메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 57-72

Limitations of European Union policy and law for regulating use of lead shot and sinkers: Comparisons with North American regulation

Author keywords

EU; Fishing; Lead poisoning; Marketing; Non toxic substitutes; Policy; Shooting; US legislation

Indexed keywords

BIRD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION; EUROPEAN COMMISSION; EUROPEAN UNION; FISHING; HUNTING; LEAD; LIMITING FACTOR; MARKETING; POISONING; POLLUTION CONTROL; POLLUTION POLICY; REGULATORY FRAMEWORK; SPECIES CONSERVATION;

EID: 77951938535     PISSN: 1756932X     EISSN: 17569338     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/eet.527     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (28)

References (72)
  • 1
    • 77954601445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AEWA. [6 November 2008]
    • AEWA. 2008. Eighth Meeting of the Technical Committee, 2008. http://www.unep-aewa.org/meetings/en/mop/mop4_docs/meeting_docs/ mop4_6_nr_synthesis_lead_shot_rev1.doc [6 November 2008].
    • (2008) Eighth Meeting of the Technical Committee, 2008
  • 2
    • 0000390047 scopus 로고
    • Legislation and lawsuits in the United States and their effects on nontoxic shot regulations
    • IWRB Special Publication 16, Pain DJ (ed.). IWRB: Slimbridge, UK
    • Anderson WL. 1992. Legislation and lawsuits in the United States and their effects on nontoxic shot regulations. In Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl, IWRB Special Publication 16, Pain DJ (ed.). IWRB: Slimbridge, UK; 55-60.
    • (1992) Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl , pp. 55-60
    • Anderson, W.L.1
  • 3
    • 0033949227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ingestion of lead and nontoxic shotgun pellets by ducks in the Mississippi flyway
    • Anderson WL, Havera SP, Zercher BW. 2000. Ingestion of lead and nontoxic shotgun pellets by ducks in the Mississippi flyway. The Journal of Wildlife Management 64(3): 848-857.
    • (2000) The Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.64 , Issue.3 , pp. 848-857
    • Anderson, W.L.1    Havera, S.P.2    Zercher, B.W.3
  • 4
    • 0141812984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Update Report 2000. Wetlands International: Wageningen
    • Beintema NH. 2001. Lead Poisoning in Waterbirds. International Update Report 2000. Wetlands International: Wageningen.
    • (2001) Lead Poisoning in Waterbirds
    • Beintema, N.H.1
  • 6
    • 0040238094 scopus 로고
    • Report of The House of Commons Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development, Public Works and Government Services: Ottawa
    • Caccia CL. 1995. It's About Our Health: Towards Pollution Prevention, Report of The House of Commons Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development. Public Works and Government Services: Ottawa; 128-129.
    • (1995) It's About Our Health: Towards Pollution Prevention , pp. 128-129
    • Caccia, C.L.1
  • 7
    • 77954576843 scopus 로고
    • Commission of the European Communities (CEC). Official Journal of the European Union L103
    • Commission of the European Communities (CEC). 1979. Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April on the conservation of wild birds. Offi cial Journal of the European Union L103: 1-18.
    • (1979) Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April on the conservation of wild birds , pp. 1-18
  • 8
    • 77249119336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council
    • Commission of the European Communities (CEC). Offi cial Journal of the European Union L396
    • Commission of the European Communities (CEC). 2006a. Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Offi cial Journal of the European Union L396: 1-849.
    • (2006) , pp. 1-849
  • 11
    • 1242320499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CSTEE. Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General. European Commission: Brussels
    • CSTEE. 2000. Opinion on Lead - Danish Notifi cation 98/595/DK. Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General. European Commission: Brussels.
    • (2000) Opinion on Lead - Danish Notifi cation 98/595/DK
  • 13
    • 21544466469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead bioaccumulation in earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris, from exposure to lead compounds of differing solubility
    • Darling CTR, Thomas VG. 2005. Lead bioaccumulation in earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris, from exposure to lead compounds of differing solubility. Science of the Total Environment 346(1-3): 70-80.
    • (2005) Science of the Total Environment , vol.346 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 70-80
    • Darling, C.T.R.1    Thomas, V.G.2
  • 15
    • 77954581865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Commission (EC). [21 December 2007]
    • European Commission (EC). 2004. EC Website. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/hunting/docs/agreement_en.pdf [21 December 2007].
