Gendering representation in Spain: Opportunities and limits of gender quotas

Journal of Women, Politics and Policy

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 166-190

  Verge, Tánia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITAT POMPEU FABRA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Candidate selection; Feminist institutionalism; Gender quotas; Gender regime; Party quotas; Spain; Subnational politics; Women's agency

Indexed keywords

EID: 77951749238     PISSN: 1554477X     EISSN: 15544788     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15544771003697247     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Acker, Joan. 1992. "Gendered Institutions: From Sex Roles to Gendered Institutions." Contemporary Society 21: 565-69.
2. Alozie, Nicholas O., and Lynne L. Manganaro. 1993. "Women's Council Representation: Measurement Implications for Public Policy." Political Research Quarterly 46(2):383-98.
3. Astelarra, Judith.1990. Participación Política de las Mujeres [Women's Political Participation]. Madrid: CIS.
4. Bird, Karen. 2003. "Who are the Women? Where are the Women? And What Difference Can They Make? Effects of Gender Parity in French Municipal Elections." French Politics 1: 5-38.
5. Bochel, Catherine, and Hugh M. Bochel. 2000. Careers of Councillors: Gender, Party and Politics. Aldershot: Ashgate.
6. Busby, Nicole. 2003. "Sex Equality in Political Candidature: Supply and Demand Factors and the Role of the Law." The Modern Law Review 66(2):245-60.
7. Carroll, Susan. 1994. Women as Candidates in American Politics. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
8. Caul, Miki K. 1999. "Women's Representation in Parliament: The Role of Political Parties." Party Politics 5(1):79-98.
9. Caul, Miki K. 2001. "Political Parties and the Adoption of Candidate Gender Quotas: A Cross-National Analysis." The Journal of Politics 63(4):1,214-29.
10. Caul Kittilson, Miki. 2006. Challenging Parties, Changing Parliaments: Women and Elected Office in Contemporary Western Europe. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press.
11. Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. 2007. Barómetro Septiembre 2007. Study No. 2732. Madrid: CIS.
12. Connell, Raewyn W. 2002. Gender. Cambridge: Polity Press.
13. Corcoy Rius, Marta, and Patricia L. Gómez. 2005. Les Dones en els Governs Locals Catalans [Women in Catalan Local Governments]. Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona: Editorial Montflorit.
14. Dahlerup, Drude, ed. 2006. Women, Quotas and Politics. London: Routledge.
15. Davidson-Schmich, Louise K. 2006. "Implementation of Political Party Gender Quotas. Evidence from the German Länder 1990-2000." Party Politics 12(2):211-32.
16. European Commission. 1998. One Hundred Words for Equality: A Glossary of Terms on Equality between Women and Men. Brussels: DG Employment and Social Affairs.
17. Federación Española de Municipios y Provincias. 2007. "Morfología Social de los Nuevos Electos Locales. [Social Morphology of New Local Elected Councilors]" http://www.cartalocal.es/index.php/cartalocal/informes/perfil_de_los_nuevos_ electos_locales (accessed February 15, 2008).
18. Freidenvall, Lenita. 2003. Women's Political Representation and Gender Quotas- The Swedish Case. Working Paper No. 2, Stockholm University.
19. Holli, Anne M., Eeva Luhtakallio, and Eeva Raevaara. 2006. "Quota Trouble: Talking About Gender Quotas in Finnish Local Politics." International Feminist Journal of Politics 8(2): 169-93.
20. Htun, Mala N., and Mark P. Jones. 2002. "Engendering the Right to Participate in Decision-making: Electoral Quotas and Women's Leadership in Latin America." In Gender and the Politics of Rights and Democracy in Latin America, eds. Nikki Craske and Maxine Molyneux. New York: Palgrave, 32-56.
21. Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials (ICPS). 2008. Women and Men in Catalan Democratic Institutions, 1977-2008. Barcelona: ICPS.
