Sequential selective extraction procedures for the study of heavy metals in soils, sediments, and waste materialsa critical review

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 40, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 365-399

  Hass, Amir ^a,b   Fine, Pinchas ^c  

^a APPALACHIAN FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b WEST VIRGINIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c VOLCANI CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

Biosolids; Iron oxide; Metal partitioning; Metal solubility; Metal speciation

Indexed keywords

CRITICAL REVIEW; GEOCHEMICAL COMPONENTS; HEAVY METALS IN SOIL; METAL PARTITIONING; METAL SOLUBILITY; METAL SPECIATION; OPERATIONAL DEFINITION; SELECTIVE DISSOLUTION; SEQUENTIAL SELECTIVE EXTRACTIONS; SOLID COMPONENTS;

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; BIOSOLIDS; DISSOLUTION; HEAVY METALS; IRON OXIDES; METALS; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SEDIMENTS; SOILS; SOLUBILITY;

METAL RECOVERY;

ACETIC ACID; CADMIUM; CALCIUM SALT; CARBONIC ACID; DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER; EDETIC ACID; FERRIC HYDROXIDE; HEAVY METAL; HYDROXIDE; IRON OXIDE; MANGANESE HYDROXIDE; POTASSIUM; PYROPHOSPHATE; SODIUM HYDROXIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BIOSOLID; DISSOLUTION; EXTRACTION METHOD; GEOCHEMISTRY; HEAVY METAL; IRON OXIDE; PARTITIONING; SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY; SOIL CHEMISTRY; SOLID WASTE; SOLUBILITY; SPECIATION (CHEMISTRY);

BIOSOLID; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; CRYSTALLIZATION; EXTRACTION; GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; HEAVY METAL REMOVAL; IONIC STRENGTH; REVIEW; SEDIMENT; SELECTIVE SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION; SEPARATION TECHNIQUE; SOIL ANALYSIS; SOIL POLLUTION; SOIL PROPERTY; SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT;

EID: 77951847225     PISSN: 10643389     EISSN: 15476537     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10643380802377992     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Ahnstrom, Z.S., and Parker, D.R. (1999). Development and assessment of a sequential extraction procedure for the fractionation of soil cadmium. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 63, 1650-1658.
2. Alva, A.K., Huang, B., and Paramasivam, S. (2000). Soil pH affects copper fractiona-tion and phytotoxicity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 64, 955-964.
3. Arshad, M.A., Arnaud, E.I, and Huang, P.M. (1972). Dissolution of trioctahedral layer silicates by ammonium oxalate, sodium dithionite-citrate- bicarbonate, and potassium pyrophosphate. Can. J. Soil Sci., 52, 19-26.
4. Banin, A., Gerstel, Z., Fine, P., Metzger, Z., and Newrzella, D. (1990). Minimizing soil contamination through control of sludge transformation in soil. Joint German-Israel Research project report. Project No. Wt 8678/458.
5. Basta, N.T., Gradwohl, R., Snethen, K.L., and Schroder, J.L. (2001). Chemical immobilization of lead, zinc, and cadmium in smelter-contaminated soils using biosolids and rock phosphate. J. Environ. Qual., 30, 1222-1230.
6. Basta, N.T., Ryan, J.A., and Chaney, R.L. (2005). Trace element chemistry in residual-treated soil: key concepts and metal bioavailability. J. Environ. Qual., 34, 49-63.
7. Beckett, P.H. T. (1989). The use of extractants in studies on trace metals in soils, sewage sludge, and sludge-treated soils. Adv. Soil Sci., 9, 144-176.
8. Benitez, L.N., and Dubois, J.P. (1999). Evaluation of ammonium oxalate for fractionating metallic trace elements in soils by sequential extraction. Int. J. Environ. An. Ch., 75, 261-273.
9. Berti, W.R., and Jacobs, L.W. (1996). Chemistry and phytotoxicity of soil trace elements from repeated sewage sludge applications. J. Environ. Qual., 25, 1025-1032.
