 An inverse relationship between cumulating components of the metabolic syndrome and serum magnesium levels Nutr Res 28 659 663 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.07.001 19083473 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1egtLbM
78. B Seyoum ES Siraj C Saenz J Abdulkadir 2008 Hypomagnesemia in Ethiopians with diabetes mellitus Ethn Dis 18 147 151 18507265
79. FR Kandeel E Balon S Scott JL Nadler 1996 Magnesium deficiency and glucose metabolism in rat adipocytes Metabolism 45 838 843 10.1016/S0026- 0495(96)90156-0 8692018 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XktlOntr4%3D (Pubitemid 26249749)
80. G Paolisso A Scheen D Cozzolino G Di Maro M Varricchio F D'Onofrio PJ Lefebvre 1994 Changes in glucose turnover parameters and improvement of glucose oxidation after 4-week magnesium administration in elderly noninsulin-dependent (type II) diabetic patients J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78 1510 1514 10.1210/jc.78.6.1510 8200955 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3lvFOksA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24181028)
81. WS Smellie DS O'Reilly BJ Martin J Santamaria 1993 Magnesium replacement and glucose tolerance in elderly subjects Am J Clin Nutr 57 594 596 8318108 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3ht1OjtQ%3D%3D
82. A Sjögren CH Florén A Nilsson 1988 Oral administration of magnesium hydroxide to subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects on magnesium and potassium levels and on insulin requirements Magnesium 7 117 22 3054347
83. LA Olatunji IP Oyeyipo OS Micheal AO Soladoye 2008 Effect of dietary magnesium on glucose tolerance and plasma lipid during oral contraceptive administration in female rats Afr J Med Sci 37 135 139 1:STN:280: DC%2BD1cnnvVemsg%3D%3D
84. NM McKeown PF Jacques XL Zhang W Juan NR Sahyoun 2008 Dietary magnesium intake is related to metabolic syndrome in older Americans Eur J Nutr 47 210 216 10.1007/s00394-008-0715-x 18560789 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXptlWqsb4%3D
85. F Guerrero-Romero RA Rascón-Pacheco M Rodríguez- Morán JE de la Peña N Wacher 2008 Hypomagnesaemia and risk for metabolic glucose disorders: a 10-year follow-up study Eur J Clin Invest 38 389 396 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.01957.x 18489400 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXnvVOksrY%3D (Pubitemid 351712929)
86. C Fox D Ramsoomair C Carter 2001 Magnesium: its proven and potential clinical significance South Med J 94 1195 1201 11811859 1:STN:280: DC%2BD38%2FosV2gsg%3D%3D
87. JL Nadler RK Rude 1995 Disorders of magnesium metabolism Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 24 623 641 8575413 1:STN:280:DyaK287gs1Knsg%3D%3D
88. T Nozue A Kobayashi F Uemasu Y Takagi A Sako H Endoh 1995 Magnesium status, serum HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A-1 levels J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 20 316 318 7608827 1:STN:280:DyaK2MzjtlShug%3D%3D
89. MS Seelig A Heggtveit 1974 Magnesium interrelationships in ischemic heart disease: a review Am J Clin Nutr 27 59 79 4588182 1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXhtVKmtLs%3D
90. HM Mather GE Levin JA Nisbet LA Hadley NM Oakley TR Pilkington 1982 Diurnal profiles of plasma magnesium and blood glucose in diabetes Diabetologia 22 180 183 10.1007/BF00283749 7042429 1:STN:280:DyaL387oslKmug%3D%3D
91. WF Vanroelen LF Van Gaal PE Van Rooy IH De Leeuw 1985 Serum and erythrocyte magnesium levels in type I and type II diabetics Acta Diabetol Lat 22 185 190 10.1007/BF02590769 3907234 1:STN:280:DyaL28%2FntlWmsg%3D%3D
92. M Shechter M Sharir MJ Labrador J Forrester B Silver CN Bairey Merz 2000 Oral magnesium therapy improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease Circulation 102 2353 2358 11067788 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXptVSjtLc%3D
93. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board (1999) Dietary reference intakes: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D and fluoride. National Academy, Washington
94. Lee S, Park HK, Son SP, Lee CW, Kim IJ, Kim HJ (2009) Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in normo-magnesemic nondiabetic overweight Korean adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis (in press)
95. Y Song JE Manson JE Buring S Liu 2004 A prospective study of red meat consumption and type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and elderly women: the women's health study Diabetes Care 27 2108 2115 10.2337/diacare.27.9.2108 15333470 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnvFKrsb4%3D (Pubitemid 39167171)