22. Iversen, Torben, and Frances Rosenbluth. 2006. "The Political Economy of Gender: Explaining Cross-National Variation in the Gender Division of Labour and the Gender Voting Gap." American Journal of Political Science 50(1):1-19.
23. Jones, Mark P. 1998. "Gender Quotas, Electoral Laws, and the Election of Women: Lessons from the Argentine Provinces." Comparative Political Studies 31(1): 3-21.
24. Jones, Mark P. 2004. "Quota Legislation and the Election of Women: Learning from the Costa Rican Experiment." The Journal of Politics 66(4):1,203-223.
25. Jenson, Jane, and Celia Valiente. 2003. "Comparing Two Movements for Gender Parity: France and Spain." In Women's Movements Facing the Reconfigured State, eds. Lee Ann Banaszak, Karen Beckwith, and Dieter Rucht. New York: Cambridge University Press, 69-93.
26. Kenney, Sally J. 1996. "New Research on Gendered Political Institutions." Political Research Quarterly 49(2):445-66.
27. Kenny, Meryl. 2007. "Gender, Institutions and Power: A Critical Review." Politics 27(2):91-100.
28. nd General Conference of the European Consortium for Political Research, Marburg, Germany, September 18-21, 2003.
29. Krook, Mona L. 2006a. "Beyond Supply and Demand: Gender Quotas and Institutions of Candidate Selection." Paper presented at the 1st Workshop of the Feminism and Institutionalism International Network, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, December 8-9, 2006.
30. Krook, Mona L. 2006b. "Reforming Representation: The Diffusion of Candidate Gender Quotas Worldwide." Politics and Gender 2: 303-27.
31. Krook, Mona L., and Judith Squires. 2006. "Gender Quotas in British Politics: Multiple Approaches and Methods in Feminist Research." British Politics 1(1):44-66.
32. Leijenaar, Monique. 1997. How to Create a Gender Balance in Political Decision-Making: A Guide to Implementing Policies for Increasing the Participation of Women in Political Decision-Making. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
33. Lovenduski, Joni. 1998. "Gendering Research in Political Science." Annual Review of Political Science 1: 333-56.
34. Lovenduski, Joni. 2005. Feminizing Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
35. Lovenduski, Joni, and Pippa Norris. 1993. Gender and Party Politics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
36. Mackay, Fiona. 2004. "Gender and Political Representation in the UK: The State of the 'Discipline'." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 6: 99-120.
37. MateoDíaz, Mercedes. 2005. Representing Women? Female Legislators in West European Parliaments. Essex: ECPR Press.
38. Matland, Richard E. 1993. "Institutional Variables Affecting Female Representation in National Legislatures: The Case of Norway." British Journal of Political Science 24(2):273-92.
39. Matland, Richard E., and Donley T. Studlar. 1996. "The Contagion of Women Candidates in Single-Member District and Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Canada and Norway." The Journal of Politics 58(3):707-33.
40. McStravog, Denise. 2006. "Barriers to Female Progression to Senior Positions within the 26 District Councils in Northern Ireland." http://www.womeninlocalcouncils. org.uk/filestore/documents/Barriers%20to%20female%20progression.pdf (accessed March 22, 2007).
41. Meier, Petra. 2004. "The Mutual Contagion Effect of Legal and Party Quotas. A Belgian Perspective." Party Politics 10(5):583-99.
42. Meier, Petra, and Dries Verlet. 2008. "La Position des Femmes en Politique Locale Belge et l'Impact des Quotas." Swiss Political Science Review 14(4):715-70.
43. Ministry of Public Administrations.2008."Press Note August 25 2008" http://www.map.es/prensa/notas_de_ prensa/notas/2008/08/20080825/text_es_files/ file/20080825_Perfil_alcalde.pdf (accessed September 12, 2008)
44. Murray, Rainbow. 2004. "Why Didn't Parity Work? A Closer Examination of the 2002 Election Results." French Politics 2: 347-62.