    • (2004) EC Website
  • 16
    • 77954570115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Fishing Tackle Trade Association (EFTTA). EFTTA [29 October 2008]
    • European Fishing Tackle Trade Association (EFTTA). 2008. European Parliament Decides Against a Lead Ban. EFTTA. http://www.eftta.com/ english/news_indepth.html?cart=%5Bcart&SKU=2047259533 [29 October 2008].
    • (2008) European Parliament Decides Against a Lead Ban
  • 17
    • 77954605289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Parliament. [20 December 2007]
    • European Parliament. 2007. Amendments 3-11. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/am/647/647424/647424en. pdf [20 December 2007].
    • (2007) Amendments 3-11
  • 18
    • 77954614390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FACE. [10 January 2008]
    • FACE. 2007a. FACE Website. http://www.face-europe.org/cnt-hunting_hunters.htm [10 January 2008].
    • (2007) FACE Website
  • 20
    • 33749532309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embedded lead shot and infl iction rates in common eiders Somateria mollissima and king eiders S. spectabilis wintering in southwest Greenland
    • Falk K, Merkel F, Kampp K, Jamieson SE. 2006. Embedded lead shot and infl iction rates in common eiders Somateria mollissima and king eiders S. spectabilis wintering in southwest Greenland. Wildlife Biology 12(3): 257-265.
    • (2006) Wildlife Biology , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 257-265
    • Falk, K.1    Merkel, F.2    Kampp, K.3    Jamieson, S.E.4
  • 21
    • 33745088326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of lead poisoning from ammunition sources in terrestrial birds
    • Fisher IJ, Pain DJ, Thomas VG. 2006. A review of lead poisoning from ammunition sources in terrestrial birds. Biological Conservation 131(3): 421-432.
    • (2006) Biological Conservation , vol.131 , Issue.3 , pp. 421-432
    • Fisher, I.J.1    Pain, D.J.2    Thomas, V.G.3
  • 24
    • 70149107813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the risk of lead exposure for the conservation of the endangered Pyrenean bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) population
    • Hernández M, Margalida A. 2009. Assessing the risk of lead exposure for the conservation of the endangered Pyrenean bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) population. Environmental Research 109(7): 837-842.
    • (2009) Environmental Research , vol.109 , Issue.7 , pp. 837-842
    • Hernández, M.1    Margalida, A.2
  • 27
    • 0342918074 scopus 로고
    • Current legislation affecting wise use of migratory waterfowl in Europe
    • IWRB Special Publication 16, Pain DJ (ed.). IWRB: Slimbridge, UK
    • Lecocq Y. 1992. Current legislation affecting wise use of migratory waterfowl in Europe. In Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl, IWRB Special Publication 16, Pain DJ (ed.). IWRB: Slimbridge, UK; 71-72.
    • (1992) Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl , pp. 71-72
    • Lecocq, Y.1
  • 28
    • 77954602008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London Metal Exchange. [16 November 2009]
    • London Metal Exchange. 2009. LME Website. http://www.lme.co.uk [16 November 2009].
    • (2009) LME Website
  • 30
    • 75849152042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead poisoning in wild birds in Europe and the regulations adopted by different countries
    • Watson RT, Fuller M, Pokras M, Hunt WG (eds). Peregrine Fund: Boise, ID
    • Mateo R. 2009. Lead poisoning in wild birds in Europe and the regulations adopted by different countries. In Ingestion of Lead from Spent Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans, Watson RT, Fuller M, Pokras M, Hunt WG (eds). Peregrine Fund: Boise, ID; 71- 98.
    • (2009) Ingestion of Lead from Spent Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans , pp. 71-98
    • Mateo, R.1
  • 33
    • 33845967845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead poisoning in wild birds from southern Spain: a comparative study of wetland areas and species affected, and trends over time
    • Mateo R, Green AJ, LeFranc H, Baos R, Figuerola J. 2007. Lead poisoning in wild birds from southern Spain: a comparative study of wetland areas and species affected, and trends over time. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 66(1): 119-126.
    • (2007) Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , vol.66 , Issue.1 , pp. 119-126
    • Mateo, R.1    Green, A.J.2    LeFranc, H.3    Baos, R.4    Figuerola, J.5
  • 34
    • 1342265751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of heavy metal contamination on the arthropod community of a shooting range
    • Migliorini M, Pigino G, Bianchi N, Bernini F, Leonzio C. 2004. The effects of heavy metal contamination on the arthropod community of a shooting range. Environmental Pollution 129(2): 331-340.