10. Bingham, F.T., Sposito, G., and Strong, J.E. (1984). The effect of chloride on the availability of cadmium. J. Environ. Qual., 13, 71-74.
11. Borggard, O.K. (1988). Phase identification by selective dissolution techniques. In J.W. Stucki, B.A. Goodman, & U. Schwertmann (Eds.), Iron in soils and clay minerals (pp. 82-98). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: NATO ASI Series, Reidel.
12. Bower, C.A., Reitemeier, R.F., and Fireman, M. (1952). Exchangeable cation analysis of saline and alkali soils. Soil Sci., 73, 251-261.
13. Brennan, B. (1991). Chemical partitioning and remobilization of heavy metals from sewage sludge dumped in Dublin Bay. Water Res., 25, 1193-1198.
14. Bromfield, S.M. (1978). The effect of manganese-oxidizing bacteria and pH on the availability of manganous ions and manganese oxides to oats in nutrient solutions. Plant Soil, 49, 23-39.
15. Bromfield, S.M., and David, D.J. (1978). Properties of biologically formed manganese oxide in relation to soil manganese. Aust. J. Soil Res., 16, 79-89.
16. Brown, K.W., Thomas, J.C., and Slowey, J.F. (1984). Extractability of metals applied to soils in sewage effluent. Soil Sci., 138, 423-431.
17. Brummer, G., Tiller, K.G., Herms, U., and Clayton, P.M. (1983). Adsorption desorp-tion and/or dissolution processes of Zinc in soils. Geoderma, 31, 337-354.
18. Buffle, J., Wilkinson, K.J., Stoll, S., Filella, M., and Zhang, J. (1998). A generalized description of aquatic colloidal interactions: The three-colloidal component approach. Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2887-2899.
19. Burton, E.D., Phillips, I.R., and Hawker, D.W. (2005). Geochemical Partitioning of Copper, Lead, and Zinc in Benthic, Estuarine Sediment Profiles. J. Environ. Qual., 34, 263-273.
20. Cao, X., Ma, L.Q., Chen, M., Hardison, D.W., and Harris, W.G. (2003). Lead transformation and distribution in the soils of shooting ranges in Florida, USA. Sci. Total Environ., 307, 179-189.
21. Chang, A.C., Page, A.L., Warneke, J.E., and Gregurevic, E. (1984). Sequential extraction of soil heavy metals following sludge application. J. Environ. Qual., 13, 33-38.
22. Chao, T.T. (1972). Selective dissolution of manganese oxides from soils and sediments with acidified hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. J., 36, 764-768.
23. Chao, T.T., and Zhou, L. (1983). Extraction techniques for selective dissolution of amorphous iron oxides from soils and sediments. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 47, 225-232.
24. Chen, M., and Ma, L.Q. (1998). Comparison of four USEPA digestion methods for trace metal analysis using certified and Florida soils. J. Environ. Qual., 27, 1294-1300.
25. Chibowski, S., and Janusz, W. (2002). Specific adsorption of Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions at the a-Fe2O3/electrolyte interface structure of electrical double layer. Appl. Surf. Sci., 96, 343-355.
26. Chlopecka, A. (1996). Forms of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in soil and their uptake by cereal crops when applied jointly as carbonates. Water Air Soil Poll., 87, 297-309.
27. Chlopecka, A., and Adriano, D.C. (1996). Mimicked in-situ stabilization of metals in a cropped soil: Bioavailability and chemical form of Zinc. Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 3294-3303.
28. Chowdhury, A.K., McLaren, R.G., Cameron, K.C., and Swift, R.S. (1997). Fractionation of Zinc in some New Zealand soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan., 28, 301-312.
29. Conder, J.M., Lanno, R.P., and Basta, N.T. (2001). Assessment of Metal Availability in Smelter Soil Using Earthworms and Chemical Extractions. J. Environ. Qual., 30, 1231-1237.
30. Cottenie, A., and Kiekens, L. (1972). Exchange of Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe in relation to saturation of the soil complex. In Potassium in soil, Proceedings of the 9th Colloquium of the International Potash Institute, Landshut, Germany, 113-124.