45. Murray, Rainbow. 2008. "The Power of Sex and Incumbency: A Longitudinal Study of Electoral Performance in France." Party Politics 14(5):539-54.
46. Niven, David. 1998. "Party Elites and Women Candidates: The Shape of Bias." Women and Politics 19(2):57-80.
47. Norris, Pippa. 1997. Passages to Power. Legislative Recruitment in Advanced Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
48. Norris, Pippa, and Joni Lovenduski. 1995. Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
49. Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya. 2005. Paritat en Acció [Party in Action]. http:// www.socialistes.cat/psc_esl/Sectorials/Politicas-de-las-mujeres/Canal-PSC/Archivo-documental/Estudi-sobre-La-Paritat-en-Accio (accessed March 22, 2007)
50. Rao, Nirmala. 2005. "The Representation of Women in Local Politics." Policy and Politics 33(2):323-39.
51. Rule, Wilma, and Joseph E. Zimmerman, ed. 1994. Electoral Systems in Comparative Perspective. Their Impact on Women and Minorities. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
52. Sartori, Giovanni.1976. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53. Thomas, Sue. 1994. How Women Legislate. New York: Oxford University Press.
54. Threlfall, Monica. 2007. "Explaining Gender Parity Representation in Spain: The Internal Dynamics of Parties." West European Politics 30(5):1,068-095.
55. Tremblay, Manon, and Ruth Pelletier. 2001. "More Women Constituency Party Presidents: A Strategy for Increasing the Number of Women Candidates in Canada?" Party Politics 7(2):157-90.
56. Troupel, Aurélia 2002. "Disparités dan la Parité. Les Stratégies de Contournement de la Parité dans le Départment des Alpes-Maritimes" [Disparities within Parity. Strategies to Circumvent Parity in the Department des Alpes-Maritimas]. Politix 15:147-166.
57. Uriarte, Edurne, and Arantxa Elizondo, eds. 1997. Mujeres en Política. Análisis y Práctica [Women in Politics. Analysis and Practice.] Barcelona: Ariel, 94-113.
58. Valiente, Celia. 2005. "The Women's Movement, Gender Equality Agencies and Central-State Debates on Political Representation in Spain." In State Feminism and Political Representation, ed. Joni Lovenduski. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 174-194.
59. Valiente, Celia. 2008. "Spain-Women in Parliament: The Effectiveness of Quotas." In Women and Legislative Representation: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Sex Quotas, ed. Manon Tremblay. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 123-133.
60. Valiente, Celia, Luis Ramiro, and Laura Morales. 2005. "Women in the Spanish Parliament." In Sharing Power: Women, Parliament and Democracy, eds. Yvonne Galligan and Manon Tremblay. Aldershot: Ashgate, 189-204.
61. Verge, Tània. 2006. "Mujer y Partidos Políticos en España: Las Estrategias de los Partidos y su Impacto Institucional [Women and Political Parties in Spain: Parties' Strategies and Their Institutional Impact], 1978-2004." Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas 115: 165-196.
62. Verge, Tània. 2008. "Cuotas Voluntarias y Legales en España. La Paridad a Examen" [Voluntary and Legal Quotas in Spain: Examining Party]. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas 123: 123-150.
63. Verge, Tània. 2009a. "Party Candidate Selection Processes and the Gender Regime in Spain." Paper presented at the 1st European Conference on Politics and Gender, Belfast, United Kingdom, January 21-23, 2009.
64. Verge, Tània. 2009b. Dones a les Institucions Polítiques Catalanes: El Llarg Camí Cap a la Igualtat (1977-2008) [Women in Catalan Political Institutions: The Long Way towards Parity (1977-2008)]. Barcelona: Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials.
65. Welch, Susan, and Donley Studlar. 1996. "The Opportunity Structure for Women Candidates and Electability in Britain and the United States." Political Research Quarterly 49(4): 861-874.