메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 328-340

Personalized medicine and genomics: Challenges and opportunities in assessing effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and future research priorities

Author keywords

Cost effectiveness analysis; Pharmacoeconomics; Resource allocation. (

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; WARFARIN;

EID: 77951869318     PISSN: 0272989X     EISSN: 1552681X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0272989X09347014     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (97)

References (66)
  • 1
    • 37549049805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skipping toward personalized molecular medicine
    • Hoffman EP Skipping toward personalized molecular medicine. N Engl J Med. 2007 ; 357: 2719-2722.
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.357 , pp. 2719-2722
    • Hoffman, E.P.1
  • 2
    • 33947712686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratified medicine: Strategic and economic implications of combining drugs and clinical biomarkers
    • Trusheim MR, Berndt ER, Douglas FL Stratified medicine: strategic and economic implications of combining drugs and clinical biomarkers. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007 ; 6: 287-293.
    • (2007) Nat Rev Drug Discov , vol.6 , pp. 287-293
    • Trusheim, M.R.1    Berndt, E.R.2    Douglas, F.L.3
  • 3
    • 33747874300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The path from genome-based research to population health: Development of an international public health genomics network
    • Burke W., Khoury MJ, Stewart A., Zimmern RL ; Bellagio Group. The path from genome-based research to population health: development of an international public health genomics network. Genet Med. 2006 ; 8: 451-458.
    • (2006) Genet Med , vol.8 , pp. 451-458
    • Burke, W.1    Khoury, M.J.2    Stewart, A.3    Zimmern, R.L.4    Group, B.5
  • 4
    • 34248358677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How should cost-effectiveness analysis be used in health technology coverage decisions? Evidence from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence approach
    • Williams I., Bryan S., McIver S. How should cost-effectiveness analysis be used in health technology coverage decisions? Evidence from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence approach. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2007 ; 12: 73-79.
    • (2007) J Health Serv Res Policy , vol.12 , pp. 73-79
    • Williams, I.1    Bryan, S.2    McIver, S.3
  • 5
    • 24644490720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic risk assessment and BRCA mutation testing for breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility: Systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
    • Nelson HD, Huffman LH, Fu R., Harris EL Genetic risk assessment and BRCA mutation testing for breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility: systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2005 ; 143: 362-379.
    • (2005) Ann Intern Med. , vol.143 , pp. 362-379
    • Nelson, H.D.1    Huffman, L.H.2    Fu, R.3    Harris, E.L.4
  • 6
    • 41149120561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critical appraisal of the scientific basis of commercial genomic profiles used to assess health risks and personalize health interventions
    • Janssens AC, Gwinn M., Bradley LA, Oostra BA, van Duijn CM, Khoury MJ A critical appraisal of the scientific basis of commercial genomic profiles used to assess health risks and personalize health interventions. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 ; 82: 593-599.
    • (2008) Am J Hum Genet , vol.82 , pp. 593-599
    • Janssens, A.C.1    Gwinn, M.2    Bradley, L.A.3    Oostra, B.A.4    Van Duijn, C.M.5    Khoury, M.J.6
  • 8
    • 33749332084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coverage options for promising technologies: Medicares coverage with evidence development
    • Millwood).
    • Tunis SR, Pearson SD Coverage options for promising technologies: Medicares coverage with evidence development. Health Aff (Millwood). 2006 ; 25: 1218-1230.
    • (2006) Health Aff , vol.25 , pp. 1218-1230
    • Tunis, S.R.1    Pearson, S.D.2
  • 9
    • 37349116252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The continuum of translation research in genomic medicine: How can we accelerate the appropriate integration of human genome discoveries into health care and disease prevention
    • Khoury MJ, Gwinn M., Yoon PW, Dowling N., Moore CA, Bradley L. The continuum of translation research in genomic medicine: how can we accelerate the appropriate integration of human genome discoveries into health care and disease prevention ? Genet Med. 2007 ; 9: 665-674.