31. Davidson, C.M., Hursthouse, A.S., Tognarelli, D.M., Ure, A.M., and Urquhart, G.J. (2004). Should acid ammonium oxalate replace hydroxylammonium chloride in step 2 of the revised BCR sequential extraction protocol for soil and sediment? Anal. Chim. Acta, 508, 193-199.
32. Dollar, N.L., Souch, C.J., Filippelli, G.M., and Mastalerz, M. (2001). Chemical frac-tionation of metals in wetland sediments: Indiana dunes national lakeshore. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3608-3615.
33. Doner, H.E. (1978). Chloride as a factor in mobilities of Ni (II), Cu. (II), and Cd (II) in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 42, 882-885.
34. Dyer, J.A., Trivedi, P., Scrivner, N.C., and Sparks, D.L. (2004). Surface complexa-tion modeling of zinc sorption onto ferrihydrite. J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 270, 56-65. (Pubitemid 38010372)
35. Elliott, H.A., and Denneny, C.M. (1982). Soil adsorption of cadmium from solutions containing organic ligands. J. Environ. Qual., 11, 658-662.
36. Elliott, H.A., and Herzig, L.M. (1999). Oxalate extraction of Pb and Zn from polluted soils: solubility limitations. J. Soil Contam., 8, 105-116.
37. Emmerich, W.E., Lund, L.J., Page, A.L., and Chang, A.C. (1982). Solid phase forms of heavy metals in sewage sludge treated soils. J. Environ. Qual., 11, 178-181.
38. Endredy, A.S. (1963). Estimation of free iron oxides in soils and clay by a photolytic method. Clay Min. Bull., 5, 209-217.
39. Ferreira, T.O., Otero, X.L., Torrado, P.V., and Macias, F. (2007). Redox processes in mangrove soils under rhizophora mangle in relation to different environmental conditions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 71, 484-491.
40. Filgueiras, A.V., Lavilla, I., and Bendicho, C. (2002). Chemical sequential extraction for metal partitioning in environmental solid samples. J. Environ. Monitor., 4, 823-857.
41. Fine, P., and Singer, M.J. (1989). Contribution of ferrimagnetic minerals to oxalate-and dithionite-extractable iron. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 53, 191-196.
42. Fitamo, D., Itana, F., and Olsson, M. (2007). Total contents and sequential extraction of heavy metals in soils irrigated with wastewater, Akaki, Ethiopia. Environ. Manage., 39, 178-193.
43. Fortin, D., Leppard, G.G., and Tessier, A. (1993). Characteristics of lacustrine diage-netic iron oxyhydroxides. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 57, 4391-4404.
44. Ghosh, K., and Schnitzer, M. (1980). Macromolecular structures of humic substances. Soil Sci., 129, 266-276.
45. Gibbs, R.J. (1973). Mechanisms of trace metal transport in rivers. Science, 180, 71-73.
46. Gleyzes, C., Tellier, S., and Astruc, M. (2002). Fractionation studies of trace elements in contaminated soils and sediments: a review of sequential extraction procedures. Trends Anal. Chem., 21, 451-467.
47. Gupta, S.K., and Chen, K.Y. (1975). Partitioning of trace metals in selective chemical fractions of nearshore sediments. Environ. Lett., 10, 129-158.
48. Hall, G.E. M., Gauthier, G., Pelchat, J.C., Pelchat, P., and Vaive, J.E. (1996). Application of a sequential extraction scheme to ten geological certified reference materials for the determination of 20 elements. J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 11, 787-796.
49. Han, F.X., and Banin, A. (1995). Selective sequential dissolution techniques for trace metals in arid-zone Soils: The Carbonate dissolution step. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan., 26, 553-576.
50. Han, F.X., and Banin, A. (1996). Solid-phase manganese fractionation changes in saturated arid-zone soils: pathways and kinetics. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 60, 1072-1080.
51. Han, F.X., and Banin, A. (1997). Long-term transformations and redistribution of potentially toxic heavy metals in arid-zone soils: I. Incubation under saturated conditions. Water Air Soil Pollut., 95, 399-423.