    • (2004) Environmental Pollution , vol.129 , Issue.2 , pp. 331-340
    • Migliorini, M.1    Pigino, G.2    Bianchi, N.3    Bernini, F.4    Leonzio, C.5
  • 35
    • 77954568315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caution before action on lead
    • Miller DA. 2009. Caution before action on lead. The Wildlife Professional 3(2): 52, 66.
    • (2009) The Wildlife Professional , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 66
    • Miller, D.A.1
  • 37
    • 0028667949 scopus 로고
    • Economic analyses of crippling losses of North American waterfowl and their policy implications for management
    • Norton MR, Thomas VG. 1994. Economic analyses of crippling losses of North American waterfowl and their policy implications for management. Environmental Conservation 21(4): 347-353.
    • (1994) Environmental Conservation , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 347-353
    • Norton, M.R.1    Thomas, V.G.2
  • 38
    • 5844243163 scopus 로고
    • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Environment Directorate, OECD: Paris
    • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 1993. Risk Reduction Monograph No. I: Lead. Environment Directorate, OECD: Paris.
    • (1993) Risk Reduction Monograph No. I: Lead
  • 41
    • 77954616886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental protection by product policy. Focus on dangerous substances
    • Onida M (ed.). Europa Law: Groningen
    • Onida M. 2004. Environmental protection by product policy. Focus on dangerous substances. In Europe and the Environment: Legal Essays in Honour of Ludwig Krämer, Onida M (ed.). Europa Law: Groningen; 113-137.
    • (2004) Europe and the Environment: Legal Essays in Honour of Ludwig Krämer , pp. 113-137
    • Onida, M.1
  • 42
    • 0030618695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal blood lead concentrations in marsh harriers (Circus aeruginosus) from Charente-Maritime, France: relationship with hunting season
    • Pain DJ, Bavoux C, Burneleau G. 1997. Seasonal blood lead concentrations in marsh harriers (Circus aeruginosus) from Charente-Maritime, France: relationship with hunting season. Biological Conservation 81(1/2): 1-7.
    • (1997) Biological Conservation , vol.81 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 1-7
    • Pain, D.J.1    Bavoux, C.2    Burneleau, G.3
  • 43
    • 77954584390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global update of lead poisoning in terrestrial birds from ammunition sources
    • Watson RT, Fuller M, Pokras M, Hunt WG (eds). Peregrine Fund: Boise, ID
    • Pain DJ, Fisher IJ, Thomas VG. 2009. A global update of lead poisoning in terrestrial birds from ammunition sources. In Ingestion of Lead from Spent Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans, Watson RT, Fuller M, Pokras M, Hunt WG (eds). Peregrine Fund: Boise, ID; 99-118.
    • (2009) Ingestion of Lead from Spent Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans , pp. 99-118
    • Pain, D.J.1    Fisher, I.J.2    Thomas, V.G.3
  • 44
    • 4444248342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead concentrations in bones and feathers of the globally threatened Spanish imperial eagle
    • Pain DJ, Meharg AA, Ferrer M, Taggart M, Penteriani V. 2005. Lead concentrations in bones and feathers of the globally threatened Spanish imperial eagle. Biological Conservation 121(4): 603-610.
    • (2005) Biological Conservation , vol.121 , Issue.4 , pp. 603-610
    • Pain, D.J.1    Meharg, A.A.2    Ferrer, M.3    Taggart, M.4    Penteriani, V.5
  • 45
    • 0023841850 scopus 로고
    • Mortality and hematology associated with the ingestion of one number four lead shot in black ducks, Anas rubripes
    • Pain DJ, Rattner BA. 1988. Mortality and hematology associated with the ingestion of one number four lead shot in black ducks, Anas rubripes. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 40(2): 159-164.
    • (1988) Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 159-164
    • Pain, D.J.1    Rattner, B.A.2
  • 46
    • 0028034385 scopus 로고
    • Experimental accumulation of lead from soils through earthworms to common shrews
    • Pankakoski E, Koivisto I, Hyvärinen H, Terhivuo J, Tähkä KM. 1994. Experimental accumulation of lead from soils through earthworms to common shrews. Chemosphere 29(8): 1639-1649.