    • (2007) Genet Med , vol.9 , pp. 665-674
    • Khoury, M.J.1    Gwinn, M.2    Yoon, P.W.3    Dowling, N.4    Moore, C.A.5    Bradley, L.6
  • 10
    • 0034770853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Categorizing genetic tests to identify their ethical, legal, and social implications
    • Burke W., Pinsky LE, Press NA Categorizing genetic tests to identify their ethical, legal, and social implications. Am J Med Genet. 2001 ; 106: 233-240.
    • (2001) Am J Med Genet , vol.106 , pp. 233-240
    • Burke, W.1    Pinsky, L.E.2    Press, N.A.3
  • 11
    • 84871804875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of Genomic Applications In Practice (egapp)
    • Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention (EGAPP): Implementation and Evaluation of a Model Approach. Available from: http://www.egappreviews.org/about.htm
    • Implementation and Evaluation of A Model Approach
  • 12
    • 59849108152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention (EGAPP) initiative: Methods of the EGAPP Working Group
    • Teutsch SM, Bradley LA, Palomaki GE, et al. The Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention (EGAPP) initiative: Methods of the EGAPP Working Group. Genet Med. 2009 ; 11: 3-14.
    • (2009) Genet Med , vol.11 , pp. 3-14
    • Teutsch, S.M.1    Bradley, L.A.2    Palomaki, G.E.3
  • 14
    • 33747878216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is the clinical utility of genetic testing
    • Grosse SD, Khoury MJ What is the clinical utility of genetic testing ? Genet Med. 2006 ; 8: 448-450.
    • (2006) Genet Med , vol.8 , pp. 448-450
    • Grosse, S.D.1    Khoury, M.J.2
  • 15
    • 37349093041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations from the EGAPP Working Group: Testing for cytochrome P450 polymorphisms in adults with nonpsychotic depression treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
    • Evaluation Of Genomic Applications In Practice(egapp)
    • Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention (EGAPP) Working Group. Recommendations from the EGAPP Working Group: testing for cytochrome P450 polymorphisms in adults with nonpsychotic depression treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Genet Med. 2007 ; 9: 819-825.
    • (2007) Genet Med. , vol.9 , pp. 819-825
  • 16
    • 59849117793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations from the EGAPP Working Group: Can UGT1A1 genotyping reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with irinotecan?
    • Evaluation Of Genomic Applications In Practice (egapp)
    • Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention (EGAPP) Working Group. Recommendations from the EGAPP Working Group: can UGT1A1 genotyping reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with irinotecan? Genet Med. 2009 ; 11: 15-20.
    • (2009) Genet Med , vol.11 , pp. 15-20
  • 17
    • 59849108362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations from the EGAPP Working Group: Genetic testing strategies in newly diagnosed individuals with colorectal cancer aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality from Lynch syndrome in relatives
    • Evaluation of Genomic Applications In Practice (egapp)
    • Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention (EGAPP) Working Group. Recommendations from the EGAPP Working Group: genetic testing strategies in newly diagnosed individuals with colorectal cancer aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality from Lynch syndrome in relatives. Genet Med. 2009 ; 11: 35-41.
    • (2009) Genet Med. , vol.11 , pp. 35-41
  • 18
    • 59849127767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations from the EGAPP Working Group: Can tumor gene expression profiling improve outcomes in patients with breast cancer?
    • Evaluation of Genomic Applications In Practice (egapp) Working Group .
    • Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention (EGAPP) Working Group. Recommendations from the EGAPP Working Group: can tumor gene expression profiling improve outcomes in patients with breast cancer? Genet Med. 2009 ; 11: 66-73.