52. Han, F.X., and Banin, A., and Triplett, G.B. (2001). Redistribution of heavy metals in arid-zone soils under a wetting-drying cycle soil moisture regime. Soil Sci., 166, 18-28.
53. Hanahan, C. (2004). Dissolution of hydroxide minerals in the 1M sodium acetate, pH 5, extraction solution in sequential extraction schemes. Environ. Geol., 45, 864-868.
54. Hansen, J.C., Cade-Menun, B.J., and Strawn, D.G. (2004). Phosphorus speciation in manure-amended alkaline soils. J. Environ. Qual., 33, 1521-1527.
55. Hayes, K.F., and Leckie, J.O. (1987). Modeling ionic strength effects on cation adsorption at hydrous oxide/solution interfaces. J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 115, 564-572.
56. He, Z.L., Zhang, M., Yang, X.E., and Stoffella, P.J. (2006). Release behavior of copper and zinc from sandy soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 70, 1699-1707.
57. Hullebusch, E.D. V., Utomo, S., Zandvoort, M.H., and Lens, P.N. L. (2005). Comparison of three sequential extraction procedures to describe metal fractionation in anaerobic granular sludges. Talanta, 65, 549-558.
58. Impellitteri, C.A., Lu, Y., Saxe, J.K., Allen, H.E., and Peijnenburg, W.J. G. M. (2002). Correlation of the partitioning of dissolved organic matter fractions with the desorption of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn from 18 Dutch soils. Environ. Int., 28, 401-410.
59. Iwasaki, K., Mitsuru, T., and Sakurai, K. (1997). Fractionation of Copper and Manganese in agricultural soils near an abandoned Copper mine. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 43, 157-169.
60. Kartal, S., Aydin, Z., and Tokalioglu, S. (2006). Fractionation of metals in street sediment samples by using the BCR sequential extraction procedure and multivariate statistical elucidation of the data. J. Hazard. Mater., 132, 80-89.
61. Kheboian, C., and Bauer, C.F. (1987). Accuracy of selective extraction procedures for metal speciation in model aquatic sediments. Anal. Chem., 59, 1417-1423.
62. Kinniburgh, D.G., Jackson, M.L., and Syers, J.K. (1976). Adsorption of alkaline earth, transition, and heavy metal cations by hydrous oxide gels of Iron and Aluminum. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 40, 796-799.
63. Krishnamurti, G.S. R., and Naidu, R. (2000). Speciation and phytoavailability of cadmium in selected surface soils of South Australia. Aust. J. Soil Res., 38, 991-1004.
64. Krishnamurti, G.S. R., and Naidu, R. (2002). Solid-solution speciation and phytoavail-ability of copper and zinc in soils. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 2645-2651.
65. Kryc, K.A., Murray, R.W., and Murray, D.W. (2003). Elemental fractionation of Si, Al, Ti, Fe, Ca, Mn, P, and Ba in five marine sedimentary reference materials: results from sequential extractions. Anal. Chim. Acta, 487, 117-128.
66. La Force, M., and Fendorf, S. (2000). Solid-phase iron characterization during common selective sequential extractions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 64, 1608-1615.
67. Lake, D.L., Kirk, W.W., and Lester, J.N. (1984). Fractionation, characterization and speciation of heavy metals in sewage sludge and sludge-amended soils: A review. J. Environ. Qual., 12, 175-183.
68. Lavkulich, L.M., and Wiens, J.H. (1970). Comparison of organic matter destruction by hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite and its effects on selected mineral constituents. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 34, 755-758.
69. LaZerte B.D., and Burling K. (1990). Manganese speciation in dilute waters of the precambrian shield, Canada. Water Res., 24, 1097-1101.
70. Li, M., Hue, N.V., and Hussain, S.K. G. (1997). Changes of metal forms by organic amendments to Hawaii soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan., 28, 381-394.
71. Li, Z., and Shuman, L.M. (1996). Heavy metals movement in metal-contaminated soil profiles. Soil Sci., 161, 656-666.
72. Lindsay, W.L., and Norvell, W.A. (1978). Development of a DTPA soil test for Zinc, Iron, Manganese and Copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 42, 421-428.