    • (1994) Chemosphere , vol.29 , Issue.8 , pp. 1639-1649
    • Pankakoski, E.1    Koivisto, I.2    Hyvärinen, H.3    Terhivuo, J.4    Tähkä, K.M.5
  • 48
    • 85057931082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead in the environment
    • Hoffman DJ, Rattner BA, Burton GA Jr., Cairns J Jr. (eds). CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL
    • Pattee OH, Pain DJ. 2003. Lead in the environment. In Handbook of Ecotoxicology, Hoffman DJ, Rattner BA, Burton GA Jr., Cairns J Jr. (eds). CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL; 373-408.
    • (2003) Handbook of Ecotoxicology , pp. 373-408
    • Pattee, O.H.1    Pain, D.J.2
  • 49
    • 0037392770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A survey of blood lead levels in mute swans Cygnusolor
    • Perrins CM, Cousquer G, Waine J. 2003. A survey of blood lead levels in mute swans Cygnusolor. Avian Pathology 32(2): 205-212.
    • (2003) Avian Pathology , vol.32 , Issue.2 , pp. 205-212
    • Perrins, C.M.1    Cousquer, G.2    Waine, J.3
  • 50
    • 0038224650 scopus 로고
    • Division of Environmental Contaminants Information Bulletin 94-09-01. US Fish and Wildlife Service: Arlington, VI
    • Perry C. 1994. Lead Sinker Ingestion in Avian Species, Division of Environmental Contaminants Information Bulletin 94-09-01. US Fish and Wildlife Service: Arlington, VI; 22.
    • (1994) Lead Sinker Ingestion in Avian Species , pp. 22
    • Perry, C.1
  • 52
    • 0033664292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead exposure in American black ducks after implementation of non-toxic shot
    • Samuel MD, Bowers EF. 2000. Lead exposure in American black ducks after implementation of non-toxic shot. The Journal of Wildlife Management 64(4): 947-953.
    • (2000) The Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.64 , Issue.4 , pp. 947-953
    • Samuel, M.D.1    Bowers, E.F.2
  • 53
    • 5844290119 scopus 로고
    • Lead poisoning mortality
    • IWRB Special Publication 16, Pain DJ (ed.). IWRB: Slimbridge, UK
    • Sanderson GC. 1992. Lead poisoning mortality. In Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl, IWRB Special Publication 16, Pain DJ (ed.). IWRB: Slimbridge, UK; 14-18.
    • (1992) Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl , pp. 14-18
    • Sanderson, G.C.1
  • 54
    • 0029667678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of environmental lead exposure in waterfowl in eastern Canada
    • Scheuhammer AM, Dickson K. 1996. Patterns of environmental lead exposure in waterfowl in eastern Canada. Ambio 25(1): 14-20.
    • (1996) Ambio , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 14-20
    • Scheuhammer, A.M.1    Dickson, K.2
  • 58
    • 0026314617 scopus 로고
    • Lead poisoning in mute swans, Cygnus olor, in England
    • Oxford, Sears J, Bacon PJ (eds). Wildfowl Supplement 1
    • Sears J, Hunt A. 1991. Lead poisoning in mute swans, Cygnus olor, in England. In Proceedings of the 3rd IWRB International Swan Symposium, Oxford, Sears J, Bacon PJ (eds). Wildfowl Supplement 1: 383-388.
    • (1991) Proceedings of the 3rd IWRB International Swan Symposium , pp. 383-388
    • Sears, J.1    Hunt, A.2
  • 59
    • 2342632200 scopus 로고
    • The British hunter's perspective on lead and steel shot
    • IWRB Special Publication 16, Pain DJ (ed.). IWRB: Slimbridge, UK
    • Shedden CB. 1992. The British hunter's perspective on lead and steel shot. In Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl, IWRB Special Publication 16, Pain DJ (ed.). IWRB: Slimbridge, UK; 81-85.
    • (1992) Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl , pp. 81-85
    • Shedden, C.B.1
  • 62
    • 0030730168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attitudes and issues preventing lead bans on toxic lead shot and sinkers in North America and Europe
    • Thomas VG. 1997. Attitudes and issues preventing lead bans on toxic lead shot and sinkers in North America and Europe. Environmental Values 6(2): 185-199.