    • (2009) Genet Med , vol.11 , pp. 66-73
  • 19
    • 0003716539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rockville, MD : US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)
    • Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for Industry: Providing Clinical Evidence of Effectiveness for Human Drugs and Biological Products. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) ; 1998. Available from: www.fda.gov
    • (1998) Guidance for Industry: Providing Clinical Evidence of Effectiveness for Human Drugs and Biological Products
  • 21
    • 33644974597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stroke prevention using the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran in patients with non-valvularatrial fibrillation: Pooled analysis from the SPORTIF III and v studies
    • Executive Steering Committee of the SPORTIFF III and V Investigators
    • Diener HC ; Executive Steering Committee of the SPORTIFF III and V Investigators. Stroke prevention using the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran in patients with non-valvularatrial fibrillation: pooled analysis from the SPORTIF III and V studies. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006 ; 21: 279-293.
    • (2006) Cerebrovasc Dis. , vol.21 , pp. 279-293
    • Diener, H.C.1
  • 22
    • 40449120615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic determinants of response to warfarin during initial anticoagulation
    • Schwarz UI, Ritchie MD, Bradford Y., et al. Genetic determinants of response to warfarin during initial anticoagulation. N Engl J Med. 2008 ; 358: 999-1008.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , pp. 999-1008
    • Schwarz, U.I.1    Ritchie, M.D.2    Bradford, Y.3
  • 23
    • 45949103309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines
    • 8th edition).
    • Ansell J., Hirsh J., Hylek E., et al. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8 th edition). Chest. 2008 ; 133: 160S - 98S.
    • (2008) Chest , vol.133
    • Ansell, J.1    Hirsh, J.2    Hylek, E.3
  • 24
    • 49949098665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The critical path of warfarin dosing: Finding an optimal dosing strategy using pharmacogenetics
    • Lesko LJ The critical path of warfarin dosing: finding an optimal dosing strategy using pharmacogenetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 ; 84: 301-303.
    • (2008) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.84 , pp. 301-303
    • Lesko, L.J.1
  • 25
    • 34147162376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacogenetics of warfarin: Current status and future challenges
    • Wadelius M., Pirmohamed M. Pharmacogenetics of warfarin: current status and future challenges. J Pharmacogenomics. 2007 ; 7: 99-111.
    • (2007) J Pharmacogenomics , vol.7 , pp. 99-111
    • Wadelius, M.1    Pirmohamed, M.2
  • 26
    • 47949086046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of pharmacogenetic and clinical factors to predict the therapeutic dose of warfarin
    • Gage BF, Eby C., Johnson JA, et al. Use of pharmacogenetic and clinical factors to predict the therapeutic dose of warfarin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 ; 84: 326-331.
    • (2008) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.84 , pp. 326-331
    • Gage, B.F.1    Eby, C.2    Johnson, J.A.3
  • 27
    • 38349126516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 1173C/T genotype on the risk of hemorrhagic complications in African-American and European-American patients on warfarin
    • Limdi NA, McGwin G., Goldstein JA, et al. Influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 1173C/T genotype on the risk of hemorrhagic complications in African-American and European-American patients on warfarin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 ; 83: 312-321.
    • (2008) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.83 , pp. 312-321
    • Limdi, N.A.1    McGwin, G.2    Goldstein, J.A.3
  • 28
    • 39449137238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacogenetic testing of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 alleles for warfarin
    • Flockhart DA, OKane D., Williams MS, et al. Pharmacogenetic testing of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 alleles for warfarin. Genet Med. 2008 ; 10: 139-150.
    • (2008) Genet Med. , vol.10 , pp. 139-150
    • Flockhart, D.A.1    Okane, D.2    Williams, M.S.3
  • 29
    • 49949108046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warfarin and pharmacogenomic testing: The case for restraint
    • Garcia DA Warfarin and pharmacogenomic testing: the case for restraint. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 ; 84: 303-305.
    • (2008) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.84 , pp. 303-305
    • Garcia, D.A.1
  • 30
    • 50249121818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic testing for warfarin therapy initiation
    • Hynicka LM, Cahoon WD Jr, Bukaveckas BL Genetic testing for warfarin therapy initiation. Ann Pharmacother. 2008 ; 42: 1298-1303.