73. Lo, I.M. C., and Yang, X.Y. (1998). Removal and redistribution of metals from contaminated soils by a sequential extraction method. Waste Manage., 18, 1-7.
74. Loeppert, H.R., and Inskeep, W.P. (1996). Iron. In D.L. Sparkset al. (Eds.), Methods in soil analysis. Part 3: Chemical methods (pp. 639-664). Madison, WI: SSSA.
75. Logan, T.J. and Chaney, R.L. (1983). Utilization of municipal wastewater and sludge on land\Metals. In A.L. Page, T.L. Gleason, J.E. Smith, I.K. Iskander, & L.E. Sommers (Eds.), In Proceedings of the 1983 workshop on utilization of municipal wastewater and sludge on land (pp. 235-323). Riverside, CA: University of California, Riverside.
76. 2+ by a hydrous manganese oxide. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 41, 57-62.
77. Loveland, P.J. The assay for iron in soils and clay minerals. In (1988). In J.W. Stucki, B.A. Goodman, & U. Schwertmann (Eds.), Iron in soils and clay minerals (pp.99-140). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: NATO ASI Series, Reidel.
78. Lumsdon, D.G., Evans, L.J., and Bolton, K.A. (1995). The influence of pH and chloride on the retention of cadmium, lead, mercury and zinc by soil. J. Soil Contam., 4, 137-150.
79. Ma, Y.B., and Uren, N.C. (1995). Application of anew fractionation scheme for heavy metals in soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan., 26, 3291-3303.
80. Ma, Y.B., and Uren, N.C. (1997). The fate and transformations of zinc added to soils. Aust. J. Soil Res., 35, 727-738.
81. Ma, Y.B., and Uren, N.C. (1998). Transformations of heavy metals added to soil\Application of a new sequential extraction procedure. Geoderma, 84, 157-168.
82. Mandal, L.N., and Mandal, B. (1986). Zinc fractions in soils in relation to zinc nutrition of lowland rice. Soil Sci., 142, 141-148.
83. McBride, M.B. (1989). Reactions controlling heavy metal solubility in soils. Adv. Soil Sci., 10, 1-56.
84. McBride, M.B. (1995). Toxic metal accumulation from agricultural use of sludge: are USEPA regulations protective? J. Environ. Qual., 24, 5-18.
85. McGrath, S.P., and Cegarra, J. (1992). Chemical extractability of heavy metals during and after long-term applications of sewage sludge to soil. J. Soil Sci., 43, 313-321.
86. McKeague, J.A., Brydon, J.E., and Miles, N.M. (1971). Differentiation of forms of extractable iron and aluminum in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 35, 33-38.
87. McKeague, J.A., and Day, J.H. (1966). Dithionite-and oxalate-extractable Fe and Al as aids in differentiating various classes of soils. Can. J. Soil Sci., 46, 13-22.
88. McKenzie, R.M. (1980). The adsorption of Lead and other heavy metals on oxides of Manganese and Iron. Aust. J. Soil Res., 18, 61-73.
89. McLaren, R.G., and Crawford, D.V. (1973a). Studies on soil Copper I. The fractiona-tion of Copper in Soils. J. Soil Sci., 24, 172-181.
90. McLaren, R.G., and Crawford, D.V. (1973b). Studies on soil Copper II. The specific adsorption of Copper by Soils. Eur. J. Soil Sci., 24, 443-452.
91. McLaren, R.G., Lawson, D.M., and Swift, R.S. (1986). Sorption and desorption of Cobalt by soil and soil components. Eur. J. Soil Sci., 37, 413-426.
92. McLaren, R.G., and Clucas, L.M. (2001). Fractionation of copper, nickel, and zinc in metal-spiked sewage sludge. J. Environ. Qual., 30, 1968-1975.
93. Mehra, O.P., and Jackson, M.L. (1960). Iron oxide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrate system buffered with sodium bicarbonate. Clay. Clay Miner., 7, 317-327.
94. Melaku, S., Dams, R., and Moens, L. (2005). Determination of trace elements in agricultural soil samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: Microwave acid digestion versus aqua regia extraction. Anal. Chim. Acta, 543, 117-123.