    • (1997) Environmental Values , vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp. 185-199
    • Thomas, V.G.1
  • 63
    • 0038814739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harmonizing approval of nontoxic shot and sinkers in North America
    • Thomas VG. 2003. Harmonizing approval of nontoxic shot and sinkers in North America. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(1): 292-295.
    • (2003) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 292-295
    • Thomas, V.G.1
  • 64
    • 77951938513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The policy and legislative dimensions of nontoxic shot and bullet use in North America
    • Watson RT, Fuller M, Pokras M, Hunt WG (eds). Peregrine Fund: Boise, ID
    • Thomas VG. 2009. The policy and legislative dimensions of nontoxic shot and bullet use in North America. In Ingestion of Lead from Spent Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans, Watson RT, Fuller M, Pokras M, Hunt WG (eds). Peregrine Fund: Boise, ID; 351-362.
    • (2009) Ingestion of Lead from Spent Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans , pp. 351-362
    • Thomas, V.G.1
  • 65
    • 0042593141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead pollution from shooting and angling, and a common regulative approach
    • Thomas VG, Guitart R. 2003. Lead pollution from shooting and angling, and a common regulative approach. Environmental Policy and Law 33(3/4): 143-149.
    • (2003) Environmental Policy and Law , vol.33 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 143-149
    • Thomas, V.G.1    Guitart, R.2
  • 66
    • 22244479684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of international conventions in promoting avian conservation through reduced lead toxicosis: progression towards a non-toxic agenda
    • Thomas VG. Guitart R. 2005. Role of international conventions in promoting avian conservation through reduced lead toxicosis: progression towards a non-toxic agenda. Bird Conservation International 15(2): 147-160.
    • (2005) Bird Conservation International , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 147-160
    • Thomas, V.G.1    Guitart, R.2
  • 67
    • 0030427872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventing lead toxicosis of European waterfowl by regulatory and non-regulatory means
    • Thomas VG, Owen M. 1996. Preventing lead toxicosis of European waterfowl by regulatory and non-regulatory means. Environmental Conservation 23(4): 358-364.
    • (1996) Environmental Conservation , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 358-364
    • Thomas, V.G.1    Owen, M.2
  • 68
    • 0032078537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventing fi shing-sinker-induced lead poisoning of common loons through Canadian policy and regulative reform
    • Twiss MP, Thomas VG. 1998. Preventing fi shing-sinker-induced lead poisoning of common loons through Canadian policy and regulative reform. Journal of Environmental Management 53(1): 49-59.
    • (1998) Journal of Environmental Management , vol.53 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-59
    • Twiss, M.P.1    Thomas, V.G.2
  • 70
    • 40849088488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Migratory bird hunting: approval of tungsten-iron-copper-nickel, iron-tungsten-nickel alloy, tungsten-bronze (additional formulation), and tungsten-tin-iron shot types as non-toxic for hunting waterfowl and coots: availability of environmental assessments
    • US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
    • US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2006. Migratory bird hunting: approval of tungsten-iron-copper-nickel, iron-tungsten-nickel alloy, tungsten-bronze (additional formulation), and tungsten-tin-iron shot types as non-toxic for hunting waterfowl and coots: availability of environmental assessments. Federal Register 71(17): 4294-4297.
    • (2006) Federal Register , vol.71 , Issue.17 , pp. 4294-4297
  • 71
    • 77954593228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Watson RT, Fuller M, Pokras M, Hunt WG (eds). Proceedings of the Conference, 2008. Peregrine Fund: Boise, ID
    • Watson RT, Fuller M, Pokras M, Hunt WG (eds). 2009. Ingestion of Lead from Spent Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans, Proceedings of the Conference, 2008. Peregrine Fund: Boise, ID.
    • (2009) Ingestion of Lead from Spent Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans
  • 72
    • 84884271894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sport shooting and the environment: sustainable use of lead ammunition
    • World Forum on the Future of Sport Shooting Activities (WFSA). WFSA: Rome
    • World Forum on the Future of Sport Shooting Activities (WFSA). 2004. Sport shooting and the environment: sustainable use of lead ammunition. Proceedings of the World Symposium on Lead Ammunition, 2004. WFSA: Rome.
    • (2004) Proceedings of the World Symposium on Lead Ammunition, 2004


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.