    • (2008) Ann Pharmacother , vol.42 , pp. 1298-1303
    • Hynicka, L.M.1    Bukaveckas, B.L.2
  • 32
    • 36549030324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized trial of genotype-guided versus standard warfarin dosing in patients initiating oral anticoagulation
    • Anderson JL, Horne BD, Stevens SM, et al. Randomized trial of genotype-guided versus standard warfarin dosing in patients initiating oral anticoagulation. Circulation. 2007 ; 116: 2563-2570.
    • (2007) Circulation , vol.116 , pp. 2563-2570
    • Anderson, J.L.1    Horne, B.D.2    Stevens, S.M.3
  • 33
    • 39449086981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CYP2C9 genotype-guided warfarin prescribing enhances the efficacy and safety of anticoagulation: A prospective randomized controlled study
    • Caraco Y., Blotnick S., Muszkat M. CYP2C9 genotype-guided warfarin prescribing enhances the efficacy and safety of anticoagulation: a prospective randomized controlled study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 ; 83: 460-470.
    • (2008) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.83 , pp. 460-470
    • Caraco, Y.1    Blotnick, S.2    Muszkat, M.3
  • 34
    • 60849097257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of the warfarin dose with clinical and pharmacogenetic data
    • Klein TE, Altman RB, Eriksson N., et al. Estimation of the warfarin dose with clinical and pharmacogenetic data. N Engl J Med. 2009 ; 360: 753-764.
    • (2009) N Engl J Med , vol.360 , pp. 753-764
    • Klein, T.E.1    Altman, R.B.2    Eriksson, N.3
  • 36
    • 77952995034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Section 1.3: Evidence for Pharmacogenomic Tests and Drugs
    • Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy
    • Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. Section 1.3: Evidence for pharmacogenomic tests and drugs. In: The AMCP Format for Formulary Submissions. Version 2.1, April 2005. Available from: http://www.fmcpnet.org/index.cfm?pl= A0EE1897
    • (2005) The AMCP Format for Formulary Submissions. Version 2.1
  • 37
    • 77952987653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medco warfarin, tamoxifen genomic testing finding traction among payers
    • Kelly C. Medco warfarin, tamoxifen genomic testing finding traction among payers. The Pink Sheet. 2 December 2008. Available from: http://www. biopharmatoday.com/2008/12/medco-warfarin-tamoxifen-genomic-testing-finding- traction-among-payers.html
    • (2008) The Pink Sheet
    • Kelly, C.1
  • 39
    • 46949100710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing cost-effectiveness in healthcare: History of the USD 50,000 per QALY threshold
    • Grosse SD Assessing cost-effectiveness in healthcare: history of the USD 50,000 per QALY threshold. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2008 ; 8: 165-178.
    • (2008) Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res , vol.8 , pp. 165-178
    • Grosse, S.D.1
  • 40
    • 57349096844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saying no isnt NICE: The travails of Britains National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
    • Steinbrook R. Saying no isnt NICE: the travails of Britains National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. N Engl J Med. 2008 ; 359: 1977-1981.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 1977-1981
    • Steinbrook, R.1
  • 41
    • 33749334735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking pharmacogenetics-based diagnostics and drugs for personalized medicine
    • Millwood).
    • Garrison LP Jr, Austin MJ Linking pharmacogenetics-based diagnostics and drugs for personalized medicine. Health Aff (Millwood). 2006 ; 25: 1281-1290.
    • (2006) Health Aff , vol.25 , pp. 1281-1290
    • Austin, M.J.1
  • 42
    • 34548062005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cost-effectiveness of warfarin pharmacogenomics
    • Veenstra DL The cost-effectiveness of warfarin pharmacogenomics. J Thromb Haemost. 2007 ; 5: 1974-1975.