95. Mikutta, R., Kleber, M., Kaiser, K., and Jahn, R. (2005). Review: Organic matter removal from soils using hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and disodium peroxodisulfate. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 69, 120-135.
96. Miller, W.P., Martens, D.C., Zelazny, L.W., and Kornegay, E.T. (1986a). Forms of solid phase Copper in Copper-enriched swine manure. J. Environ. Qual., 15, 69-72.
97. Miller, W.P., Martens, D.C., and Zelazny, L.W. (1986b). Effect of sequence in extraction of trace metals from soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 50, 598-601.
98. Millward, G.E., and Moore, R.M. (1982). The adsorption of Cu, Mn and Zn by iron oxyhydroxide in model estuarine solutions. Water Res., 16, 981-985.
99. Naidu, R., and Harter, R.D. (1998). Effect of different organic ligands on Cadmium sorption by and extractability from soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62, 644-650.
100. Neilsen, D., Hoyt, P.B., and MaCkenzie, A.F. (1986). Distribution of soil Zn fractions in British Columbia interior orchard soils. Can. J. Soil Sci., 66, 445-454.
101. Nirel, P.M. V., and Morel, F.M. M. (1995). Pitfalls of sequential extractions. Water Res., 24, 1055-1056.
102. Novozamsky, I., Lee, H.J., and Houba, J.G. (1995). Sample digestion procedures for trace element determination. Mikrochim. Acta., 119, 183-189.
103. Nyamangara, J. (1998). Use of sequential extraction to evaluate Zinc and Copper in a soil amended with sewage sludge and inorganic metal salt. Agr. Ecosyst. Eenviron., 69, 135-141.
104. Oste, L.A., Temminghoff, E.J. M., and Van Riemsdijk, W.H. (2002). Solid-solution partitioning of organic matter in soils as influenced by an increase in pH or Ca concentration. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 208-214.
105. Papadopoulos, P., and Rowell, D.L. (1988). The reaction of Cadmium with calcium carbonate surface. J. Soil Sci., 39, 23-36.
106. Papadopoulos, P., and Rowell, D.L. (1989). The reaction of Copper and Zinc with calcium carbonate surfaces. J. Soil Sci., 40, 39-48.
107. Payne, G.G., Martens, D.C., Winarko, C., and Perera, N.F. (1988). Form and availability of Copper and Zinc following long-term Copper Sulfate and Zinc Sulfate applications. J. Environ. Qual., 17, 707-711.
108. Peltier, E., Dahl, A.L., and Gaillard, J.F. (2005). Metal speciation in anoxic sediments: when sulfides can be construed as oxides. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 311-316.
109. Pickering, W.F. (1981). Selective chemical extraction of soil components and bound metal species. CRC Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 12, 233-266.
110. Quevauviller, P. (1998a). Operationally defined extraction procedures for soil and sediment analysis I. Standardization. Trends Anal. Chem. 17, 289-298. (Pubitemid 28215865)
111. Quevauviller, P. (1998b). Operationally defined extraction procedures for soil and sediment analysis II. Certified reference materials. Trends Anal. Chem., 17, 632-641.
112. Quevauviller, P., Rauret, G., Muntau, H., Ure, A.M., Rubio, R., Lopez-Sanchez, J.F., Fiedler, H.D., and Griepink, B. (1994). Evaluation of a sequential extraction procedure for the determination of extractable trace metal contents in sediments. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 349, 808-914.
113. Rauret, G. (1998) Extraction procedures for the determination of heavy metals in contaminated soil and sediment. Talanta., 46, 449-455.
114. Rauret, G., Lopez, J.F., Sahuquillo, A., Rubio, R., Davidson, C., Ure, A., and Que-vauviller, P. (1999). Improvement of BCR three step sequential extraction procedure prior to the certification of new sediment and soil reference materials. J. Environ. Monit., 1, 57-61.
115. Reemtsma, T., Bredow, A., and Gehring, M. (1999). The nature and kinetics of organic matter release from soil by salt solutions. Euro. J. Soil Sci., 50, 53-64.
