Where do we look when we count? The role of eye movements in enumeration

Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics

Volumn 72, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 409-426

  Li, Xingshan ^a,b   Logan, Gordon D ^b   Zbrodoff, N Jane ^b  

^a INSTITUTE OF PSYCHOLOGY   (China)

^b VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; DECISION MAKING; EYE FIXATION; EYE MOVEMENT; HUMAN; MATHEMATICS; ORIENTATION; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PROBLEM SOLVING; REACTION TIME; RECOGNITION; SHORT TERM MEMORY;

ATTENTION; EYE MOVEMENTS; FIXATION, OCULAR; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; MATHEMATICS; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; ORIENTATION; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PROBLEM SOLVING; REACTION TIME; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY);

EID: 77951906595     PISSN: 19433921     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/APP.72.2.409     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Atkinson, J., Campbell, F.W., & Francis, M.R. (1976). The magic number 4±0: A new look at visual numerosity judgements. Perception, 5, 327-334.
2. Beck, M.R., Peterson, M.S., & Vomela, M. (2006). Memory for where, but not what, is used during visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 32, 235-250. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.32.2.235.
3. Beckwith, M., & Restle, F. (1966). Process of enumeration. Psychological Review, 73, 437-444.
4. Carlson, R.A., Avraamides, M.N., Cary, M., & Strasberg, S. (2007). What do the hands externalize in simple arithmetic. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 33, 747-756. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.33.4.747.
5. Chi, M.T.H., & Klahr, D. (1975). Span and rate of apprehension in children and adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 19, 434-439.
6. Compton, B.J., & Logan, G.D. (1999). Judgments of perceptual groups: Reliability and sensitivity to stimulus transformation. Perception & Psychophysics, 61, 1320-1335.
7. Deubel, H., & Schneider, W.X. (1996). Saccade target selection and object recognition: Evidence for a common attentional mechanism. Vision Research, 36, 1827-1837.
8. Geary, D.C. (2000). From infancy to adulthood: The development of numerical abilities. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 9, II/11-II/16.
9. Gippenreiter, Y.B., Romanov, V.Y., & Smirnov, S.D. (1969). Eye and hand movements in the process of counting the elements of a test object. Psikholgocjesloe Issledovaniya, 1, 51-56.
10. Han, S.H., & Kim, M.S. (2004). Visual search does not remain efficient when executive working memory is working. Psychological Science, 15, 623-628.
11. Henson, D.B. (1978). Corrective saccades: Effects of altering visual feedback. Vision Research, 18, 63-67.
12. Irwin, D.E., & Andrews, R.V. (1996). Integration and accumulation of information across saccadic eye movements. In T. Inui & J.I. McClelland (Eds.), Attention and performance XVI: Information integration in perception and communication (pp. 125-155). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Bradford Books.
13. Jensen, E.M., Reese, E.P., & Reese, T.W. (1950). The subitizing and counting of visually presented fields of dots. Journal of Psychology, 30, 363-392.
14. Kaufman, E.L., Lord, M.W., Reese, T.W., & Volkmann, J. (1949). The discrimination of visual number. American Journal of Psychology, 62, 498-525.
15. Klahr, D. (1973). A production system for counting, subitizing, and adding. In W.G. Chase (Ed.), Visual information processing (pp. 527-546). New York: Academic Press.
16. Klein, R.M. (2000). Inhibition of return. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 138-147.
17. Kowler, E., & Steinman, R.M. (1977). Role of small saccades in counting. Vision Research, 17, 141-146.
18. Kowler, E., & Steinman, R.M. (1979). Miniature saccades: Eye movements that do not count. Vision Research, 19, 105-108.
19. Lassaline, M.E., & Logan, G.D. (1993). Memory-based automaticity in the discrimination of visual numerosity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 19, 561-581.
20. Appeared in English as Levenshtein, V. I. (1966). Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals. Soviet Physics Doklady, 10, 707-710.
21. Logan, G.D., & Zbrodoff, N.J. (2003). Subitizing and similarity: Toward a pattern-matching theory of enumeration. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10, 676-682.
22. Mandler, G., & Shebo, B.J. (1982). Subitizing: An analysis of its component processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 111, 1-22.
23. Noro, K. (1980). Determination of counting time in visual inspection. Human Factors, 22, 43-55.
24. Palmeri, T.J. (1997). Exemplar similarity and the development of automaticity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 23, 324-354.
25. Peterson, M.S., Beck, M.R., & Wong, J.H. (2008). Were you paying attention to where you looked? The role of executive working memory in visual search. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 372-377. doi:10.1080/03610730802070068.
26. Peterson, M.S., Kramer, A.F., Wang, R.X.F., Irwin, D.E., & McCarley, J.S. (2001). Visual search has memory. Psychological Science, 12, 287-292.
27. Posner, M.I., & Cohen, Y. (1984). Components of visual orienting. In H. Bouma & D.G. Bouwhuis (Eds.), Attention and performance X: Control of language processes (pp. 531-556). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
28. Privitera, C.M., & Stark, L.W. (2000). Algorithms for defining visual regions-of-interest: Comparison with eye fixations. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence, 22, 970-982.
29. Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 372-422.
30. Ryan, J.D., Hannula, D.E., & Cohen, N.J. (2007). The obligatory effects of memory on eye movements. Memory, 15, 508-525. doi:10.1080/09658210701391022.
31. Saltzman, I.J., & Garner, W.R. (1948). Reaction time as a measure of span of attention. Journal of Psychology, 25, 227-241.
32. Simon, T.J., & Vaishnavi, S. (1996). Subitizing and counting depend on different attentional mechanisms: Evidence from visual enumeration in afterimages. Perception & Psychophysics, 58, 915-926.
33. Trick, L.M., Enns, L.T., & Brodeur, D.A. (1996). Life span changes in visual enumeration: The number discrimination task. Developmental Psychology, 32, 925-932.
34. Trick, L.M., & Pylyshyn, Z.W. (1993). What enumeration studies can show us about spatial attention: Evidence for limited capacity preattentive processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 19, 331-351.
35. Trick, L.M., & Pylyshyn, Z.W. (1994). Why are small and large numbers enumerated differently? A limited-capacity preattentive stage in vision. Psychological Review, 101, 80-102.
36. van Oeffelen, M.P., & Vos, P.G. (1984). Enumeration of dots: An eye movement analysis. Memory & Cognition, 12, 607-612.
37. Wagner, R.A., & Fischer, M.J. (1974). The string-to-string correction problem. Journal of the ACM, 21, 168-173.
38. Watson, D.G., Maylor, E.A., & Bruce, L.A.M. (2007). The role of eye movements in subitizing and counting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 33, 1389-1399. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.33.6.1389.
39. Wolters, G., van Kempen, H., & Wijlhuizen, G.J. (1987). Quantification of small numbers of dots: Subtizing or pattern recognition? American Journal of Psychology, 100, 225-237.
40. Zelinsky, G.J., Rao, R.P.N., Hayhoe, M.M., & Ballard, D.H. (1997). Eye movements reveal the spatio-temporal dynamics of visual search. Psychological Science, 8, 448-453.