    • (2007) J Thromb Haemost , vol.5 , pp. 1974-1975
    • Veenstra, D.L.1
  • 43
    • 33947357078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current use of pharmacogenetic testing: A national survey of thiopurinemethyltransferase testing prior to azathioprine prescription
    • Fargher EA, Tricker K., Newman W., et al. Current use of pharmacogenetic testing: a national survey of thiopurinemethyltransferase testing prior to azathioprine prescription. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2007 ; 32: 187-195.
    • (2007) J Clin Pharm Ther , vol.32 , pp. 187-195
    • Fargher, E.A.1    Tricker, K.2    Newman, W.3
  • 44
    • 34248594708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing a structured, quantitative health outcomes approach to drug risk-benefit analysis
    • Millwood).
    • Garrison LP Jr, Towse A., Bresnahan BW Assessing a structured, quantitative health outcomes approach to drug risk-benefit analysis. Health Aff (Millwood). 2007 ; 26: 684-695.
    • (2007) Health Aff , vol.26 , pp. 684-695
    • Towse, A.1    Bresnahan, B.W.2
  • 45
    • 35348858847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coverage with evidence development: An examination of conceptual and policy issues
    • Hutton J., Trueman P., Henshall C. Coverage with evidence development: an examination of conceptual and policy issues. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2007 ; 23: 425-432.
    • (2007) Int J Technol Assess Health Care , vol.23 , pp. 425-432
    • Hutton, J.1    Trueman, P.2    Henshall, C.3
  • 46
    • 49249098731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coverage with evidence development: Ethical issues and policy implications
    • Miller FG, Pearson SD Coverage with evidence development: ethical issues and policy implications. Med Care. 2008 ; 46: 746-751.
    • (2008) Med Care , vol.46 , pp. 746-751
    • Miller, F.G.1    Pearson, S.D.2
  • 49
    • 33846995628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economics of new oncology drug development
    • DiMasi JA, Grabowski HG Economics of new oncology drug development. J Clin Oncol. 2007 ; 25: 209-216.
    • (2007) J Clin Oncol , vol.25 , pp. 209-216
    • Dimasi, J.A.1    Grabowski, H.G.2
  • 50
    • 33645675960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the cost of new drug development: Is it really 802 million dollars
    • Millwood).
    • Adams CP, Brantner VV Estimating the cost of new drug development: is it really 802 million dollars ? Health Aff (Millwood). 2006 ; 25: 420-428.
    • (2006) Health Aff , vol.25 , pp. 420-428
    • Adams, C.P.1    Brantner, V.V.2
  • 51
    • 44049106563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost of care for elderly cancer patients in the United States
    • Yabroff KR, Lamont EB, Mariotto A., et al. Cost of care for elderly cancer patients in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 ; 100: 630-641.
    • (2008) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.100 , pp. 630-641
    • Yabroff, K.R.1    Lamont, E.B.2    Mariotto, A.3
  • 52
    • 77952986714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herper M. Cancers cost crisis. Forbes 8 June 2004. Available from: www.forbes.com/technology/2004/06/08/cx-mh-0608costs.html
    • (2004) Cancers Cost Crisis
    • Herper, M.1
  • 54
    • 0030281042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An economic approach to clinical trial design and research priority setting
    • Claxton KP, Posnett J. An economic approach to clinical trial design and research priority setting. Health Econ. 1996 ; 5: 513-534.
    • (1996) Health Econ , vol.5 , pp. 513-534
    • Claxton, K.P.1    Posnett, J.2
  • 55
    • 34548602954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical decision making and the expected value of information
    • Willan AR Clinical decision making and the expected value of information. Clin Trials 2007 ; 4: 279-285.
    • (2007) Clin Trials , vol.4 , pp. 279-285
    • Willan, A.R.1
  • 56
    • 33750600068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using value of information analysis to prioritize health research: Some lessons from recent UK experience
    • Claxton KP, Sculpher MJ Using value of information analysis to prioritize health research: some lessons from recent UK experience. Pharmacoeconomics 2006 ; 24: 1055-1068.