116. Rendell, P.S., Batley, G.E., and Cameron, A.J. (1980). Adsorption as a control of metal concentrations in sediment extracts. Environ. Sci. Technol., 14, 314-318.
117. Romkens, P.F. A. M., and Dolfing, J. (1998). Effect of Ca on the solubility and molecular size distribution of DOC and Cu binding in soil solution samples. Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 363-369.
118. Ross, G.J., Wang, C., and Schuppli, P.A. (1985). Hydroxylamine and Ammonium Oxalate solutions as extractants for Iron and Aluminum from soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 49, 783-785.
119. Rozan, T.F., Benoit, G., and April, R.H. (1997). A selective dissolution analysis optimized for measurement of weathering products in a soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61, 949-958.
120. Rudd, T., Campbell, J.A., and Lester, J.N. (1988). The use of model compounds to elucidate metal forms in sewage sludge. Environ. Pollut., 50, 225-242.
121. Salomons, W., and Forstner, U. (1984). Metals in the hydrocycle. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
122. Sarkar, A.N., and Jones, R.G. W. (1982). Effect of rhizosphere pH on the availability and uptake of Fe, Mn and Zn. Plant Soil., 66, 361-372.
123. Scancar, J., Milacic, R., and Horvat, M. (2000). Comparison of various digestion and extraction procedures in analysis of heavy metals in sediments. Water Air Soil Pollut., 118, 87-99.
124. Schalscha, E.B., Morales, M., Ahumanda, I., Schirado, T., and Pratt, P.F. (1980). Fractionation of Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni in wastewaters, solids and soil. Agrochimica, 26, 361-367.
125. Schwertmann, U. (1973). Use of oxalate for Fe extraction from soils. Can. J. Soil Sci., 53, 244-246.
126. Schwertmann, U. (1991). Solubility and dissolution of iron oxides. Plant Soil., 130, 1-25.
127. Sheppard, M.I., Stephenson, M., and Prost, R. (1997). Critical evaluation of selective extraction methods for soils and sediments. In R. Prost (Ed.), Contaminated soils: 3rd International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements (pp. 69-97). Paris: INRA.
128. Shuman, L.M. (1979). Zinc, Manganese and Copper in soil fractions. Soil Sci., 127, 10-17.
129. Shuman, L.M. (1982). Separating soil Iron-and Manganese-Oxide fractions for microelement analysis. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J., 46, 1099-1102.
130. Shuman, L.M. (1983). Sodium hypochlorite methods for extracting microelements associated with soil organic matter. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J., 47, 656-660.
131. Shuman, L.M. (1985). Fractionation method for soil microelements. Soil Sci., 140, 11-22.
132. Shuman, L.M. (1991). Chemical forms of micronutrients in soils. In J.J. Mortvedt, F.R. Cox, L.M. Shuman, & R.M. Welch (Eds.), Micronutrients in agriculture (pp. 113-144). Madison WI: SSSA.
133. Silviera, D.J., and Sommers, L.E. (1977). Extractability of Copper, Zinc, Cadmium and Lead in soil incubated with sewage sludge. J. Environ. Qual., 6, 47-52.
134. Silveira, M.L., Alleoni, L.R. F., O'Connor, G.A., and Chang, A.C. (2006). Heavy metal sequential extraction methods\A modification for tropical soils. Chemosphere, 64, 1929-1938.
135. Sims, J.T. (1986). Soil pH effects on distribution and plant availability of Manganese, Copper and Zinc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 50, 367-373.
136. Sims, J.T., and Kline, J.S. (1991). Chemical fraction and plant uptake of heavy metals in soils amended with co-composted sewage sludge. J. Environ. Qual., 20, 387-395.
137. Sloan, J.J., Dowdy. R.H., Dolan, M.S., and Linden, D.R. (1997). Long term effects of biosolids applications on heavy metal bioavailability in agricultural soils. J. Environ. Qual., 26, 966-974.
138. Smith, S.R., Attenborough, G.M., and Minski, M.J. (1997). Zinc fractionation in high metal sludges and in treated soil. Proceedings from the Fourth International Conference on Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, 151-152.