    • (2006) Pharmacoeconomics , vol.24 , pp. 1055-1068
    • Claxton, K.P.1    Sculpher, M.J.2
  • 58
    • 34147098358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of information on preference heterogeneity and individualized care
    • Basu A., Meltzer D. Value of information on preference heterogeneity and individualized care. Med Decis Making. 2007 ; 27: 112-127.
    • (2007) Med Decis Making , vol.27 , pp. 112-127
    • Basu, A.1    Meltzer, D.2
  • 59
    • 40949153489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ancillary risk information and pharmacogenetic tests: Social and policy implications
    • Henrikson NB, Burke W., Veenstra DL Ancillary risk information and pharmacogenetic tests: social and policy implications. Pharmacogenomics J. 2008 ; 8: 85-89.
    • (2008) Pharmacogenomics J , vol.8 , pp. 85-89
    • Henrikson, N.B.1    Burke, W.2    Veenstra, D.L.3
  • 60
    • 41449119213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer genetics evaluation: Barriers to and improvements for referral
    • Brandt R., Ali Z., Sabel A., McHugh T., Gilman P. Cancer genetics evaluation: barriers to and improvements for referral. Genet Test. 2008 ; 12: 9-12.
    • (2008) Genet Test , vol.12 , pp. 9-12
    • Brandt, R.1    Ali, Z.2    Sabel, A.3    McHugh, T.4    Gilman, P.5
  • 61
    • 58149239796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legal update: Living with the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
    • Erwin C. Legal update: living with the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act. Genet Med. 2008 ; 10: 869-873.
    • (2008) Genet Med , vol.10 , pp. 869-873
    • Erwin, C.1
  • 62
    • 33646152480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of patient preferences on the cost-effectiveness of intensive glucose control in older patients with new-onset diabetes
    • Huang ES, Shook M., Jin L., Chin MH, Meltzer DO The impact of patient preferences on the cost-effectiveness of intensive glucose control in older patients with new-onset diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006 ; 29: 259-264.
    • (2006) Diabetes Care , vol.29 , pp. 259-264
    • Huang, E.S.1    Shook, M.2    Jin, L.3    Chin, M.H.4    Meltzer, D.O.5
  • 63
    • 58249093641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic methods for valuing the outcomes of genetic testing: Beyond cost-effectiveness analysis
    • Grosse SD, Wordsworth S., Payne K. Economic methods for valuing the outcomes of genetic testing: beyond cost-effectiveness analysis. Genet Med. 2008 ; 10: 648-654.
    • (2008) Genet Med , vol.10 , pp. 648-654
    • Grosse, S.D.1    Wordsworth, S.2    Payne, K.3
  • 64
    • 40849120194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research contribute to the empowerment of women affected by breast cancer
    • Lee JT, Bridges JFP, Shockney L. Can pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research contribute to the empowerment of women affected by breast cancer ? Exp Rev Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes Res. 2008 ; 8: 73-79.
    • (2008) Exp Rev Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes Res , vol.8 , pp. 73-79
    • Lee, J.T.1    Bridges, J.F.P.2    Shockney, L.3
  • 65
    • 69549110336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personal utility and genomic information: Look before you leap
    • Grosse SD, McBride CM, Evans J., Khoury MJ Personal utility and genomic information: look before you leap. Genet Med. 2009 Jul 18. [Epub ahead of print].
    • (2009) Genet Med
    • Grosse, S.D.1    McBride, C.M.2    Evans, J.3    Khoury, M.J.4
  • 66
    • 67649732906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Challenges of translating genetic tests into clinical and public health practice
    • Rogowski W., Grosse SD, Khoury MJ Challenges of translating genetic tests into clinical and public health practice. Nat Rev Genet. 2009 ; 10: 489-495.
    • (2009) Nat Rev Genet , vol.10 , pp. 489-495
    • Rogowski, W.1    Grosse, S.D.2    Khoury, M.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.