139. Spathariotis, E., and Kallianou, C. (2001). Adsorption of copper, zinc, and cadmium on clay fraction of two acid soils: Surface complexation modeling. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan., 32, 3185-3205.
140. Sposito, G., Lund, L.J., and Chang, A.C. (1982). Trace metal chemistry in arid-zone field soils amended with sewage sludge: I. Fractionation of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in solid phases. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 46, 260-264.
141. Sposito, G. (1984). The surface chemistry of soils. New York: Oxford University Press.
142. Stevenson, F.J. (1994). Humus chemistry. New York: Wiley.
143. Stover, R.C., Sommers, L.E., and Silviera, D.J. (1976). Evaluation of metals in wastew-ater sludge. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 48, 2165-2175.
144. Stumm, W., and Furrer, G. (1987). The dissolution of oxides and aluminum silicates; Examples of surface-coordination-controlled kinetics. In W. Stumm (Ed.), Aquatic surface chemistry (pp. 197-220). New York: Wiley.
145. Swallow, K.C., Hume, D.N., and Morel, F.M. M. (1980). Sorption of copper and lead by hydrous ferric oxide. Environ. Sci. Technol., 14, 1326-1331.
146. Tessier, A., and Campbell, P.G. C. (1991). Partitioning of trace metals in sediments. In J.R. Kramer & H.E. Allen (Eds.), Metal speciation: Theory, analysis and application (pp. 183-199). Boca Raton, FL: Lewis.
147. Tessier, A., Campbell, P.G. C., and Bisson, M. (1979). Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Anal. Chem., 51, 844-851.
148. Thomas, G.W. (1982). Exchangeable cations. In A.L. Page, R.H. Miller, & D.R. Keeney (Eds.), Methods of soil anal. Part 2 (pp.159-165). Madison, WI: ASA SSSA.
149. Tsadilas, C.D., Matsi, T., Barbayiannis, N., and Dimoyiannis, D. (1995). Influence of sewage sludge application on soil properties and on the distribution and availability of heavy metal fractions. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan., 26, 2603-2619.
150. Tsutsuki, K., and Kuwatsuka, S. (1984). Molecular size distribution of humic acids as affected by the ionic strength and the degree of humification. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 30, 151-162.
151. U.S. Enivronmental Protection Agency. (1996a). Acid digestion of sediments, sludges, and soils (Method 3050b). Washington, DC: Author.
152. U.S. Enivronmental Protection Agency. (1996b). Microwave assisted acid digestion of siliceous and organically based matrices (Method 3052). Washington, DC: Author.
153. U.S. Enivronmental Protection Agency. (1998). Microwave assisted acid digestion of sediments, sludges, soils, and oils (Method 3051a). Washington, DC: Author.
154. Walker, A.L. (1983). The effects of magnetite on oxalate-and dithionite-extractable iron. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 47, 1022-1026.
155. Wang, C., Schuppli, P.A., and Ross, G.J. (1987). A comparison of hydroxylamine and ammonium oxalate solutions as extractents for Al, Fe, and Si from spodsols and spodsols-like soils in Canada. Geoderma, 40, 345-355.
156. Wang, P., Qu, E., Li, Z., and Shuman, L.M. (1997). Fractions and availability of Nickel in loessial soil amended with sewage or sewage sludge. J. Environ. Qual., 26, 795-801.
157. Wong, J.W. C., and Selvam, A. (2006). Speciation of heavy metals during co-composting of sewage sludge with lime. Chemosphere, 63, 980-986.
158. You, S.J., Yin, Y., and Allen, H.E. (1999). Partitioning of organic matter in soils: Effects of pH and water/soil ratio. Sci. Total Environ., 227, 155-160.
159. Zhang, H., and Kovar, J.L. (2000). Phosphorus fractionation. In G.M. Pierzyn-ski (Ed.), Methods for P analysis (pp. 50-59). Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University. Retrieved July 27, 2008, from http://www.sera17.ext. vt. edu/Documents/Methods of P Analysis 2000.pdf